Biochemistry Terminology: Definitions of Key Concepts in Organic Chemistry and Biology, Quizzes of Biochemistry

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Biochemistry

the study of the structures, functions, and reflections of the

molecules of living systems or processes.

TERM 2

What defines life?

DEFINITION 2

-high degree of complexity and microscopic organization -

extract, transform and use energy from the environment -

regulated functions for each of the organisms components -

sense and respond to changes in environment -precise self-

replication and self-assembly -capability to evolve or change

over time

TERM 3

Why are viruses not

alive?

DEFINITION 3

no sense and respond ... no replication and assembly ...

TERM 4

Organic molecules

DEFINITION 4

C+/- H O N P S -simple hydrocarbons -contain functional

groups -polymeric

TERM 5

5 Reaction Types

DEFINITION 5

nucleophilic substitutions, eliminations, additions,

isomerization, oxidation/reduction

Nuclophilic Substitutions

nucleophilic substitution is a fundamental class of

substitution reaction in which an "electron rich" nucleophile

selectively bonds with or attacks the positive or partially

positive charge of an atom attached to a group or atom

called the leaving group; the positive or partially positive

atom is referred to as an electrophile

TERM 7

Eliminations

DEFINITION 7

two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a

one or two-step mechanism [2]. Either the unsaturation of

the molecule increases (as in most organic elimination

reactions) or the valence of an atom in the molecule

decreases by two, a process known as reductive elimination.

TERM 8

Addition reaction

DEFINITION 8

An addition reaction, in organic chemistry, is in its simplest

terms an organic reaction where two or more molecules

combine to form a larger one.

TERM 9

Isomerization

DEFINITION 9

the chemical process by which a compound is transformed

into any of its isomeric forms, i.e., forms with the same

chemical composition but with different structure or

configuration and, hence, generally with different physical

and chemical properties.

TERM 10

Oxidation

DEFINITION 10

hydrogen oxygen or electron transfer

Hydrocarbons

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound

consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

TERM 12

hydroxyl

DEFINITION 12

alcohol -OH

TERM 13

aldehyde

DEFINITION 13

-COOH

TERM 14

carbonyl

DEFINITION 14

R-C(=O)-R

TERM 15

carboxyl

DEFINITION 15

-C(=O)-OH

amine

-NH

TERM 17

amide

DEFINITION 17

-C(=O)-NH

TERM 18

ester

DEFINITION 18

-C(=O)-O-C

TERM 19

Thiol

DEFINITION 19

-SH

TERM 20

methyl

DEFINITION 20

-CH

phosphate

-PO

TERM 22

ether

DEFINITION 22

-O-

TERM 23

acetyl

DEFINITION 23

C(=O)CH

TERM 24

amino

DEFINITION 24

NH3+

TERM 25

amido

DEFINITION 25

-C(=O)-NH

imine

-C(=N-)-

TERM 27

sulfhydryl

DEFINITION 27

Thiol -SH

TERM 28

disulfide

DEFINITION 28

-S-S-

TERM 29

thioester

DEFINITION 29

-C(=O)-S-

TERM 30

prokaryote

DEFINITION 30

small simple unicelled lack of nucleus

bacteria

Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are a large group of single-

celled, prokaryote microorganisms.

TERM 32

archea

DEFINITION 32

live in very challenging environments

TERM 33

eukaryotes

DEFINITION 33

large cells with a nucleus membrane bound organelles multi

and uni cell complex