BIO202 Final Exam Study Guide (Straighterline A&P II) -with 100% verified solutions 2024-2, Exams of Nursing

Download BIO202 Final Exam Study Guide (Straighterline A&P II) -with 100% verified solutions 2024-2 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! BIO202 Final Exam Study Guide (Straighterline A&P II) -with 100% verified solutions 2024-2025 Viscosity of Blood? twice as thick as water How long does it take for a drop of blood to circulate through the entire system? 20-60 seconds What is the composition of Blood 55% plasma, 45% formed elements, What are the fucntions of blood? -Moves regulatory and processed molecules, gasses, waste, and nutrients -Regulats pH and osmosis process -Maintain body temperature -Protect against foreign substances -Assist in clotting What is the composition of plasma? 91% water 7% proteins 2% other solutes What proteins are found in blood plasma? albumin, globulins, fibrinogen What solutes are found in blood plasma? Ions, nutrients, waste products, gasses, regulatory substances What are two blood disorders Anemia and sickle-cell disease What is sickle-cell disease? an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin What is anemia? a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood How much blood does the heart pump per minute? ~5 1/4 Quarts per minute What are action potentials? Sequence of electrical changes when a nerve membrane receives a stimulus that exceeds a threshold What is depolarization? Loss of an electrical charge on the surface of a membrane What is Repolarization? Gain of electrical charge on the surface of a membrane What are the functions of the heart? generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one-way blood flow, regulating blood supply What are the lymphatic tissue types? Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, Reticular Cells What are lymphocytes? White blood cells found in lymph, blood, etc.m and provide immunity. They originate in bone marrow. What are the two lymphocytes? B cells and T cells What are B cells? Lymphocytes that produce antibodies What are T cells? a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response. What are macrophages? They are big eaters that engulf debris, foreign materials, bacteria, and viruses. What are dendritic cells? Antigen presenting cells located in the, epidermis, mucus membrane and lymphatic organs What are reticular cells? fibroblasts covering and secreting the fiber network What are the lymphatic organs? red bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen What are the functions of the lymphatic system? fluid balance, fat absorption, defense What are the Lymphatic Body Defenses? Edema, Immune System, Lymph Nodes What is edema? a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body. Swelling. What is the immune system? The body's cells defense against disease causing organisms. What are lymph nodes? Filter interstitial fluid and lymph. Swollen glands mean you are fighting an infection Functions of the respiratory system? Gas exchange, Olfaction (ability to smell), protection, regulation of blood pH by managing CO2 levels, Voice production What are the upper respiratory organs? nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx What are the lower respiratory organs? larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs What are the functions of the sinuses? Reduce weight of the Skull, drain mucus into nasal cavity, Serve as resonating chamber to amplify voice What are the functions of the nasal cavity? Warms cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air; detects odors in the airstream What is the function of the nose? Provides passage to nasal cavity; Prevents large particles from entering the body a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. Treated by bronchodiaters, diuretics, corticosteroids What is Lung Cancer? uncontrolled cell division in the lungs that is often caused by smoking and can lead to death What is Pneumonia? Its treatment? Lower respiratory tract infection causing alveoli to fill with dead WBCs. Treatment is Rest, fluids, and aspirin. What is Strep Throat? Treatment? Bacterial inflamed pharynx associated with pain. Treatment is antibiotics. What is tuberculosis? Treatment? Bacteria invaded lungs that create tubercle structures impeding respiration. Treatment is antibiotics. What are the digestive controls? Mechanical Digestion, Chemical Digestion, Digestion Enzymes What are the four major digestive enzyme categories? Salivary, Gastric, Pancreatic, Intestinal Functions of Salivary Enzymes? Break down starch and glycogen into dissacharides Functions of Gastric Enzymes? Break down proteins and butter fats What are the digestive proceses? Ingestion, Mastication, Propulsion, Mixing, Secretion, Digestion, Absorption What is ingestion? taking food into the mouth What is mastication? chewing food What is propulsion? swallowing and peristalsis What is mixing? Food mixes with digestive secretions and is broken up into usable components for the body What is secretion? Function of the intestine to break down food What is Diegestion? Conversion of food to energy What is absorption Nutrients move out of digestive tract into circulatory system for bodily distribution What are the digestive organs? oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus What are the digestive accessory organs? teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas What does the liver do? It produces bile which neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fat What does the gallbladder do? stores and concentrates bile