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BIO 242 - Exam Questions with well solved
solutions
Which of the following diseases is directly related to demyelination? a. cerebral palsy b. lupus c. multiple sclerosis d. muscular dystrophy - ANSWER>>c. multiple sclerosis
Myelin is formed in the CNS by ______. a. Schwann cells b. epindymal cells c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes - ANSWER>>c. oligodendrocytes
Saltatory conduction is made possible by _______. a. the myelin sheath b. large nerve fibers c. diphasic impulses d. erratic transmission of nerve impulses - ANSWER>>a. myelin sheath
A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. a. glial cell b. efferent neuron c. afferent neuron d. interneuron - ANSWER>>d. interneuron
The peripheral nervous system contains _______. a. 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves b. the brain and cranial nerves
c. 12 pairs of spinal nerves and 31 pairs of cranial nerves d. the spinal cord and spinal nerves - ANSWER>>a. 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ______. a. cerebrum b. somatic nervous system c. parasympathetic division d. sympathetic division - ANSWER>>d. sympathetic division
Which criterion is used to structurally classify neurons? a. whether the neurons are found within the CNS or the PNS b. the number of processes extending from their cell body c. whether the nerve fibers are myelinated or not d. the direction the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system - ANSWER>>b. the number of processes extending from their cell body
Which of the choices below describes the ANS? a. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands b. sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS c. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles d. sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract - ANSWER>>a. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Which neurotransmitter is released by all somatic motor neurons? a. epinephrine b. norepinephrine c. endorphins d. acetylcholine - ANSWER>>d. acetylcholine
Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? a. senses changes in the environment b. analyzes sensory information, stored information, makes decisions c. responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction - ANSWER>>b. analyzes sensory information, stored information, makes decisions
When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell? a. chemically gated potassium channels will open b. chemically gated chloride channels will open c. chemically gated sodium channels will open d. chemically gated sodium channels will be closed - ANSWER>>c. chemically gated sodium channels will open
Dense collections of myelinated fibers makes up the ______ regions of the CNS. a. white matter b. cerebral cortex c. gray matter d. gray commissure - ANSWER>>a. white matter
Information gathered by receptors about internal and external changes describes ________. a. sensory input b. integration c. motor output d. none of the above - ANSWER>>a. sensory input
The _______ division mobilizes the body during activity. a. sensory b. parasympathetic c. sympathetic d. none of these - ANSWER>>c. sympathetic
Which of the following is not true of how the body responds to vigorous physical activity? a. digestive activity would increase b. blood would be shunted to the heart and skeletal muscles c. the bronchioles would dilate d. the liver would release glucose - ANSWER>>a. digestive activity would increase
Which of the following types of glial cells are the most abundant and versatile, ad aid in making exchanges between capillaries and neurons? a. satellite b. ependymal c. microglial d. astrocytes - ANSWER>>d. astrocytes
Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment are primarily directed by which system? a. parasympathetic b. somatic c. sympathetic - ANSWER>>c. sympathetic
The _____ division promotes maintenance functions and conserves energy. a. sensory b. somatic c. parasympathetic d. sympathetic - ANSWER>>c. parasympathetic
Dual innervation means that : a. an organ is served by both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system b. an organ is served by both spinal and cranial nerves c. an organ is served by both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
b. to produce cerebrospinal fluid c. phagocytize microorganisms d. to decrease the speed of the nerve impulse - ANSWER>>a. to protect and electrically insulate the axon
The somatic and autonomic nervous system differ in all of the following EXCEPT _____. a. their effectors b. target organ responses to their neurotransmitters c. regulation of activity by higher brain centers d. their efferent pathways and ganglia - ANSWER>>c. regulation of activity by higher brain centers
Which of the following is not a functional classification of a neuron? a. motor b. sensory c. interneuron d. multipolar - ANSWER>>d. multipolar
Which of the following organs does NOT exhibit parasympathetic tone/domination? a. blood vessels b. digestive smooth muscle c. urinary tract organs d. heart - ANSWER>>a. blood vessels
Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? a. sympathetic division b. sensory (afferent) division c. somatic nervous system d. parasympathetic division - ANSWER>>c. somatic nervous system
Which of the following types of glial cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord, where they help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid and provide a permeable barrier for CSF and the tissues? a. ependymal b. microglial c. satellite d. astrocytes - ANSWER>>a. ependymal
Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection (through parasympathetic activity)? a. oligodendrocytes b. Schwann cells c. satellite cells d. microglia - ANSWER>>d. microglia
Which of the following statements is correct concerning efferent pathways of the ANS? a. sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers are longer, while post-ganglionic fibers are shorter than those of the parasympathetic system b. both pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers are shorter in the sympathetic system c. both pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers are longer in the sympathetic system d. sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibers are shorter, while post-ganglionic fibers are longer than those of the parasympathetic system - ANSWER>>d. sympathetic pre- ganglionic fibers are shorter, while post-ganglionic fibers are longer than those of the parasympathetic system
Which of the following types of ion channels are always open? a. mechanically gated b. voltage-gated
a. rate of erythrocyte formation b. clotting ability of the blood c. rate of platelet formation d. WBC ability to defend the body against disease - ANSWER>>a. rate of erythrocyte formation
Which of the following is not a structural characteristic that contributes to erythrocyte gas transport functions? a. produces energy anaerobically b. few organelles provide room for hemoglobin c. biconcave shape d. mitotically active - ANSWER>>d. mitotically active
Which of the following is a breakdown product of RBCs that does NOT get recycled? a. globin b. iron c. amino acids d. heme - ANSWER>>d. heme
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. a. activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones b. entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA c. binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity d. crossing the cell membrane, entering the nucleus of a cell, and initiating or altering the expression of a gene - ANSWER>>d. crossing the cell membrane, entering the nucleus of a cell, and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which of the following stem cells gives rise to lymphocytes only? a. proerythroblast b. myeloid c. lymphoid d. reticulocyte - ANSWER>>c. lymphoid
When oxygen levels in the blood are low, the ______ releases the hormone _______, which stimulates the production of more red blood cells by the _______. a. thyroid/calcitonin/thymus b. thyroid/thyroid hormone/bone marrow c. kidneys/erythropoietin/bone marrow d. kidneys/renin/thymus - ANSWER>>c. kidneys/erythropoietin/bone marrow
Which of the following is not a hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract? a. gastrin b. atrial natriuretic peptide c. ghrelin d. cholecystokinin - ANSWER>>b. atrial natriuretic peptide
Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? a. neural b. hormonal c. humoral d. enzymatic - ANSWER>>d. enzymatic
Which of the following is a function of blood? a. maintaining body temperature b. delivering oxygen and nutrients c. preventing infection d. all of the above - ANSWER>>d. all of the above
Which blood type is generally called the universal donor? a. A b. B c. AB d. O - ANSWER>>d. O
c. calcitonin d. parathyroid hormone - ANSWER>>b. thyroid hormone
Which of these enzymes helps to digest clots after the tissue is repaired? a. plasmin b. globulin c. thrombin d. fibrin - ANSWER>>a. plasmin
Which of the following is a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? a. activates or deactivates enzymes b. alters plasma membrane permeability c. induces secretory activity d. all of these - ANSWER>>d. all of these
Which of these hormones promotes milk production? a. luteinizing hormone b. follicle-stimulating hormone c. prolactin d. oxytocin - ANSWER>>c. prolactin
Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary? a. luteinizing hormone b. prolactin c. oxytocin d. follicle-stimulating hormone - ANSWER>>c. oxytocin
Thrombopoietin is a hormone that simulates the production of which of the formed elements in blood? a. platelets b. erythrocytes c. leukocytes d. plasma proteins - ANSWER>>a. platelets
_______ are chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them. a. hormones b. paracrines c. autocrines d. none of these - ANSWER>>c. autocrines
The major targets or growth hormone are ________. a. bones and skeletal muscles b. the liver and gall bladder c. the adrenal glands d. the blood vessels - ANSWER>>a. bones and skeletal muscles
Which hormone is released when blood calcium levels are low? a. parathyroid hormone b. calcitonin c. insulin d. thyroid hormone - ANSWER>>a. parathyroid hormone
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood? a. polymorphonuclear cell b. megakaryocyte c. hemocytoblast d. normoblast - ANSWER>>c. hemocytoblast
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing and appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________. a. aplastic anemia b. polycythemia c. sickle-cell anemia d. pernicious anemia - ANSWER>>d. pernicious anemia
Which of the following is an agranulocyte leukocyte?
c. calcitonin d. aldosterone - ANSWER>>d. aldosterone
The process by which WBCs leave the capillaries is called ______. a. leukocytosis b. diapedesis c. leukopenia d. fibrinolysis - ANSWER>>b. diapedesis
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? a. fibrinolysis b. vascular spasm c. coagulation d. platelet plug formation - ANSWER>>a. fibrinolysis
Which of the following hormones does NOT help to regulated blood pressure? a. atrial natriuretic hormone b. aldosterone c. antidiuretic hormone d. oxytocin - ANSWER>>d. oxytocin
Which one of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions or nutrients? a. humoral stimulation b. protein synthesis c. neural stimulation d. hormonal stimulation - ANSWER>>a. humoral stimulation
Which of the following WBCs functions to kill parasitic worms? a. basophils b. monocyte c. neutrophils d. eosinophils - ANSWER>>d. eosinophils
A hormone that cannot exert it effects without another hormone being present is which type of hormonal interaction? a. synergism b. humoral c. antagonism d. permissiveness - ANSWER>>d. permissiveness
Which of the following is NOT a formed element found within blood? a. leukocytes b. platelets c. erythrocytes d. plasma proteins - ANSWER>>d. plasma proteins
In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many _____ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. a. fenestrated capillaries b. metarterioles c. sinusoid capillaries d. continuous capillaries - ANSWER>>c. sinusoid capillaries
Which of the following is a structure that holds cardiac cells together? a. valves b. gap junctions c. pericardium d. desmosomes - ANSWER>>d. desmosomes
The force exerted by fluid pressing against capillary walls describes : a. barometric pressure b. hydrostatic pressure c. colloid osmotic pressure d. atmospheric pressure - ANSWER>>b. hydrostatic pressure
b. renal regulation c. neural controls d. baroreceptor-initiated reflexes - ANSWER>>b. renal regulation
Which of the following means contraction of the ventricles? a. atrial systole b. ventricular diastole c. ventricular systole d. atrial diastole - ANSWER>>c. ventricular systole
The most important factor in preload stretching of cardiac muscle is : a. venous return b. stroke volume c. afterload d. contractility - ANSWER>>a. venous return
Which layer of the heart wall is cardiac muscle found in? a. epicardium b. pericardium c. myocardium d. endocardium - ANSWER>>c. myocardium
The T wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates _____. a. atrial depolarization b. atrial repolarization c. ventricular depolarization d. ventricular repolarization - ANSWER>>d. ventricular repolarization
The function of a vascular anastomosis is to ______. a. interconnect blood vessels to provide alternate pathways for blood flow b. allow for the exchange of gases between vessels c. ensure unidirectional blood flow
d. prevent the back flow of blood - ANSWER>>a. interconnect blood vessels to provide alternate pathways for blood flow
The term for an abnormally slow heart rate is : a. bradycardia b. pericarditis c. myocardial infarction d. tachycardia - ANSWER>>a. bradycardia
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _______. a. arterioles b. capillaries c. veins d. arteries - ANSWER>>b. capillaries
Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure? a. blood volume b. cardiac output c. peripheral resistance d. white blood cell count - ANSWER>>d. white blood cell count
Which of the following vessel types carry away from the heart? a. veins b. capillaries c. arteries d. venules - ANSWER>>c. arteries
Peripheral resistance ______. a. increases as blood vessel increases b. decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel c. increases as blood viscosity increases
