Biochemistry Review: Understanding Organic Compounds, Polymers, and Energy Sources, Exams of Biochemistry

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Biochemistry Review

Cellulose - The most abundant organic compound on Earth. Water - The universal solvent. Cohesiveness, Adhesiveness, Polarity, Surface tension - Four properties of water that make it so useful to organisms. Carbon - Substance besides water that makes up most of the cell. Organic - _______ chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Four - Carbon has ____ four outer electrons. Covalent - Carbon can form ____ bonds by sharing the four outer electrons. Hydrocarbons - Compounds made up by carbon and hydrogen. Fat - Hydrocarbons in what supply our bodies with energy?

Shape - The ____ of an organic molecule determines its function. Functional - What groups give different properties to the organic compound to which they attach? Polymers - Large organic molecules. monomers - Polymers are built from smaller subunits called _____. Macromolecules - Biologists call polymers _____. Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids - Four examples of polymers found in living things. Polymers - Monomers linked together. Dehydration synthesis - The process of linking monomers together. Hydrolysis - The process used to break down large polymers into smaller monomers. Soft drinks, sports drinks, potatoes, pasta -

Foods that contain lots of carbohydrates. Simple - Monosaccharides are ___ sugars. Glucose, Galactose, Fructose - Three monosaccharides. Carbons - Monosaccharides are called hexose sugars because they contain six ____. Glucose - Simple sugar made by plants. Fructose - Sugar found in fruits. Galactose - The "milk sugar". Isomer - Same formula, different structure. Isomers - Fructose and glucose are both _____. Disaccharide - Name of a double sugar.

Glycosidic bond - The bond that joins disaccharides together. Disaccharides - Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are all _____. Polysaccharides - Complex carbohydrates. Monosaccharides - Chains of ______ are called polysaccharides. Polysaccharides - Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all ______. Glycogen - Animals store their carbohydrate energy as _____. Hydrophilic - Sugars dissolve in water, they are water-loving or ______. Hydrophobic - Water fearing. Triglycerides - Monomers that make up lipids or fats. Phospholipids - What lipids are in cell membranes?

Globular - Enzymes have what shape? Yes - Can enzymes be reused? Polypeptides - Protein chains are called what? Insulin - What protein controls blood sugar level? DNA and RNA - The two types of nucleic acids are what? Chemical bonds - Where is the energy stored in ATP? Phosphate bonds - Which bonds are considered high energy bonds in ATP? Adenosine diphosphate - When the last phosphate bond is broken, what is released?