Cellular Respiration and Glycolysis: ATP and Energy Production, Exams of Nursing

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Biochem 210 Module 7 Latest Update 2024-

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Cellular respiration is the process of cells taking ___ and producing ___ to generate energy. - CORRECT ANSWER: O2; CO Consider the fatty acid which has 20 carbons (below). A. How many cycles of beta-oxidation are required? Briefly explain. B. How many acetyl-coA are produced. Briefly explain. C. How many NADH and FADH2 are produced from beta-oxidation (only) of this molecule? - CORRECT ANSWER: A. 9 cycles are required. Each cycle removes 2- carbon units, and the final cycle produces 2 acetyl groups. B. 10 acetyl-coA groups are produced. 2 are produced on the last cycle. C. 9 NADH and 9 FADH2 molecules are produced. Each round produces 1 NADH and 1 FADH2. Glucose contains (A) carbon atoms. The oxidation of a glucose molecule utilizes (B) ATP. Later, the (C) 3-carbon products of glycolysis produce (D) ATP by direct phosphorylation, which gives a net yield of 2 ATP. In addition, (E) NADH are produced in glycolysis. Word bank: one, two, three, four, five, six - CORRECT ANSWER: (A) six (B) two (C) two (D) four (E) two Glucose contains (A) carbon atoms. The preparatory phase of glycolysis consists of (B) steps. The oxidation of glucose molecules utilizes two ATP molecules. Later, the two (C)-carbon products go glycolysis produce (D) ATP by direct phosphorylation, which gives a net yield of two ATP. In addition, (E) NADH are produced in glycolysis. Word bank: one, two, three, four, five, six - CORRECT ANSWER: (A) six (B) five (C) three (D) four (E) two How is ATP used in the initial steps of glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER: source for phosphorylation

How many ATP molecules does FADH2 yield after oxidative phosphorylation? - CORRECT ANSWER: 1.5 ATP per 1 FADH How many ATP molecules does GTP yield after oxidative phosphorylation? - CORRECT ANSWER: 1 ATP per 1 GTP How many ATP molecules does NADH yield after oxidative phosphorylation? - CORRECT ANSWER: 2.5 ATP per 1 NADH How many reactions are in glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER: 10 In converting glucose to pyruvate, how many ATP or NADH are produced (or required) in the 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate step in glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER: 2 ATP produced In converting glucose to pyruvate, how many ATP or NADH are produced (or required) in the glyceraldehyde 3-phosephate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate step in glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER: 2 NADH produced In converting glucose to pyruvate, how many ATP or NADH are produced (or required) in the phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate step in glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER: 2 ATP produced In converting glucose to pyruvate, how many ATP or NADH are produced (or required) in the fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate step in glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER: 1 ATP required In converting glucose to pyruvate, how many ATP or NADH are produced (or required) in the glucose to glucose-6-phosphate step in glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER: 1 ATP required In glycolysis, when fructose-6-phosphate is preparing to split the phosphate donor in this reaction is ATP, and the enzyme is ________. - CORRECT ANSWER: phosphofructokinase- In glycolysis, when glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated to form glucose-6- phosphate. The phosphate donor in this reaction is _______, and the enzyme is hexokinase. - CORRECT ANSWER: ATP

In glycolysis, when glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated to form glucose-6-phosphate. The phosphate donor in this reaction is ATP, and the enzyme is ___. - CORRECT ANSWER: hexokinase In one step of the glycolysis pathway, a 6-carbon compound is broken down into two 3- carbon fragments, only one of which can be further degraded in the glycolysis pathway. What happens to the other 3-carbon fragment? - CORRECT ANSWER: After splitting the six-carbon into GAP and DHAP, only GAP can directly proceed in the glycolysis pathway. DHAP must be converted to GAP by triose phosphate isomerate to continue in the glycolysis pathway. In the last reaction of glycolysis, ATP is formed by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a metabolite to ADP. This process is referred to as: - CORRECT ANSWER: substrate-level phosphorylation In total, how many ATP and/or NADH are produced in the glucose to pyruvate steps in glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER: 2 ATP and 2 NADPH produced The complete degradation of glucose via cellular respiration occurs in ___ phases. - CORRECT ANSWER: 3 The complete oxidative catabolism of fatty acids to form CO2 and H2O occurs in 3 phases. Describe each of these 3 phases giving the important pathway in each phase and the energy molecules produced in each. - CORRECT ANSWER: The first phase includes fatty acid metabolism via beta-oxidation, in which the the molecule is degraded into acetyl-coA with the production of 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH per cycle. In the second phase, the acetyl-coA groups are shuttled through the citric acid cycle to generate GTP, NADH, FADH2, and the release of CO2. In the third phase, NADH and FADH2 coenzymes are oxidized in the mitochondria to yield ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. The enzymes and coenzymes of the citric acid cycle are all present in the ___. - CORRECT ANSWER: mitochondria The process for degrading fatty acids is commonly referred to as: - CORRECT ANSWER: beta-spiral The process that extracts energy as ATP but does not consume O2 or change the concentration of NAD+/NADH: - CORRECT ANSWER: fermentation The reactions of glycolysis take place in/on the ___. - CORRECT ANSWER: cytosol True or False: A biochemical metabolic pathway is a series reaction that converts starting material into products. - CORRECT ANSWER: true

True or False: A biochemical metabolic pathway is a single reaction that converts starting material into products. - CORRECT ANSWER: false True or False: The citric acid cycle occurs in the absence of oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER: false True or False: The citric acid cycle occurs in the presence of oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER: true True or False: The β-oxidation pathway only degrades odd-numbered fatty acids. - CORRECT ANSWER: true True or False: The ΔG value for a particular reaction is -78kJ/mol. This value indicates the reaction is spontaneous. - CORRECT ANSWER: true True or False: Three ATP molecules are used in the energy-investing stage of glycolysis. - CORRECT ANSWER: false Under anaerobic condition, to which compound is pyruvate converted? - CORRECT ANSWER: ethanol or lactate What are the names of the three enzymes that convert pyruvate to acetyl coA? - CORRECT ANSWER: E1, E2, and E What coenzyme(s) are necessary for beta-oxidation? - CORRECT ANSWER: NAD+ and FAD What energy molecule(s) is/are produced directly in the citric acid cycle? - CORRECT ANSWER: 1 GTP, 1 FADH2, 3 NADH What is the primary product of glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER: pyruvate What molecule is missing in the following reaction? a. PDH b. isocitrate c. fumarate d. FADH e. succinyl-coA - CORRECT ANSWER: b. isocitrate Where does pyruvate conversion to acetyl-coA production occur? - CORRECT ANSWER: mitochondria Which of the following is a cyclic pathway?

a. CAC b. PDH c. glycolysis d. oxidative phosphorylation e. beta-oxidation - CORRECT ANSWER: a. CAC Which of the following is a ten-step pathway? a. CAC b. PDH c. glycolysis d. oxidative phosphorylation e. beta-oxidation - CORRECT ANSWER: c. glycolysis Which of the following letters corresponds to the alpha-carbon of a fatty acid? A B C D E - CORRECT ANSWER: B (between C and COOH) Besides NADH and FADH2, what energy molecule is produced directly in the citric acid cycle? A. CO B.ATP C. CTP D. UTP E. None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: E. None of the above Cellular respiration is the process of cells taking in ______ and producing ______ to generate energy. A. Glucose; NADH B. FAD; FADH C. CO2; ATP D. NAD+; NADH E. O2; CO2 - CORRECT ANSWER: E. O2; CO Consider the fatty which has 20 carbons (below). A. (2 pts) How many cycles of β -oxidation are required? Briefly explain. B. (2 pts) How many acetyl-CoA are produced? Briefly explain. C. (1 pts) How many NADH and FADH2 are produced from β -oxidation (only) of this molecule? - CORRECT ANSWER: A. 9 cycles are required for oleic acid. Each cycle removes two carbon units. ON the final cycle, two acetyl groups are produced.

B. There are 10 acetyl-CoA groups produced. Two acetyl-CoA groups on the last cycle. C.There are 9 NADH and 9 FADH2 molecules produced. One per cycle. Glucose contains ___(A)_____ carbon atoms. The oxidation of a glucose molecule utilizes ______(B)______ ATP. Later, the ____(C)_____ three-carbon products of glycolysis produce ____(D)______ ATP by direct phosphorylation, which gives a net yield of two ATP. In addition, ____(E)_____ NADH are produced in glycolysis. Word bank: one, two, three, four, five, six - CORRECT ANSWER: A) six B) two C) two D) four E) two How is ATP used in the initial steps of glycolysis?

• Lipid phosphorylation reagent
• Isomerization reaction
• Source for phosphorylation
• Protein production
• None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: - Source for phosphorylation How many ATP molecules does NADH yield after oxidative phosphorylation?

2

3 3.5 - CORRECT ANSWER: 2. In converting glucose to pyruvate, how many ATP or NADH are produced (or required) in the fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-phosphate step in glycolysis?

• 1 ATP required
• 1 ATP produced
• 2 ATP produced
• 2 ATP required
• None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: - 1 ATP required In glycolysis, when glucose enters a cell, it is immediately phosphorylated to form glucose-6- phosphate. The phosphate donor in this reaction is ATP, and the enzyme is ________.
• Hexokinase
• Aldolase
• CoA

• Phosphohexose isomerase
• None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: - Hexokinase In one step of the glycolysis pathway, a six-carbon compound is broken into two three- carbon fragments, only one of which can be further degraded in the glycolysis pathway. What happens to the other three-carbon fragment? - CORRECT ANSWER: In step 5 of glycolysis, glucose (six-carbon) is converted to GAP and DHAP (both 3- carbons). GAP goes on in the glycolysis pathway. The other, DHAP, cannot go on through glycolysis directly; it is converted to GAP by triose phosphate isomerase. In the last reaction of glycolysis, ATP is formed by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a metabolite to ADP. This process is referred to as:
• Substrate-level phosphorylation
• Protein phosphorylation
• Lipid phosphorylation
• Isomerization
• Photo-protein dephosphorylation - CORRECT ANSWER: Substrate-level phosphorylation In total, how many ATP or NADH are produced (or required) in the glucose to pyruvate steps in glycolysis?
• 1 NADH required
• 1 ATP and 2 NADH required
• 2 ATP and 2 NADH produced
• 2 ATP producedNone of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: - 2 ATP and 2 NADH produced Of the following, which coenzyme(s) are necessary for β -oxidation? A. O B. FAD C. GTP D. Both A and B E. None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: B. FAD The citric acid cycle occurs in the presence of oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER: true The complete degradation of glucose via cellular respiration occurs in ______ phases. 1 2 3 alternate reversible - CORRECT ANSWER: 3

The complete oxidative catabolism of fatty acids to form CO2 and H2O occurs in three phases. Describe the each of the three phases giving the important pathway in each phase and the energy molecules produced in each. - CORRECT ANSWER: Answer: First phase: Fatty acid metabolism begins with b-oxidation which degrades the molecule into acetyl-CoA and also produces 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH molecules per cycle. Second Phase: the acetyl-CoA groups are shuttled through the citric acid cycle to generate GTP, NADH, FADH2 molecules along with the release of CO2. Third Phase: the NADH and FADH2 coenzymes are themselves oxidized in the mitochondria to yield ATP by a process called oxidative phosphorylation. The enzymes and coenzymes of the citric acid cycle are all present in the ________.

• Mitochondria
• Vacuoles
• Nucleus
• Lysosomes
• None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: - Mitochondria The process for degrading fatty acids is commonly referred to as: A. β -degradation B. α -degradation C. Spiral D. β -spiral E. α -spiral - CORRECT ANSWER: D. β -spiral The reactions of glycolysis take place in/on the ___________.
• Mitochondria
• Vacuoles
• Ribosome
• Cytosol
• None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: - Cytosol The β -oxidation pathway only degrades odd-numbered fatty acids. - CORRECT ANSWER: true There are ___________ reactions in glycolysis. 6 8 9 10 12 - CORRECT ANSWER: 10

Three ATP molecules are used in the energy-investing stage of glycolysis. - CORRECT ANSWER: false True or false: A biochemical metabolic pathway is a single reaction that converts starting material into products. - CORRECT ANSWER: false True or False: The Δ G value for a particular reaction is -78kJ/mol. This value indicates the reaction is spontaneous. - CORRECT ANSWER: true Under anaerobic conditions, to which compound is pyruvate converted?

• Ethanol
• DHAP
• Hexokinase
• GAP
• None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: - Ethanol What are the names of the three enzymes that convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA A. P, D, and H B. Enzyme A, Enzyme B, and Enzyme C C. Enzyme a, Enzyme b, and Enzyme c D. E1, E2, and E E. None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER: D. E1, E2, and E What is the primary product of glycolysis?
• Glucose
• Glucose-6-phosphate
• phosphoenolpyruvate
• GAP and DHAP
• Pyruvate - CORRECT ANSWER: - Pyruvate What molecule is missing in the following reaction? A. PDH B. Isocitrate C. Fumarate D. FADH E. Succinyl-CoA - CORRECT ANSWER: B. Isocitrate Which of the following is a cyclic pathway? CAC PDH Glycolysis

Oxidative phosphorylation β -oxidation - CORRECT ANSWER: CAC Which of the following letters corresponds to the α -carbon of a fatty acid? A B C D E - CORRECT ANSWER: B between C and COOH