BIO EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2022 /2023 UPDATE GRADED A+, Exams of Nursing

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CHAPTER 1

 The left to right order of elements in the periodic table is based on their. A. atomic mass B. the number of neutrons C. atomic number D. electric charge of the atom  Atoms have no electric charge because they have. A. uncharged neutrons in their nuclei B. an equal number of protons and neutrons C. an equal number of charged and uncharged subatomic particles D. an equal number of protons and electrons  Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and, most commonly, a mass number of 16. Thus, what is the atomic mass of an oxygen atom? A. approximately 16 grams B. approximately 16 daltons C. approximately 8 daltons D. approximately 8 grams  A salamander relies on hydrogen bonding to stick to various surfaces. Therefore, a salamander would have the greatest difficulty clinging to a. A. slightly damp surface B. surface of hydrocarbons C. surface of mostly carbon-nitrogen bonds D. surface of mostly carbon-oxygen bonds  Which one of the atoms shown would be most likely to form an anion with a charge of -1? A. C.

6. Bonds between two atoms that are equally electronegative are. A. nonpolar covalent bonds B. polar covalent bonds C. hydrogen bonds D. ionic bonds  The atomic number of chlorine is 17. The atomic number of magnesium is 12. What is the formula for magnesium chloride? A. MgCl B. MgCl 3 C. MgCl 2 D. Mg 2 Cl How many electron pairs are shared between the carbon atoms in a molecule that has the formula C 2 H 4?

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C. Four D. Three E. One D. Two  Van der Waals interactions may result when. A. electrons are not symmetrically distributed in a molecule B. two polar covalent bonds react C. molecules held by ionic bonds react with water D. a hydrogen atom loses an electron  What is the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can be covalently bonded in a molecule containing two carbon atoms? A. Four B. Two C. Eight D. Six  Refer to the following figure to answer the questions below. What is the atomic number of the cation formed in the reaction in the illustration? A. 8 B. 10 C. 16 D. 11  Refer to the following figure to answer the questions below. 3H 2 + N 2 ⇌ 2NH 3 Which of the following factors will increase the rate of reaction in the forward direction? A. addition of both nitrogen and hydrogen B. addition of ammonia C. addition of nitrogen D. addition of hydrogen  Which of the following correctly describes chemical equilibrium? A. Forward and reverse reactions continue with no net effect on the concentrations of the reactants and products. B. There are equal concentrations of reactants and products, and the reactions have stopped. C. There are equal concentrations of products and reactants while forward and reverse reactions continue. D. Concentrations of products are higher than the concentrations of the reactants.  The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. Nitrogen-15 has a greater mass number than nitrogen-14 because the atomic nucleus of nitrogen-15 contains. A. 8 neutrons B. 8 protons C. 15 protons D. 7 neutrons  A neutral atom has two, eight, and eight electrons in its first, second, and third energy levels. This information

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A. does not tell us about the chemical properties of the element B. does not tell us about the atomic mass of the element C. does not tell us about the atomic number of the element D. does not tell us about the size of the element  Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? A. The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. B. They are less dense than water. C. The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. D. They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity.  Use the following figure to answer the question. The figure shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are. A. isotopes B. cis-trans isomers C. structural isomers D. enantiomers  What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds? A. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between charged atoms. B. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of protons between charged atoms. C. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of single electrons between atoms. D. Covalent bonds involve the transfer of electrons between charged atoms; ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.  The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because. A. the oxygen atom donates an electron to each of the hydrogen atoms B. the oxygen atom has two pairs of electrons in its valence shell that are not neutralized by hydrogen atoms C. the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus D. one of the hydrogen atoms donates an electron to the oxygen atom  Which of the following statements is true about buffer solutions?

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A. They maintain a constant pH of 7. B. They maintain a relatively constant pH when either acids or bases are added to them. C. They maintain a constant pH when acids are added to them but not when bases are added to them. D. They fluctuate in pH when either acids or bases are added to them.  A solution contains 0.0000001 (10-7) moles of hydrogen ions [H+] per liter. Which of the following best describes this solution? A. basic: H+^ acceptor B. acidic: H+^ acceptor C. neutral D. acidic: H+^ donor  What is the pH of a solution with a hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration of 10-10^ M? A. pH 4 B. pH 10 C. pH 2 D. pH 12  Use the figure to answer the question. What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure? A. carboxyl B. carbonyl C. ketone D. aldehyde  Use the figures to answer the question. Which functional group shown can pick up protons and raise the pH of the surrounding solution? A. A B. C C. B D. D  Refer to the following figure (first three rows of the periodic table) to answer the questions below.

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Which pair of elements would likely have similar valency and thus similar chemical behavior? A. hydrogen and helium B. carbon and nitrogen C. nitrogen and phosphorus D. sodium and chlorine  About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which 4 of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? A. carbon, sodium, hydrogen, nitrogen B. carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, hydrogen C. oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, nitrogen D. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen  Refer to the following figure (first three rows of the periodic table) to answer the questions below.  What element does not prefer to react with other elements? A. hydrogen B. helium C. beryllium

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D. both hydrogen and beryllium  Refer to the following figure to answer the questions below. How many electrons will a single atom of sulfur have in its valence shell? A. 16 B. 8 C. 32 D. 6  Which of the following is the best description of an atom's physical structure? A. Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated on the outside surface of the bubble. B. An atom is a solid mass of material. C. Atoms are little bubbles of space with mass concentrated at the center of the bubble. D. The particles that form an atom are equidistant from each other.

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 One^ of^ the^ buffers^ that^ contribute^ to^ pH^ stability^ in^ human^ blood^ is^ carbonic^ acid^ (H 2 CO 3 ).^ Carbonic^ acid^ is a weak acid that, when placed in an aqueous solution, dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 - ) and a hydrogen ion (H+). (See figure.) If the pH of blood drops, one would expect. A. a^ decrease^ in^ the^ concentration^ of^ H 2 CO 3 and^ an^ increase^ in^ the^ concentration^ of^ HCO 3 B. the^ HCO 3

• (^) to act as a base and remove excess H+ by the formation of H 2 CO 3 C. the^ concentration^ of^ bicarbonate^ ions^ (HCO 3
• ) to increase D. the^ HCO 3

to act as an acid and remove excess H+ by the formation of H 2 CO 3  Which of the following effects can occur because of the high surface tension of water? A. Lakes cannot freeze solid in winter, despite low temperatures. B. Sweat can evaporate from the skin, helping to keep people from overheating. C. A raft spider can walk across the surface of a small pond. D. Organisms can resist temperature changes, although they give off heat due to chemical reactions.  A solution with a pH of 2 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of 4? A. 1000 times more B. 10 times more C. 100 times more D. 5 times more  What is the maximum number of covalent bonds that an oxygen atom with atomic number 8 can make with hydrogen? A. 4 B. 2 C. 1 D. 6  Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the^ atoms^ in^ ammonia^ (NH 3 )? A. Ammonia has an overall positive charge. B. The nitrogen atom has a partial positive charge; each hydrogen atom has a partial negative charge. C. Ammonia has an overall negative charge. D. Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge; the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge.  A covalent bond is likely to be polar when. A. the two atoms sharing electrons are of the same element B. one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom C. the two atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative D. carbon is one of the two atoms sharing electrons

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CHAPTER 2

 What are the monomers of proteins? A. Glucose B. Fatty acids C. Nucleic acids D. Amino acids  What is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body called? A. Metabolism B. Anabolism C. Embolism D. Catabolism  What is another name for the polymers of carbohydrates? A. Triglycerides B. Polysaccharides C. Nucleotides D. Polypeptides  What is the basic structure of most lipids? A. A linear chain of individual monomers B. A glycerol head and up to three fatty acid tails C. A chain of fatty acid tails D. A branched chain of individual monomers  Which of the following dietary fats is considered to be the least healthy? A. Cholesterol B. Trans fat C. Saturated fat D. Unsaturated fat  Which would have the highest concentration of C—H bonds? A. Saturated fat B. Trans fat C. Unsaturated fat D. Cholesterol  What kind of bond joins amino acids together to form a protein? A. Hydrogen bond B. Protein bond C. Peptide bond D. van der Waals bond  Proteins are diverse molecules that perform a wide variety of functions. Which of the following is not a typical function of proteins? A. Movement B. Transport C. Catalyze reactions D. Energy storage  Enzymes are a type of.

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A. Protein B. Carbohydrate C. Lipid D. Monomer  What will be accomplished by lowering the activation energy of a reaction? A. The reaction will reverse. B. The reaction will proceed more slowly. C. The reaction will stop completely. D. The reaction will proceed more quickly.  Which of the following is not a polymer? A. Starch B. Glucose C. DNA D. RNA  In carbohydrates, the ratio of hydrogen (H) to oxygen (O) is. A. 1: B. 3: C. 4: D. 2:  People who are lactose intolerant cannot extract energy from milk because. A. they are missing the bacteria that can digest lactose B. they are missing an enzyme C. milk is fermented to a by-product, which cannot be digested D. lactose is too big to be digested by the enzymes  How many molecules of water are released during the polymerization of a 20 monomer-long cellulose molecule? A. 19 B. 40 C. 20 D. 10  Phospholipids and triglycerides both. A. have three fatty acids B. have glycerol C. contain serine or some other organic compound D. have a phosphate  Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? A. Dehydration reactions eliminate water from membranes; hydrolysis reactions add water to membranes. B. Dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions assemble polymers from monomers. C. Dehydration reactions assemble polymers; hydrolysis reactions break polymers apart. D. Hydrolysis reactions create polymers, and dehydration reactions create monomers.  What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids? A. the glycerol molecule that forms the backbone of the amino acid B. the long carbon-hydrogen tails of the molecule C. the presence of a central C atom D. the components of the R group

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 You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved? A. secondary structure B. primary structure C. quaternary structure D. tertiary structure  If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5′-ATTGCA-3′, the mRNA synthesized following the template will be. A. 3′-TAACGT-5′ B. 3′-UGCAAU-5′ C. 3′-TGCAAT-5′ D. 3′-UAACGU-5′  The central rule of molecular biology states that. A. DNA is translated into protein B. RNA is transcribed into protein C. DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein D. DNA is translated into RNA, which is transcribed into protein  What are the four classes of large organic molecules important to life on Earth? A. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and enzymes B. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and sugars C. Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and sugars D. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids  Which of the following large organic molecules include table sugar? A. Carbohydrates B. Nucleic acids C. Proteins D. Lipids  What might happen if a protein has a change in one amino acid? A. The amino acid chain folds incorrectly. B. The protein can no longer function properly. C. All of these happen. D. The protein has a new shape.  Use the following figure to answer the question. The molecule shown is. A. maltose B. hexose C. fructose

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D. pentose

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 Use the following figure to answer the question. The molecule shown the figure is a. A. Triacylglycerol B. Phospholipid C. Steroid D. fatty acid  How do phospholipids interact with water molecules? A. Phospholipids dissolve in water. B. The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not. C. The polar heads avoid water; the nonpolar tails attract water (because water is polar and opposites attract). D. Phospholipids do not interact with water because water is polar and lipids are nonpolar.  The breaking of a large organic molecule into smaller, individual subunits involves multiple. A. hydrosynthetic reactions B. hydrolysis reactions C. osmotic reactions D. dehydration synthesis reactions  The building of a large organic molecule from small subunits involves multiple. A. osmotic reactions B. hydrolysis reactions C. hydrosynthetic reactions D. dehydration synthesis reactions  Which parts of the amino acids X and Y are involved in the formation of a peptide bond? X—Y A. amino group of X and side chain of Y B. side chains of both X and Y C. carboxyl group of X and side chain of Y D. carboxyl group of X and amino group of Y

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CHAPTER 3

 Select the image that is representative of an idealized plant cell. A. B. C.  Which structure selectively regulates the transport of substances into and out of a plant cell? A. The cell wall B. The chloroplast C. The plasma membrane D. The nucleus  Which of the following cells contain a plasma membrane? A. Bacterial cells only B. Animal cells only C. Animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells D. Animal cells and plant cells only  How many layers of phospholipids make up the plasma membrane? A. 3 B. 1 C. 4 D. 2  Which statement best describes active transport? A. A substance goes from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, and this requires energy. B. A substance goes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, and this requires energy. C. A substance goes from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, and this releases energy. D. A substance goes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, and this releases energy.  What is the definition of endocytosis? A. It is the digestion of larger molecules that were brought into the cell. B. It is the transport of large molecules into the cell. C. The entire plasma membrane turns itself inside out. D. It is the transport of large molecules out of the cell.  Substances are often packaged into small for transport, either through the membrane or throughout the interior of the cell.

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A. Vesicles B. Corpuscles C. Vacuoles D. organelles  What is the role of the histone proteins of the chromatin? A. They act as a spool around which the DNA is wrapped. B. They maintain the nuclear membrane. C. They help assemble ribosomes. D. They contain the instructions to build a protein.  Which cellular structure is unique to plant cells? A. Plasma membrane B. Chloroplasts C. Mitochondria D. Ribosome  Ribosomes are directly associated with which process? A. Translocation B. Replication C. Transcription D. Translation  Which cellular structure is unique to animal cells? A. Nucleus B. Lysosome C. Mitochondria D. Ribosomes  Chloroplasts and mitochondria share something with the nucleus that the other organelles do not. What is this shared characteristic? A. They are the only organelles not found in bacteria. B. They are the only organelles that produce ATP. C. They are the only organelles wrapped in a lipid-based membrane. D. They are the only organelles that contain DNA.  What harvests energy from sunlight to rearrange molecules into sugar? A. Nucleus B. Chloroplasts C. Lysosome D. Mitochondria  The cytoskeleton has several primary functions. The first and most obvious is that it acts as an interior skeleton that supports the rest of the cell. What is another function of the cytoskeleton? A. It provides a series of tracks along which vesicles can move throughout the cell. B. It provides a communication network whereby chemo-electrical signals can be sent from one area of the cell to another. C. It connects one cell to another. D. It creates a durable outer covering to increase the strength and rigidity of the cell.  Which of the following frequently imposes a limit on cell size? A. the volume of the endomembrane system B. the absence of a nucleus

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C. ratios of surface area to volume D. the number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm  Which domains of life are classified as prokaryotes? A. Bacteria and Protista B. Bacteria and Archaea C. Archaea and Fungi D. Bacteria and Eukarya  A cell with a predominance of rough endoplasmic reticulum is most likely. A. producing large quantities of proteins for the cytosol B. producing large quantities of carbohydrates for storage in the vacuole C. producing large quantities of proteins for secretion D. producing large quantities of carbohydrates to assemble an extensive cell wall matrix  Which structure below is independent of the endomembrane system? A. plasma membrane B. chloroplast C. Golgi apparatus D. nuclear envelope  Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? A. Lysosome B. Peroxisome C. Mitochondrion D. Golgi apparatus  Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle is most likely defective in this condition? A. the Golgi apparatus B. the rough endoplasmic reticulum C. the smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. the lysosome  The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells? A. nuclear envelope B. rough endoplasmic reticulum C. Golgi apparatus D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum  Identify the prokaryotic organism. A. Bacteria B. Fungus C. Animal D. Plant  How is DNA linked to the production of proteins? A. DNA is the end point of protein production that allows cells to finish making proteins. B. DNA holds the instructions for the cells on how to make proteins. C. Proteins hold the instructions on how to make DNA. D. DNA is not linked to the production of proteins.

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 If you were looking at a cell under a powerful microscope, what would tell you that it is a eukaryotic cell? A. It has a nucleus. B. It has DNA. C. It is moving. D. It has ribosomes.  Examination of a cell by transmission electron microscopy reveals a high density of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This observation suggests that this cell is actively producing large amounts of which of the following molecules? A. nucleic acids B. polysaccharides C. proteins D. lipid  Which of the following is not a form of passive transport? A. All of the above are forms of passive transport B. Diffusion C. Facilitated diffusion D. Osmosis  If a cell had a damaged central vacuole, it would have difficulty performing what function? A. Converting light energy into food molecules B. Converting food energy into cellular energy C. Assembling lipids D. Storing water

CHAPTER 4

 Which of the following is an accurate description of the plasma membrane? A. Two layers of phospholipids with a number of proteins embedded within B. Two layers of proteins with a few phospholipids embedded within C. One layer of proteins with a few phospholipids embedded within D. One layer of phospholipids with a number of proteins embedded within  What is a phospholipid? A. A special kind of lipid with a water-loving head and 2 water-fearing tails B. A special kind of lipid with 2 water-fearing heads and 1 water-loving tail C. A special kind of lipid with a water-fearing head and 2 water-loving tails D. A special kind of lipid with 2 water-loving heads and 1 water-fearing tail  How many layers of phospholipids make up the plasma membrane? A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 2  According to the fluid mosaic model, a membrane. A. is composed of a fluid bilayer of phospholipids with embedded amphipathic proteins B. is composed of a fluid bilayer of phospholipids between two layers of hydrophilic proteins C. is composed of a mosaic of fluid polysaccharides and amphipathic proteins D. is composed of a single layer of fluid phospholipids between two layers of hydrophilic proteins  Which would most likely pass unaided through a plasma membrane? A. Something small and charged, such as an ion

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B. Something large, such as a glucose molecule C. Something small and polar, such as a water molecule D. Something small and nonpolar, such as nitrogen gas  What is the main role of membrane proteins? A. Block materials from entering the cell B. There are no membrane proteins in the plasma membrane C. Regulate the passage of materials in and out of the cell D. Hold the phospholipid bilayer together  The passive transport of water is specifically called. A. Hydrosmosis B. Osmosis C. facilitated diffusion D. simple diffusion  Which form of transport requires the expenditure of energy? A. Passive transport B. Active transport C. Facilitated diffusion D. Osmosis  Diffusion of ions across membranes through specific ion channels is driven by. A. ion concentration gradients only B. active transport pumps C. ion electrochemical gradients D. electrical gradients only  Which of the following statements correctly describes osmosis? A. Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells. B. Osmosis is an energy-demanding or "active" process. C. In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration. D. In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration.  What might happen to your red blood cells if you were suddenly unable to regulate the solute concentration of your blood and it began to rise? A. We don't have enough information to answer this question. B. Your blood cells would enlarge and could rupture because water would move into the cells via osmosis. C. Your blood cells would shrivel because water would move out of the cells via osmosis. D. Your blood cells would stay the same size.  For a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be. A. exposed on only one surface of the membrane B. amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region C. hydrophilic D. hydrophobic  What is the definition of endocytosis? A. The entire plasma membrane turns itself inside out. B. It is the digestion of larger molecules that were brought into the cell. C. It is the transport of large molecules out of the

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cell. D. It is the transport of large molecules into the cell.  The voltage across a membrane is called the. A. chemical gradient B. membrane potential C. electrochemical gradient D. osmotic potential  The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it. A. supplies a large amount of ATP to a coupled reaction B. is used to drive the transport of glucose against a concentration gradient C. pumps equal quantities of Na+^ and K+^ across the membrane in opposite directions D. decreases the voltage difference across the membrane  Cell membranes have distinct inside and outside faces. Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for the membrane's asymmetrical nature? A. Proteins only function on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane, which results in the membrane's asymmetrical nature. B. Since the cell membrane forms a border between one cell and another in tightly packed tissues such as epithelium, the membrane must be asymmetrical. C. The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions. D. Since cell membranes communicate signals from one organism to another, the cell membranes must be asymmetrical.  Which of the following statements is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep a membrane more fluid at lower temperatures? A. Unsaturated fatty acids are more nonpolar than saturated fatty acids. B. Unsaturated fatty acids have a higher cholesterol content, which prevents adjacent lipids from packing tightly. C. The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly. D. The double bonds block interaction among the hydrophilic head groups of the lipids.  Which of the following statements about diffusion is true? A. It is very rapid over long distances. B. It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. C. It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. D. It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell.  When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following processes occurs for substances that can diffuse through the plasma membrane? A. All movement of molecules across the plasma membrane occurs by active transport. B. There is directed movement of substances into and out of the cell. C. There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell. D. There is no movement of substances into or out of the cell.  According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, phospholipids. A. can move laterally along the plane of the membrane B. frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other C. have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane D. occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane

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 Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff. Similar stalks left in a 0.15 M salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that the fresh water. A. is isotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks B. is hypertonic and the salt solution is hypotonic to the cells of the celery stalks C. and the salt solution are both hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks D. is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks  What will happen to a red blood cell (RBC), which has an internal ion content of about 0.9%, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water? A. The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC. B. The cell will remain the same size because the solution outside the cell is isotonic. C. The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC. D. The cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.  Which of the following molecules dramatically increases the rate of diffusion of water across cell membranes? A. the sodium-potassium pump B. aquaporins C. ATP D. gated ion channels  Which type of lipid is most important in biological membranes? A. Phospholipids B. Steroids C. Oils D. trans fats E. fats  Which of the following does NOT contribute to the selective permeability of a biological membrane? A. Hydrogen bond formation between water and the phosphate group of phospholipids. B. Specificity of the channel proteins in the membrane. C. Hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer. D. Specificity of the carrier proteins in the membrane.  How many layers of phospholipids make up the plasma membrane? A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1  Which of the following would tend to increase membrane fluidity? A. a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids B. a relatively high protein content in the membrane C. a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids D. a lower temperature  What chemical property characterizes the interior of a lipid bilayer? A. It is polar. B. It is hydrophilic. C. It is hydrophobic. D. It is saturated.  What is the definition of endocytosis? A. The entire plasma membrane turns itself inside out.

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B. It is the transport of large molecules into the cell. C. It is the digestion of larger molecules that were brought into the cell. D. It is the transport of large molecules out of the cell.  What variable(s) influence(s) whether a nonpolar molecule can move across a membrane by passive diffusion? A. The amount of cholesterol in the membrane. B. The presence of transport proteins in the membrane. C. The difference in the concentration of the molecule across the membrane. D. The structure of the phospholipid bilayer.  Which of the following processes includes all others? A. Passive transport B. transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient C. Diffusion of a solute across a membrane D. Facilitated diffusion E. Osmosis  Cells immersed in a solution of salt and sugar respond by shrinking. From this we can infer that: A. the solution is hypertonic. B. we know nothing about the solution. C. the solution is hypotonic D. the solution is isotonic  A cell can use the process of facilitated diffusion to A. move ions or large polar molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. B. to^ move^ O 2 across^ the^ membrane. C. move ions or large polar molecules from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration. D. concentrate a molecule such as glucose inside a cell.