BioBeyond Midterm Review 85 Questions | with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified, Exams of Science education

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BioBeyond  Midterm Review 85 Questions | with 100% Correct Answers | Updated & Verified What is science? - Correct answerknowledge about the natural world What do scientists do? - Correct answeruse research and experiments to learn about the natural world Confirmation bias: - Correct answerConfirmation bias vs inattentional blindness vs objectivity (The Brain) - existing theory is interpreted as confirmed with new info; info is ignored due to focusing on other info; Objectivity: not influenced by personal opinions Inattentional blindness: - Correct answerCountering bias examples (Countering Bias: Objectivity) - Objectivity: based on fact (pyramids appear around the world in different cultures); Subjectivity: based on opinion (the odd statues at Easter Island depict alien life) d. - Correct answerRandom error vs systemic error (Instrumental Error) - Random error: error without a specific cause or pattern; Systemic error: error that has a very specific cause or pattern e. - Correct answerPinpoint the difference between an accurate vs precise measurement (Accuracy & Precision) - Accurate measurement is closest to the actual measurement (close to target); Precise measurements are closest to other measurements (close to one another) f. - Correct answerThe steps of the scientific method (Experimental Design) - Purpose, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, Conclusion 2. - Correct answerScientific Tools a. - Correct answerSI unit for length, mass and volume (SI Units) - meters, grams, liters, kilometers b. - Correct answerCalculating volume with V=L x W x H (Cubic Units) - 100 * 50 * 50 = 250,000 cm^3 = 250,000 milliliters = 250 liters c. - Correct answerHow to write in scientific notation (Scientific Notation) - 100 = 1 * 10^2; .001 = 1 * 10^-3 d. - Correct answerViews of Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler and Einstein on the solar system (Models) - Ptolemy: epicycle (stars move across the sky; Copernicus: sun is the center of the universe (still used epicycles); Kepler: ellipses (not epicycles); Einstein: space and time warp due to gravity and general relativity (E=mc^2) 3. - Correct answerScientific Skills a. - Correct answerReading data from a table and choosing best key factors (The Maker Club) - Second least expensive, highest capacity per gram, lowest level of capacity b. - Correct answerGraphing linear time (Carl's Commute) - 7:00 = 7.0, 7:15 = 7.25, 7:30 = 7.5, 7:45 = 7.75 c. - Correct answerIndependent vs dependent variable (Carl's Study Habits) - Independent: is not changed by observer (days of the week, temperature, traffic, etc.); Dependent: the variable that is manipulated by the observer (when we leave, what we eat, trip duration, etc.) 4. - Correct answerGraphing Skills a. - Correct answerIdentify independent and dependent variables and plot them on a graph (Plotting Points) - independent: x-axis; dependent: y-axis b. - Correct answerInverse (indirect) vs direct correlation (Trends and Relationships) - Direct correlation: data cannot conclusively prove a cause-and-effect relationship between independent and dependent variables c. - Correct answerRelationships shown on different types of graphs: sinusoidal, logarithmic, sigmoidal and exponential (Variable Relationships) - Sinusoidal: smooth change from one state to another (smooth wiggle wave); Logarithmic: rapid increase before reaching a plateau or limit (fast growth then levels off); Sigmoidal: rapid rise from one level to another ( ∫ almost); Exponential: the most rapid growth without stopping d. - Correct answerNormal vs skewed distributions shown on a graph (Distributions) - Normal: bell curve; Skewed: "pushed to one side or the other 5. - Correct answerWritten in Stone a. - Correct answerSequence the events using a rock column (Construct a Rock Column) - earliest (longest ago from present) is the lowest layer of rock; most recent (current top layer) is the closest to the top b. - Correct answerHow the following rocks are made: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic (Finding the Age) - igneous: melted rocks cooled back down; sedimentary: d. - Correct answerChapter 3.3, Eukaryotic Cells i. - Correct answerKnow the functions of the following organelles: mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, central vacuole, and cell wall. - Mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell; Golgi apparatus: modifies proteins; Rough ER: makes secretory and membrane proteins; Chloroplast: converts sunlight into food; Central vacuole: provides cellular integrity; Cell wall: rigid outer cover around the cell membrane e. - Correct answerChapter 3.4, The Cell Membrane i. - Correct answerDescribe the fluid mosaic model, figure 1 - Cell membranes allow some molecules through their barrier but block or restrict others f. - Correct answerChapter 3.5, Passive Transport i. - Correct answerWhy is passive transport passive? - Requires no energy expenditure Because the molecules being passed from one side of the cell membrane to the outside are neutrally charged and small ii. - Correct answerWhat does it mean to move down a gradient? - the dissipation of potential energy as materials diffuse through the plasma membrane iii. - Correct answerKnow the difference between diffusion and facilitated transport - Diffusion: dispersal of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; Facilitated transport: material moves across the plasma membrane with the assistance of transmembrane proteins down a concentration gradient iv. - Correct answerKnow what happens to a cell when placed in a hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic solution - Hypertonic: water flows out of the cell (dehydration); Isotonic: no significant difference (stasis); Hypotonic: water flows into the cell (lyses) g. - Correct answerChapter 3.6, Active Transport i. - Correct answerWhy is active transport active? - Requires energy (ATP-adenosine triphosphate) to move against the gradient ii. - Correct answerWhat does it mean to move against a gradient? - the concentration of the substance inside the cell must be greater than its concentration in the extracellular fluid, the cell must use energy to move the substance iii. - Correct answerKnow the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis - Exocytosis: a type of active transport that expels material from the cell into the extracellular fluid; Endocytosis: a type of active transport that moves particles, such as large molecules, parts of cells, and even whole cells, into a cell 12. - Correct answerUnit 2 - Many of these topics are also found in BioBeyond's "Why You Look the Way You Do?" and Disease Detectives h. - Correct answerChapter 8.1, Mendel's Experiments i. - Correct answerDefinition of a trait - a variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristic ii. - Correct answerDifference between a dominant and recessive trait - Dominant: expresses itself when present; Recessive: can only express in homozygous individuals i. - Correct answerChapter 8.2, Laws of Inheritance i. - Correct answerWhat is a punnet square/test cross? - - Correct answerW w w - Correct answerWw ww w - Correct answerWw ww ii. - Correct answerWhat does the law of segregation state? - paired unit factors (genes) must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor iii. - Correct answerWhat does the law of independent assortment state? - One trait does not affect another's probability of being passed on j. - Correct answerChapter 8.3, Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance i. - Correct answerKnow the difference between incomplete dominance and co- dominance - Incomplete dominance: traits combine to create a blend (red + white = pink flowers); Co-dominance: traits are reflected simultaneously (red + white = red and white striped flowers) ii. - Correct answerWhat is an X-linked trait? - A trait that is carried on the X chromosome and is expressed more commonly among men because the lack another X chromosome to balance or make-up for the deficiency. Women are often carriers instead of afflicted. Unit 4 - Correct answer k. - Correct answerChapter 11.1, Discovering How Populations Change i. - Correct answerDifference between analogous and homologous structures - Analogous: similar functionality and appearance but lack common ancestral link (bat wings v. insect wings); Homologous: common ancestral link (ostrich wings and hummingbird wings) l. - Correct answerChapter 11.2, Mechanisms of Evolution i. - Correct answerBottleneck effect vs founder effect - Bottleneck: magnification of genetic drift as a result of natural events or catastrophes (mass killing from lava or hurricane); Founder: a magnification of genetic drift in a small population that migrates away from a large parent population carrying with it an unrepresentative set of alleles (physical barrier separating populations)