BIO669 Test Questions & Answers 100% Verified Correct!!, Exams of Biology

Download BIO669 Test Questions & Answers 100% Verified Correct!! and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! BIO669 Test Questions & Answers 100% Verified Correct!! Hypernatremia will result in: A. Increase in BP and cell excitability B. An increase in BP and decrease cell excitability C. A decrease in BP and increase in cell excitability D. A decrease in BP and decrease in cell excitability - ANSWERA. Increase in BP and cell excitability ___________ are small secreted intercellular signaling molecules that are responsible for the inflammatory response. A. Toll like receptors B. Cytokines C. Tissue factor D. NOD-like receptors - ANSWERB. Cytokines Hypovolemic hyponatremia will in have all the following effects EXCEPT: A. Swelling of the cells due to influx of water B. Drop in ECF osmotic pressure C. Tachycardia and decrease in urine output D. Increased blood pressure/volume " - ANSWERD. Increased blood pressure/volume Colloid osmotic pressure is the pressure created by A. All ions and protein in that fluid B. Only the ions in the fluid C. Only the protein in the fluid D. Only the ions that are not permeable - ANSWERC. Only the protein in the fluid The most common leukocyte and dominates in early inflammatory response - ANSWERNeutrophil Interstitial fluid would be considered _____ fluid. A. Intracellular B. Extracellular C. Synovial D. Intravascular - ANSWERB. Extracellular The Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system when activated will ultimately result in the ____ through effects on the kidneys. A. Loss of Na+ and water B. Retention of Na, water and loss of K C. Reduction in plasma oncotic pressure D. Increase in plasma oncotic pressure - ANSWERB. Retention of Na, water and loss of K The law of mass action dictates that if CO2 levels in the tissue or blood rises the equilibrium will shift toward - ANSWERIncrease levels of H+ and HCO3 The effect of hypocalcemia on the neuromuscular system A. Does not affect the neuromuscular system B. Increased neuromuscular excitability C. Decreased neuromuscular excitability D. Flaccid paralysis - ANSWERB. Increased neuromuscular excitability How much of the water found in our bodies is intracellular? A. Two thirds (66%) B. Three fourths (75%) C. One third (33%) D. One fourth (25%) - ANSWERA. Two thirds (66%) C. Metabolic acidosis D. Metabolic alkalosis - ANSWERC. Metabolic acidosis A loss of proteins, such as albumin, from the plasma (as seen in some kidney and liver diseases) will result in - ANSWERA decrease in plasma oncotic pressure Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is secreted in response to Toll-like receptor activation and has all of the following effects EXCEPT: A. Induce fever (endogenous pyrogen) B. Suppress growth of lymphocytes and reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines C. Increases synthesis of inflammation related serum proteins by the liver D. Causes muscle wasting and intravascular thrombosis - ANSWERB. Suppress growth of lymphocytes and reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines When ________ is secreted, it prevents urination. When we drink alcohol, it reduces the amount of this we secrete, thus causing us to produce more urine and urinate more frequently. - ANSWERADH Leukotrienes are similar to histamine in function but differ in that leukotrienes: A. Cause an anti-inflammatory effect B. Only affect immune cells C. Effects start slow and last long D. Don't involve the bronchi or bronchioles - ANSWERC. Effects start slow and last long Bradykinin has effects that are most similar to those of A. Fibrin B. Histamine C. C 1 inh D. Tissue factor - ANSWERB. Histamine Infants have greater risk of dehydration because A. Greater surface area and higher percentage of body weight as water B. Less surface area and less percentage of body weight as water C. A greater surface area and less percentage of body weight as water D. Less surface area and higher percentage of body weight as water - ANSWERA. Greater surface area and higher percentage of body weight as water Compliment cascade, a deficiency of _______ causes the most severe deficit due to its position at the merging site of three pathways - ANSWERC3 Which of the following sentinel cell that constantly checks the environment in peripheral organs and skin then moves to the lymph nodes upon detecting potential pathogens. A. Lymphocyte B. Dendritic cell C. Natural killer cell D. Giant cell - ANSWERB. Dendritic cell What disease allows for the organism to live within the phagosome and never merge with the lysosome unless accepted by the immune cells? - ANSWERTuberculosis A rise in H+ levels in the blood (acidosis) will result in _____ levels of CO2 and will be compensated by _____ breathing rate. A. Increased; increased B. Increased, decreased C. Decreased, increased D. Decreased, decreased - ANSWERA. Increased; increased Which of these is NOT a circulating plasma protein? A. Complement B. Clotting C. Kinin D. Carbonic anhydrase - ANSWERD. Carbonic anhydrase According to Starling law, which of these forces, when INCREASED, would cause a shift from plasma to interstitial space? - ANSWERIncrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure The fluid exchange between the arterial end and the venous end of a capillary bed in tissues such as muscle and skin results in all of the fluid that leaked out of the capillary being retained in within the vessels with no net loss of fluid TRUE or FALSE - ANSWERFALSE What percentage of fluids is located within the intravascular space of the ECF? A. Two thirds (66%) B. ¼ (4-5%) C. Three fourths (75%) D. One third (33%) - ANSWERB. ¼ (4-5%) Starling forces affect the movement of fluid between the plasma and interstitial space. Which of the following, when increased, will promote a shift from the plasma into the interstitial space A. Capillary oncotic pressure B. Interstitial oncotic pressure and plasma hydrostatic pressure C. Plasma hydrostatic pressure D. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - ANSWERB. Interstitial oncotic pressure and plasma hydrostatic pressure The ion that is best represented by the following concentrations, 150 mM extracellular and 15 mM intracellular is: A. Na B. Cl C. K D. K - ANSWERA. Na A loss of proteins, such as albumin, from the plasma will result in: A. A shift of fluid from the interstitial fluid to the plasma B. A shift of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial fluid C. No change in overall fluid movement between the plasma and interstitial fluid D. A swelling of cells due to increase in intra cellular fluid - ANSWERB. A shift of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial fluid Movement of potassium down its electrochemical gradient will result in what effect on membrane potential? A. Hyperpolarization B. Depolarization C. Stabilization D. Could be any of the above - ANSWERA. Hyperpolarization A stronger stimulus will result in a greater poll membrane depolarization of a neuron resulting in ______. A. Stronger (higher amplitude) actions5 B. More frequent action potentials C. Longer lasting (greater duration of) action potentials D. All of the above - ANSWERB. More frequent action potentials All of the following are true regarding graded potential EXCEPT: A. They can be added together for increased effect B. They can be added to opposing potentials and be reduced in effect C. They fade over time and distance D. They all look alike - ANSWERD. They all look alike (in amplitude) - (because this is action potential) A stroke affecting the temporal lobe is most likely to show signs and symptoms affecting the: A. Patients vision B. Autonomic nervous system C. Facial nerve (Bell's Palsy) D. Patients speech or hearing - ANSWERD. Patients speech or hearing The frontal lobe is responsible for conscious: A. Control of voluntary motor area and limbic system B. Awareness of sensation (somatic sensory area) C. Primary visual cortex (not this because this occipital lobe) D. Primary auditory cortex (Temporal lobe) - ANSWERA. Control of voluntary motor area and limbic system The cerebellum is most responsible for: A. Regulation of breathing and blood pressure B. Control of fine motor control and balance/posture C. Conscious awareness of sensation D. Voluntary control of muscles - ANSWERB. Control of fine motor control and balance/posture The beta-2 receptor, upon binding to its ligand, will result in which of the following effects? A. Vasoconstriction of arterioles serving the skin B. Stimulation of GI tract motility and relaxation of sphincters C. Excitation of somatic muscle cells D. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation and dilation in cardiac arterioles - ANSWERD. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation and dilation in cardiac arterioles The peripheral nervous system division that arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions is the: A. Central B. Somatic C. Parasympathetic D. Sympathetic - ANSWERD. Sympathetic Ephedra is a sympathomimetic, meaning it has sympathetic nervous system activating effects. As such, it may be assumed to have all of the following side effects EXCEPT: A. Increased heart rate B. Increased blood pressure C. Pale, clammy (moist) skin D. Diarrhea and abdominal cramping - ANSWERD. Diarrhea and abdominal cramping The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system helps conserve energy and the body's resources (rest) and uses _______ as it neurotransmitter(s). A. Sympathetic; acetylcholine and norepinephrine B. Sympathetic; norepinephrine C. Parasympathetic; acetylcholine and norepinephrine D. Parasympathetic; acetylcholine - ANSWERD. Parasympathetic; acetylcholine Saltatory conduction: A. Occurs across the entire axon and membrane B. Occurs in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons C. Occurs only at the Nodes of Ranvier D. Does not affect axon conduction velocities - ANSWERC. Occurs only at the Nodes of Ranvier Graded potentials are all of the following EXCEPT: A. Impulses which travel without diminishing over distance B. Localized membrane potential changes as a result of ion channels opening C. Graded potentials can be added to achieve a combined effect on membrane potential D. Can be either hyperpolarizing or depolarizing - ANSWERA. Impulses which travel without diminishing over distance Calcium has an equilibrium potential of 123 mV. This mean that under normal resting potential, if Ca++ became more permeable, the membrane potential would: A. Become more positive until the inside of the cell became positive B. Become more negative to balance out the positive charge C. Stabilize the membrane potential and remain unchanged D. Have no effect on membrane potential - ANSWERA. Become more positive until the inside of the cell became positive The basal ganglia (cerebral nuclei) are most involved in: A. Interpreting sensation from the body B. Executive functions (judgement and focus) C. Emotional response to events D. Inhibiting unwanted movement (coordinating movement) - ANSWERD. Inhibiting unwanted movement (coordinating movement) The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with which of the following: A. Neuron axons exiting from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine A stroke in the occipital lobe is most likely to show signs & symptoms affecting the: A. Patients vision B. Autonomic nervous system C. Facial nerve (Bell's Palsy) D. Patients speech or hearing - ANSWERA. Patients vision The alpha-1 receptor, upon binding to its ligand, will result in which of the following effects? A. Relaxation of sphincters in the GI tract B. Excitation and vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle C. Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle D. Increased heart rate and contractility - ANSWERB. Excitation and vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the comparison of the autonomic and somatic nervous system? A. They both use only excitatory neurotransmitters B. They both originate in the CNS and end in the PNS, so are part of the peripheral nervous system C. They both synapse at a ganglion before reaching the target effector organ D. They both use norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter - ANSWERB. They both originate in the CNS and end in the PNS, so are part of the peripheral nervous system The effect of sympathetic nervous system activation on metabolism includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. Storage of glucose as glycogen is enhanced B. Increased gluconeogenesis by the liver C. Increased lipolysis at adipose cells D. Increased glycolysis by the liver - ANSWERA. Storage of glucose as glycogen is enhanced If the K+ channels opened and stayed open in an otherwise normal person, what would happen to the resting membrane potential of -70 mV? A. Become more negative indefinitely B. Become more negative until the membrane potential reached -94 mV C. Become more positive until the membrane potential reached +26 mV D. Become more positive indefinitely - ANSWERB. Become more negative until the membrane potential reached -94 mV The minimum depolarization needed to open voltage-gated Na+ channels and form an action potential is term: A. Equilibrium potential B. Resting membrane potential C. Graded potential D. Threshold - ANSWERD. Threshold Any given spinal nerve arises from (is formed by): A. The combination of cords B. The separation of divisions into spinal nerves C. The combination of an anterior spinal root with posterior spinal root D. The combination of rami communicants - ANSWERC. The combination of an anterior spinal root with posterior spinal root Vascular smooth muscle is most impacted by what type of receptor (what receptor is most present)? A. Alpha 1 B. Alpha 2 C. Beta 1 D. Beta 2 - ANSWERA. Alpha 1 Alzheimer's is a result of a decrease in which neurotransmitter? A. Dopamine B. Acetylcholine C. Norepinephrine D. Serotonin - ANSWERB. Acetylcholine The disease process that affects the basal ganglion causing a decreased release of dopamine best describes what neurological condition? A. Alzheimer's disease B. Stroke C. Huntington's chorea D. Parkinson's disease - ANSWERD. Parkinson's disease An associated finding of Alzheimers that may or may not be part of the cause of dementia is: A. Lewy bodies B. Amyloid plaques C. Increased dopamine D. Loss of acetylcholine receptors - ANSWERB. Amyloid plaques Potassium exits the cell slower than sodium entering even though they have roughly similar concentration gradients, because: A. The charge inside the membrane attracts positively charged ions B. The intracellular charge is positive as well C. Sodium is more positively charged than potassium D. Sodium is smaller than potassium - ANSWERA. The charge inside the membrane attracts positively charged ions Refractory period is best described as a time when A. Neuron is able to form an action potential B. Ligand gate channels become engaged C. Neuron is insensitive to change in membrane polarization D. Neighboring area on neuron becomes activated. - ANSWERC. Neuron is insensitive to change in membrane polarization Chloride ion (CL-) has an equilibrium potential nearly the same as resting potential. As a result, at resting membrane potential CL- ion (when permeable to the membrane) will move: A. Equally in both directions. B. Out of the cell C. Into the cell D. Unable to tell with the information given. - ANSWERA. Equally in both directions.