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A&P Exam 1 (ch 1 & 2) Latest Version

(You go outside in 110 degree weather. - > You sweat. - > You cool down to keep body at 98.6 degrees. - > You stop sweating once at back at homeostasis.) This is an example of what? - ✔✔Homeostatic Mechanism

protons = # _________ - ✔✔electrons

1 Mole of any substance contains how many molecules? - ✔✔6.02 x 10^ molecules = 1 mole 2 Examples of negative feedback: - ✔✔1. Regulation of body temperature (nervous mechanism)

2. Regulation of blood volume by ADH (endocrine mechanism) 2 Types of Feedback. - ✔✔Positive feedback & Negative feedback 6.02 x 10^23 is called... - ✔✔Avagadro's Number 60%-80% of the volume in living cells is.. - ✔✔Water 96.1% of the human body mass is made up of the 4 major elements (C,H,O,N). What is the other 3.9% made of? - ✔✔Calcium (Ca) Phosphorous (P) Potassium (K)

Sulfur (S) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Magnesium (Mg) Iodine (I) Iron (Fe) All acidic solutions have a pH of.. - ✔✔ 0 - 6.99 (the lower the number, the more acidic) All alkaline solutions have a pH of.. - ✔✔7.01-14 (the higher the pH, the more basic) All neutral solutions have a pH of... - ✔✔ 7 Anytime you hear the word "cutaneous" what should you think? - ✔✔SKIN Are acids proton acceptors or proton donors? - ✔✔Proton donors (hydrogen ion). Releases H+ in solution Are bases proton acceptors or proton donors? - ✔✔Bases are proton acceptors, taking up H+ from solution Are hydrogen bonds common between dipoles? - ✔✔Yes, such as water

Are lipids soluble in water? - ✔✔No. As long as all your "normals" are within "normal range", you are in a state of.. - ✔✔homeostasis. ATP is a source of... - ✔✔CHEMICAL ENERGY Average blood pressure in humans. - ✔✔120/ Average heart rate in humans. - ✔✔ 60 - 100 (same as pulse) Average pulse in humans. - ✔✔ 60 - 100 (same as heart rate) Boiling an egg will permanently change the egg. This is an example related to what? - ✔✔Irreversible protein denaturation Can energy be converted from one form to another? - ✔✔Yes. Can radioisotopes be detected with scanners? - ✔✔Yes they can! Chemical Equations contain: - ✔✔-Molecular formula for each reactant and product

• Relative amounts of reactants and products which should balance

Colloids aka.. - ✔✔Emulsions Compare/Contrast Kinetic Energy & Potential Energy. - ✔✔Kinetic Energy - energy in motion/action Potential Energy - Stored (inactive) energy Define term: 1 Mole - ✔✔the atomic weight of an element or molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) of a compound in grams Define term: Abdominopelvic Quadrants - ✔✔Divisions used primarily by medical personnel Define term: Acid-Base Homeostasis (human body) - ✔✔pH change interferes with cell function and may damage living tissue. Define term: Active Site - ✔✔the specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme Define term: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - ✔✔One of the principle chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy Define term: Alkaline Solutions - ✔✔Base or Basic Solutions Define term: Amino Acid - ✔✔building block of protein

Define term: Anabolic - ✔✔To construct or build Define term: Anion - ✔✔Negative charge (-) Anions gain one or more electrons in an ionic bond Define term: Appendicular - ✔✔The limbs (legs and arms) Define term: Atomic Number - ✔✔# of protons in nucleus Define term: Atomic Symbol - ✔✔One or two letter chemical shorthand for each element Define term: Atomic Weight - ✔✔Skewed average of mass numbers of all isotopes for one particular element. Define term: Atoms. - ✔✔Make up elements; unique building blocks for each element Define term: Axial - ✔✔The head, neck, & trunk Define term: Buffer - ✔✔Mixture of compounds that resist pH changes Convert strong acids or bases into weak ones Define term: Carbohydrates - ✔✔Sugars and starches Contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O)

Three classes of carbs (mono-, di-, poly- saccharides) Define term: Catabolic - ✔✔To break down Define term: Catalysts - ✔✔A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. Define term: Catalysts - ✔✔Speed up chemical reactions without being chemically changed Define term: Cations - ✔✔Positive charge (+) Cations lose one or more electrons in an ionic bond (gave on away) Define term: Chaperonins - ✔✔Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins; they work by keeping the new polypeptide segregated from bad influences in the cytoplasmic environment while it folds spontaneously Define term: Chemical Energy - ✔✔Energy stored in bonds of chemical substances Define term: Chemical Reactions - ✔✔Occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken Define term: Chemically Inert Elements - ✔✔Stable and unreactive elements whose outermost energy level is fully occupied or contains 8 electrons

Define term: Chemically Reactive Elements - ✔✔Elements whose outermost energy level not fully occupied by electrons. Define term: Colloids/Emulsions - ✔✔Heterogeneous translucent mixtures (ex: cytosol) Has large solute particles that do not settle out Undergo sol-gel transformations Define term: Compound - ✔✔Two or more different kinds of atoms bonded together (more than one element) Define term: Compounds - ✔✔Can only be separated by breaking bonds All compounds are homogeneous Define term: Cushioning - ✔✔Protects certain organs from physical trauma (ex: cerebrospinal fluid) Define term: Decomposition Reactions - ✔✔Reactions in which fuel is broken down for energy AB --> A + B Reverse of synthesis reactions Involve breaking of bonds Catabolic

Define term: Dehydration Synthesis - ✔✔loss of a water molecule due to the carboxyl group of one amino acid bonding to the amino group of the next Define term: Dipeptide - ✔✔Two amino acids bonded together Define term: Disaccharide - ✔✔A class of carbohydrates; Double sugars that are too large to pass through cell membranes Define term: Eicosanoids - ✔✔diverse lipids chiefly derived from a fatty acid (arachidonic acid) found in all cell membranes many different ones Define term: Electrical Energy - ✔✔Energy resulting from movement of charged particals (positive & negative) Define term: Electronegative - ✔✔atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons (ex: oxygen) Define term: Electrons - ✔✔subatomic particles of the atom that are located outside the nucleus, orbiting around it. has negative charge mass = 0 amu Define term: Electropositive - ✔✔atoms with 1 or 2 valence shell electrons (ex: sodium)

Define term: Endergonic Reactions - ✔✔Reactions whose products contain more potential energy than did reactants and therefore are anabolic reactions Define term: Energy. - ✔✔Capacity to do work or put matter into motion Define term: Enzymes - ✔✔biological catalysts that lower the activation energy and increase the speed of a reaction Define term: Exchange Reactions - ✔✔AB + C --> AC + B Bonds are both made and broken Define term: Exergonic Reactions - ✔✔Reactions that release energy & therefore are catabolic reactions Define term: Fat soluble - ✔✔Dissolves in fat; stored in fatty tissues. Define term: Fibrous (Structural) Proteins - ✔✔Strandlike Water Insoluble Stable Define term: Frontal (Coronal) Plane - ✔✔-Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior (front & back) Define term: Globular (functional) Proteins - ✔✔Compact Spherical

Water-soluble Sensitive to environmental changes Specific functional regions called active sites Define term: High Heat Capacity (of water) - ✔✔Absorbs and releases heat with minor temperature change, thus preventing sudden changes in temperature Define term: High Heat of Vaporization (of water) - ✔✔Evaporation requires large amounts of heat Useful cooling mechanism Define term: Hydrogen Bond - ✔✔attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule Define term: Hydrolysis - ✔✔peptide bonds linking amino acids together are broken when water is added to the bond Define term: Inorganic Compounds - ✔✔Water, Salts, and many acids and bases Does NOT contain carbon Define term: Isotopes - ✔✔structural variations of elements that differ in the number of neutrons they contain Define term: Lipids - ✔✔Contain Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and sometimes Phosphorous (P) Insoluble in water

4 Main types (Neutral fats/Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, and Eicosanoids) Define term: Lipoproteins - ✔✔Lipid in the body that helps transport fats in the blood. Define term: Macromolecule - ✔✔A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules. Define term: Mass Number - ✔✔# of protons + # neutrons Define term: Matter - ✔✔Anything that has mass and takes up space Define term: Mechanical Energy - ✔✔Energy directly involved in moving matter (simply, 'to move') Define term: Midsagittal (Median) Plane - ✔✔-Lies on the actual midline Define term: Mixture - ✔✔No chemical bonding between components Can be separated physically, such as by straining or filtering Heterogeneous or homogeneous Define term: Mixture - ✔✔Two or more components physically intermixed Define term: Molecule - ✔✔Two or more atoms bonded together

(H2, C6H12O6, etc.) Define term: Monosaccharide - ✔✔A class of carbohydrates; Simple sugars containing 3 to 7 Carbon (C) atoms Define term: Neutral Fats - ✔✔solid fats and liquid oils Define term: Neutral Solutions - ✔✔Contains equal numbers of [H+] and [OH-] Define term: Neutron - ✔✔subatomic particles of the atom that are located in nucleus has no charge mass = 1 amu Define term: Nucleic Acid - ✔✔an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information Define term: Oblique Section - ✔✔-Cuts made diagonally Define term: Octet Rule - ✔✔Except for the first shell which is full with two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their outermost energy level Define term: Orbital cavity - ✔✔contains to the eye and it's external structure

Define term: Orbital Model - ✔✔current model of the atom used by chemists depicts electrons to form electron cloud Define term: Organic Compounds - ✔✔Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids Contains Carbon, usually large, are covalently bonded (EXCEPT CO2 & CO, they are INORGANIC) Define term: Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions - ✔✔electron donors that lose electrons are oxidized, and electron acceptors that receive electrons and become reduced Define term: Parasagittal Plane - ✔✔-Not on midline Define term: Parietal Serosa - ✔✔Membrane layer that lines internal body walls (outside of organ) Define term: pH - ✔✔negative logarithm of [H+] in moles per liter Define term: Phospholipids - ✔✔Modified triglycerides containing a glycerol + two fatty acids and a Phosphorous(P)-containing group "Head" and "Tail" regions which have different properties Important in cell membrane structure

Define term: Phosphorylation - ✔✔Terminal phosphates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules Such energized/primed molecules perform cellular work (life processes) using the phosphate bond energy Define term: Plane - ✔✔Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study Define term: Planetary Model - ✔✔older model of the atom depicts electrons to form fixed circular paths useful for illustrations Define term: Polar Solvent Properties (of water) - ✔✔Dissolves and dissociates ionic substances Forms hydration layers around large charged molecules (Colloid Formation) Body's major transport medium Define term: Polymer - ✔✔chains of similar units (monomers or building blocks) Define term: Polysaccharide - ✔✔A class of carbohydrates; Polymers of simple sugars (startch and glycogen) Define term: Protein Denaturation - ✔✔Shape change and disruption of active sites due to environmental changes

Define term: Proteins - ✔✔Polymers of amino acids Define term: Proton - ✔✔subatomic particles of the atom that are located in nucleus has positive charge mass = 1 amu Define term: Radiant/Electromagnetic Energy - ✔✔Energy which exhibits wavelike properties (visible light, ultraviolet light, and x-rays) Define term: Radioisotopes - ✔✔an isotope that has an unstable nucleus and undergoes spontaneous decay (radioactivity decay) Valuable tools for biological research and medicine Define term: Reactivity - ✔✔A necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions Define term: Sagittal Plane - ✔✔-Divides body vertically into left and right parts

• Produces a sagittal section Define term: Salts - ✔✔Ionic compounds that dissociate in water Contain cations other than H+ and anions OH- Ions (electrolytes) conduct electrical currents in solution and play specialized roles in body functions (sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron)

Define term: Saturated Fatty Acids - ✔✔Single bonds between C atoms with maximum number of H Solid animal fats (ex: butter) Define term: Serous Membrane - ✔✔Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid Define term: Sol-gel Transformations - ✔✔To change reversibly from a fluid (sol) state to a more solid (gel) state. Define term: Solute - ✔✔Present in smaller amount of a solution (the sugar in sweet tea) Define term: Solutions - ✔✔Homogeneous mixtures that are usually transparent and consist of a solvent and a solute Define term: Solvent - ✔✔present in greatest amount of a solution, usually a liquid (the tea in sweet tea) Define term: Steroid - ✔✔interlocking four-ring structure contains steroid hormones, cholesterol, vitamin D, & bile salts fat soluble contains little oxygen Define term: Substrate - ✔✔The reactant on which an enzyme works.

Define term: Suspensions - ✔✔Heterogeneous mixtures (ex: blood) Large visible solutes tend to settle out Define term: Synovial Cavity - ✔✔Space between bones at a synovial joint. It contains synovial fluid. Define term: Synthesis - ✔✔combination, to add, to make new Define term: Synthesis Reactions - ✔✔A + B --> AB Always involve bond formation Anabolic Define term: Trace Elements - ✔✔elements that make up < 0.01% of body mass Define term: Transverse (horizontal) Plane - ✔✔-Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts (top & bottom)

• Produces a cross section Define term: Triglycerides - ✔✔Neutral fats, composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule Define term: Unsaturated Fatty Acids - ✔✔One or more double bonds between Carbon (C) atoms Reduced number of H atoms (ex: plant oils, olive oil)

Define term: Valence Shell - ✔✔Outermost energy level Define term: Viscera - ✔✔organs in the cavities of the body, especially those in the abdomen Define term: Visceral Serosa - ✔✔Membrane layer that covers the internal organs Define term: α-helix - ✔✔The alpha helix is one of the two possible shapes formed in the secondary structure of proteins. It forms a spiral structure which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Define the life function "Excretion". - ✔✔The removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion Define the life function "Growth". - ✔✔Increase in size of a body part or of an organism Define the life function "Metabolism". - ✔✔All chemical reactions that occur in body cells Define the life function "Responsiveness". - ✔✔The ability to sense and respond to stimuli Define: β-sheet - ✔✔The beta pleated sheet is one of the two possible structures formed in the secondary structure of proteins.

The primary chain "zig-zags" back & forth forming a "pleated" sheet. Define/Describe Homeostasis. - ✔✔-A dynamic state of equilibrium

• Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes Describe the negative feedback of regulation of blood volume by ADH - ✔✔- receptor detect decreased blood volume
• control center in hypothalamus (in the brain) stimulates pituitary gland (in the brain) to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) that clots blood.
• ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood Describe the primary structure of proteins. - ✔✔Simply the line-up of amino acids. Describe the quaternary structure of a protein. - ✔✔4th level of protein structure Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein Describe the secondary structure of a protein. - ✔✔The primary chain forms spirals or folded sheets. Alpha Helix (spirals) & Beta Pleated Sheets Describe the tertiary structure of a protein. - ✔✔3rd level of protein structure Superimposed on secondary structure (becomes 3D) due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

α-helices and/or β-sheets are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intramolecular bonds. Describe why the human body has "Appropriate atmospheric pressure" as a survival need? - ✔✔For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs Describe why the human body has "Normal Body Temperature" as a survival need? - ✔✔Affects rate of chemical reactions in the body. Describe why the human body has "Nutrients" as a survival need? - ✔✔- Chemicals for energy and cell building

• Received through carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, & vitamins Describe why the human body has "Oxygen" as a survival need? - ✔✔-Essential for energy release (ATP PRODUCTION)
• ATP IS A SOURCE OF CELLULAR ENERGY! Describe why the human body has "Water" as a survival need? - ✔✔-Most abundant chemical in the body
• Site of chemical reactions DNA stands for.. - ✔✔Deoxyribonucleic Acid Do radioisotopes have similar chemistry to stable isotopes? - ✔✔Yes they do! Does DNA replicate before, during, or after cell division? - ✔✔BEFORE cell division

Electrolytes are simply.. - ✔✔Ions Electrons can occupy up to how many electron shells around the nucleus? - ✔✔ 7 Equal sharing by atoms in covalent bonds produces electrically balanced ______ molecules. - ✔✔Nonpolar (ex: CO2) Exchange Reactions AKA.. - ✔✔Displacement Reactions Explain Acid-Base Concentration. - ✔✔Acid solutions contain [H+]. As [H+] increases, acidity increases. Alkaline solutions contain bases (OH-). As [H+] decreases or as [OH-] increases, alkalinity increases. Explain shape and volume of a gas. - ✔✔Changeable shape Changeable volume Explain shape and volume of a liquid. - ✔✔Changeable shape Definite volume Explain shape and volume of a solid. - ✔✔Definite shape Definite volume Explain term: Deep (internal) - ✔✔-Away from the body surface

• More internal Explain term: Distal - ✔✔-Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (towards feet from hips, towards hands from shoulders) Explain term: Dorsal (posterior) - ✔✔-Toward or at the back of the body;
• Behind Explain term: Inferior (caudal) - ✔✔-Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body;
• below Explain term: Intermediate - ✔✔-Between a more medial and more lateral structure
• shoulder/sides/etc. (in between the center of the trunk and the beginning of arms) Explain term: Lateral - ✔✔-Away from the midline of the body
• Outer sides of the body (towards fingers) Explain term: Medial - ✔✔-Toward or at the midline of the body
• On the inner part of the body (trunk, specifically)

Explain term: Proximal - ✔✔-Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (towards hips from feet, towards shoulder from hands) Explain term: Superficial (external) - ✔✔-Toward or at the body surface Explain term: Superior (Cranial) - ✔✔-Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or body;

• above Explain term: Ventral (Anterior) - ✔✔-Toward or at the front of the body;
• in front of Explain the control mechanism of control centers within the body. - ✔✔- Determines the set point (norm) at which the variable is maintained
• Receives input from receptor (Temp = Hot)
• Determines appropriate response (Initiate sweat.) Explain the control mechanism of effectors within the body. - ✔✔-Receives output from control center
• Provides the means to respond
• Response from effector acts to REDUCE or ENHANCE the stimulus (feedback) Explain the control mechanism of receptors within the body. - ✔✔-Receptors take something in
• Monitors the environment

• Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variable) Explain what the chemical properties of elements are? - ✔✔How the atoms of the that element interact or bond with one another. Explain what the physical properties of elements are? - ✔✔The characteristics of the element which are detectable with out senses or are measurable. Fatty acids are one of two things... - ✔✔Saturated or Unsaturated Fibrous proteins are also called ________ proteins. - ✔✔structural Globular proteins are also called __________ proteins. - ✔✔Functional Homeostatic Imbalance means what? - ✔✔Disturbance of homeostasis How are chemical reactions represented? - ✔✔Chemical equations How are concentrations of solutions expressed? - ✔✔-Percentages
• Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)
• Molarity, or moles per liter (M) How are covalent bonds formed? - ✔✔By sharing two or more valence shell electrons by bonds Allows each atom to fill its valence shell at least part of the time

How are elements identified? - ✔✔Atoms of different elements contain different numbers of subatomic particles How are ionic bonds formed? - ✔✔By transfer of valence shell electrons between atoms through attraction of opposite charges given off by cations(+) and anions(- ). How are radioisotopes valuable for biological research and medicine? - ✔✔Radioisotopes cause damage to living tissues which can be useful against localized cancer How do chemically reactive elements achieve stability? - ✔✔they gain, lose, or share electrons by bonds with other atoms How do humans exhibit the life function, 'Digestion'? - ✔✔-Humans breakdown ingested foodstuffs (if you can't break down, you can't get nutrients)

• Absorption of simple molecules into blood How do humans exhibit the life function, 'Maintaining boundaries between internal & external environments'? - ✔✔-Plasma membrane in cells
• Skin How do humans exhibit the life function, 'Metabolism'? - ✔✔Catabolism & Anabolism