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The effects of microgravity on the cardiovascular system, particularly the changes in blood volume and cardiac output experienced by astronauts during spaceflight. It provides insights into the physiological adaptations that occur, such as a decrease in the maximum volume of blood filling the heart's ventricles, and the potential impact on the body's ability to supply cells with oxygen and nutrients. The document also suggests strategies to prevent cardiovascular deconditioning, including increased cardiovascular exercise using devices like stationary bicycles. By understanding these concepts, students can gain valuable knowledge about the human body's response to the unique challenges of the space environment and develop effective countermeasures to maintain astronaut health and performance.
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