Bio 210 Trident Tech Final Exam QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025, Exams of Biology

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Bio 210 Trident Tech Final Exam QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 Anatomy studies the form and structure of the body Physiology examines how the body func ons cytology study of body cells and their internal structure Pathophysiology relationship between the func on of an organ system and disease or injury to the system Characteristics That Describe Living Things organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, reproduction Muscular System -Locomotion -Heat production (Muscles,Tendons) endocrine system -Regulates body functions by chemicals (hormones) (Pituitary gland, Parathyroid gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Thymus, Pancreas, Gonads) Respiratory system -Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange (Lungs,Trachea, Larynx, Nasal cavities, Pharynx) lymphatic system -Returns tissue fluid to blood -Defends against foreign organisms (Spleen, Lymph nodes, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels) integumentary system -Barrier to invading organisms and chemicals -Temperature control (Skin, Hair, Subcutaneous tissue) nervous system -Coordinates activities of other organ systems -Responds to sensations (Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves, Eyes, Ears) skeletal system -Supports and moves body -Protects internal organs -Mineral storage -Blood formation (Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Bone marrow) cardiovascular system -Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues -Removes waste products (Heart, Blood, Blood vessels) reproductive system -Produces germ cells (eggs and sperm) -Environment for growth of fetus (female) (Ovaries, Uterus, Mammary glands, Testes, Prostate gland, External genitalia) urinary system -Elimination of wastes -Regulates pH and volume of blood (Kidneys,Urinary bladder,Urethra) digestive system -Processes foods -Absorption of nutrients into body (Stomach, Intestinal tract, Liver, Pancreas, Esophagus Salivary gland) anatomic positon Enzymes Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things endergonic reaction A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. exergonic reaction A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. decomposition reaction a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances AB → A + B synthesis reaction a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound A + B → AB exchange reaction Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products AB+CD→AC+BD. Oxidation-reaction (redox) a type of paired reaction in living systems in which electrons lost from one atom are gained by another atom 2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s) Organelle A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell concentration gradient A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Endocytosis process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane Exocytosis Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material main components of plasma membrane phospholipids and proteins facilitated diffusion Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels simple diffusion movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Tonicity the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water Isotonic when the concentration of two solutions is the same Hypotonic Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution cell bursts hypertonic solution A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution cell shrinks Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) charge difference across the plasma membrane -70 Endoplasmic Reticulum function Assembles proteins and lipids Lysosomes Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts Golgi apparatus stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum Perioxisomes Function in detoxification of alcohol and production of bile in the liver or kidneys Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production Ribosomes site of protein synthesis Cell phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis Prophase Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell Telophase After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis. Cytokinesis division of the cytoplasm Tissue A group of similar cells that perform the same function. Histology study of tissues Endocrine glands are ductless glands that produce hormones exocrine glands Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct Neuron a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system merocrine glands Glands that release fluid products by exocytosis apocrine glands glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion mammary or ceruminous holocrine glands Exocrine glands whose secretions are made up of disintegrated cells Four major tissue types epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous simple squamous epithelium single layer of flat cells (alveoli, lining of blood vessels, mesothelium) simple cuboidal epithelium a single layer of cube-shaped cells;usually have centrally located, spherical nuclei; secretion as absorption; located in ovaries, kidney tubules, glands stratified squamous epithelium protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion skin if keratinized if not keratinized oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus reticular fibers Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues. collagen fibers a protein substance found in bone and cartilage provides strength elastic fibers Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue Adipocytes a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted. Osteoclasts are cells that break down bone matrix components of bone matrix organic and inorganic organic compounds in bone matrix Osteoid produced by osteoblasts, contains -Collagen -Ground substance of proteoglycans and glycoproteins inorganic compounds in bone matrix -Salt crystals, calcium phosphate Hydroxyapatite -Crystals deposit around collagen fibers central canal (haversian canal) canal that houses blood vessels located at the center of the osteon concentric lamellae layers of bony matrix around a central canal Lacunae small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes Canaliculi Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal intramembranous ossification bone develops from a fibrous membrane endocondral ossification long bone fracture, blood -> cartilage -> bone (6-8 weeks repair) growth hormone hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones Calcitonin Lowers blood calcium levels (thyroid) joint A place in the body where two bones come together articulate the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. Synarthrosis immovable joint Diarthrosis freely movable joint Joint cavity (synovial cavity) small amount of synovial fluid which lubricates and bears weight Tendons Connect muscle to bone bursa fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another tendon sheath elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon Circumduction circular movement of a limb at the far end Pronation palm down opposition Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips Reposition opposite of opposition Dorsiflexion bending of the foot or the toes upward Flexion Decreases the angle of a joint extension Straightening of a joint arthritis inflammation of a joint Osteoarthritis degenerative joint disease rheumatoid arthritis a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked muscle fiber a single muscle cell Fascicle bundle of muscle fibers Sarcolemma plasma membrane of a muscle fiber Transverse tubules (T-tubules) Transmit action potential through cell Allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously Have same properties as sarcolemma motor unit A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates Epimysium a sheath of fibrous elastic tissue surrounding a muscle. Perimysium The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles. Endomysium Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber types of myofilaments thin filaments and thick filaments thin filaments actin, troponin, tropomyosin thick filaments composed of myosin organelle of aerobic respiration mitochondria aerobic respiration Respiration that requires oxygen synaptic knob The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell. Acetylcholine A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction Acetycholinesterase (AChE) inside the synaptic cleft, breaks down molecules of ACh motor end plate the flattened end of a motor neuron that transmits neural impulses to a muscle twitch contraction the brief contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron threshold stimulus The minimal strength required to cause a contraction latent period of muscle twitch period after stimulus before contraction begins Nerouns They separate parts of the brain and provide additional stabilization and support to the entire brain. Four: The falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, and diaphragma sellae. epidural space space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal lateral ventricles of brain ventricles found in each cerebral hemisphere third ventricle of brain inferior to the corpus callosum fourth ventricle of brain The choroid plexus is located within this brain ventricle, found regionally under the cerebellum cerebral aqueduct a narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon function of temporal lobe hearing and smell function of frontal lobe higher level thought and reasoning. working memory, paying attention, solving problems, planning. function of occipital lobe vision function of parietal lobe receives and integrates sensory information primary visual cortex occipital lobe primary auditory cortex the region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system Diencephalon thalamus and hypothalamus function of diencephalon to process and transmit sensory information, to secrete cerebrospinal fluid, to regulate body temperature function of epithalamus contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin function of thalamus Collect, Sort, and Direct sensory impulses to particular areas of the brain functions of hypothalamus Master control of the autonomic nervous system Master control of the endocrine system Regulation of body temperature Control of emotional behavior Control of food intake Control of water intake Regulation of sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms tectum of midbrain superior and inferior colliculi medulla oblongata Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. cardiac center of medulla oblongata adjusts rate and force of heart vasomotor center of medulla oblongata adjusts blood vessel diameter medullary respiratory control center Main control center for breathing, in medulla oblongata reticular formation a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and plays an important role in controlling arousal cranial nerves 12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain olfactory nerve relating to the sense of smell optic nerve the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain Oculomotor eye movement (motor) trochlear nerve eye movement for downward, outward, and inward eye movements. trigeminal nerve ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular abducens nerve eye movement Facial Nerve (VII) tear, nasal, and salivary glands Vestibulocochlear hearing and balance Glossopharyngeal (IX) jugular foramen vagus nerve the tenth cranial nerve that innervates digestive organs, heart and other areas Accessory Nerve (XI) swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movements hypoglossal nerve tongue movement cervial enlargement where nerves of the upper and lower limbs arise; has a larger region beayse that is where nerves for the arm is going lumbrosacral enlargement extends through the lumbar and sacral parts of the spinal cord and innervates the lower limbs cauda equina collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord posterior root ganglion contains cell bodies of sensory neurons sacral plexus Arises from L4-S4 - Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum sciatic nerve nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot reflex arc A relatively direct connection between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron that allows an extremely rapid response to a stimulus, often without conscious brain involvement. pia mater of the spinal cord Menix that is in direct contact with the spinal cord. dura mater thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord anterior horn somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots lateral horn (only in thoracic and lumbar regions) - sympathetic neurons gray commissure connects masses of gray matter; encloses central canal central canal A tiny channel found within the spinal cord and inferior medulla oblongata posterior funiculus