BIOD 101 Module 3 Exam: Dehydration Condensation, Hydrolysis, and Cellular Respiration, Exams of Advanced Education

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2024 PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 101

MODULE 3 EXAM WITH CORRECT

ANSWERS

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Name 3 molecules other than water that can be lost in a Dehydration Condensation Reaction. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Hydrogen chloride, methanol, or acetic acid. Glycolysis equation - CORRECT ANSWERS- Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ATP + 2ADP + 2 Pi -> 2 pyruvates + 2NADH + 2ADP + 2ATP Name 4 Metabolic Process Chemical Reactions - CORRECT ANSWERS- Redox, Dehydration Condensation, Dehydration, Hydrolysis A redox reaction has ______ steps. - CORRECT ANSWERS- A ______ reaction has 2 steps. A redox reaction's first step is ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- A ______ reaction's first step is oxidation. A redox reaction's second step is ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- A ______ reaction's second step is reduction. A reduction refers to ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- A ______ refers to reduced charge by adding a negative electron.

OILRIG - CORRECT ANSWERS- Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain (of electrons). Redox reaction is a type of ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Redox reaction is a type of Metabolic Process Chemical Reaction. Dehydration Condensation Reaction is a type of ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Dehydration Condensation Reaction is a type of Metabolic Process Chemical Reaction. Dehydration Condensation Reaction requires an ______ of energy. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _______ Reaction requires an input of energy. Dehydration Condensation Reaction occurs when ______ or more monomers are joined together. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ Reaction occurs when 2 or more monomers are joined together. After 2 or more monomers are joined together in a Dehydration Condensation Reaction, a molecule of ______ is lost. - CORRECT ANSWERS- After 2 or more monomers are joined together in a ______ Reaction, a molecule of water is lost. True or False: In a Dehydration Condensation Reaction, water is the only type of molecule that can be lost. - CORRECT ANSWERS- False. Dehydration Reaction is a type of ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ is a type of Metabolic Process Chemical Reaction.

Dehydration Reaction is a subset of ______ reactions. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _______ is a subset of dehydration condensation reactions. In a dehydration reaction, monomers join to form ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In a ______ reaction, monomers join to form polysaccharides. In a dehydration reaction, the only molecule lost is ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In a ______ reaction, the only molecule lost is water. Hydrolysis Reaction is a type of ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ is a type of Metabolic Process Chemical Reaction. During Hydrolysis, a biomacromolecule is ______ into two or more monomers.

• CORRECT ANSWERS- During ______, a biomacromolecule is degraded into two or more monomers. During Hydrolysis, a ______ is degraded into two or more monomers. - CORRECT ANSWERS- During Hydrolysis, a biomacromolecule is degraded into two or more ______. During Hydrolysis, a molecule of water is ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- During ______, a molecule of water is gained. Hydrolysis results in the _____ of energy. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Hydrolysis results in the released of ______. ______ results in the release of energy. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Hydrolysis results in _______.

Metabolism is the ______ of all synthetic and degradation biochemical reactions in the human body. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ is the sum of all synthetic and degradation biochemical reactions in the human body. Metabolism is the sum of all ______ and ______ biochemical reactions in the human body. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Metabolism is the sum of all synthetic (built up) and degradation (broken down) biochemical reactions in the ______. Metabolic reactions can occur in the context of ______ or ______ biochemical reactions. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _______ reactions can occur in the context of anabolic or catabolic biochemical reactions. Anabolism is the ____ of all the synthetic (built up) energy-requiring biochemical reactions. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ is the sum of all the synthetic (built up) energy-requiring biochemical reactions. Anabolism is the sum of all the ______ (______) energy-requiring biochemical reactions. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Anabolism is the sum of all the synthetic (built up) ______-requiring biochemical reactions. In the context of Anabolism, energy may be required to build complex molecules such as ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In the context of Anabolism, ______ may be required to build complex molecules such as proteins. ______ is the sum of all energy-releasing degradation (broken down) biochemical reactions. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Catabolism is the sum of all energy-______ degradation (broken down) biochemical reactions.

Catabolism is the sum of all energy-releasing ______ (______) biochemical reactions. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Catabolism is the _______ of all energy- releasing degradation (broken down) biochemical reactions. In Catabolism, _____ is released from the breaking of the chemical bonds that hold the molecules together. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In Catabolism, energy is _______ from the breaking of the chemical bonds that hold the molecules together. In Catabolism, energy is released from the ______ of the chemical bonds that hold the molecules together. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In Catabolism, energy is released from the breaking of the _______ that hold the molecules together. Aerobic Respiration involves the _______ of _______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ respiration involves the consumption of oxygen. Aerobic Respiration involves the consumption of ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Aerobic Respiration involves the ______ of oxygen. Aerobic Respiration yields the ______ amount of ATP. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Aerobic Respiration yields the greatest amount of _____. _________ respiration yields the greatest amount of ATP. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Aerobic ______ yields the greatest amount of ATP. Aerobic Respiration is the ______ metabolic process in the human body. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ________ respiration is the primary metabolic process in the human body.

Aerobic Respiration is the primary __________ process in the human body. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Aerobic respiration is the ___________ metabolic process in the human body. Anaerobic Respiration proceeds in the absence of ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _________ Respiration proceeds in the absence of oxygen. Example of Anaerobic Respiration includes ______ - CORRECT ANSWERS- Examples of _______ Respiration includes fermentation. In a dehydration reaction, the only molecule lost is ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In a_______ reaction, the only molecule lost is water. The transfer of electrons from molecules that have stored energy, such as glucose, to other molecules is the basis of ________ respiration. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The transfer of _______ from molecules that have stored energy, such as glucose, to other molecules is the basis of cellular respiration. The transfer of electrons from molecules that have stored ________, such as glucose, to other molecules is the basis of cellular respiration. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The transfer of electrons from molecules that have stored energy, such as ________, to other molecules is the basis of cellular respiration. The transfer of electrons from molecules that have stored energy, such as glucose, to other _________ is the basis of cellular respiration. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The _______ of electrons from molecules that have stored energy, such as glucose, to other molecules is the basis of cellular respiration. Cellular Respiration can be thought of as a series of steps within several different ______ processes. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _______ ________ can be

thought of as a series of steps within several different biochemical processes. The two main pathways of _______ Respiration are Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The two main pathways of Cellular Respiration are _______ Respiration and _______ Respiration. The 3 processes of Cellular Respiration are: _______, ______, _______ - CORRECT ANSWERS- Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and Glycolysis are the 3 processes of __________ Respiration. Glycolysis does not require _______ to occur. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _______ does not require oxygen to occur. Glycolysis occurs in _____ phases: the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ occurs in 2 phases: the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase. Glycolysis occurs in 2 phases: the energy _______ phase and the energy _______ phase. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _______ occurs in 2 phases: the energy investment phase and the energy payoff phase. Glycolysis occurs in the _______ of the cell. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _______ occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. Biochemically, Glycolysis involves the degradation (splitting) of _______ molecules. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _______, Glycolysis involves the degradation (splitting) of glucose molecules.

Biochemically, Glycolysis involves the _______ (______) of glucose molecules. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Biochemically, ________ involves the degradation (splitting) of glucose molecules. Glycolysis is a _______ pathway. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ is a catabolic pathway. ATP is immediate ______ for the cell. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _____ is immediate energy for the cell. What is missing from the Glycolysis equation? Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ATP + 2ADP + 2 Pi -> _________ + 2NADH + 2ADP + 2ATP - CORRECT ANSWERS- 2 pyruvates What is missing from the Glycolysis equation? _______ + 2NAD+ + 2ATP + 2ADP + 2 Pi -> 2 pyruvates + 2NADH + 2ADP + 2ATP - CORRECT ANSWERS- Glucose What is missing from the Glycolysis equation? Glucose + 2NAD+ + _______ + ________ + 2 Pi -> 2 pyruvates + 2NADH + 2ADP + 2ATPz - CORRECT ANSWERS- 2ATP + 2ADP The net outputs of ______ are vital for CAC + ETC. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The net outputs of Glycolysis are vital for _____ & _____.

Glucose - CORRECT ANSWERS- C6H12O In Glycolysis, 2 ATP split one ______ molecule into 2 G3P. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In Glycolysis, 2 ATP split one glucose molecule into 2 ______. In _______, 2 ATP split one glucose molecule into 2 G3P. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In Glycolysis, 2 ATP split one glucose molecule into ____ G3P. G3P drives _______ of glucose into Pyruvate. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _______ drives degradation of glucose into Pyruvate. G3P drives degradation of _______ into Pyruvate. - CORRECT ANSWERS- G3P drives degradation of glucose into ______. The energy ___________ phase results in a G3P intermediate. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The energy investment phase results in a _______ intermediate. The energy investment phase results in a G3P ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The ______ _______ phase results in a G3P intermediate. The energy payoff phase results in 2NADH + 2ATP + 2 Pyruvate. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The energy ______ phase results in 2NADH + 2ATP + 2 Pyruvate. Glucose becomes ______ when degraded by G3P. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ becomes Pyruvate when degraded by G3P. Glucose becomes Pyruvate when degraded by _______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Glucose becomes Pyruvate when _______ by G3P.

G3P - CORRECT ANSWERS- glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate G3P is a ____ - energy molecule that drives conversion of partially degraded glucose to end produce pyruvate. - CORRECT ANSWERS- G3P is a high - energy molecule that drives ______ of partially degraded glucose to end produce pyruvate. ______ is a high - energy molecule that drives conversion of partially degraded glucose to end produce pyruvate. - CORRECT ANSWERS- G3P is a high - energy molecule that drives conversion of partially degraded _______ to end produce pyruvate. G3P is a high - energy molecule that drives conversion of partially degraded glucose to end produce ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- G3P is a high - energy molecule that drives conversion of partially _______ glucose to end produce pyruvate. Hexokinase is part of the energy _____ phase of glycolysis. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ is part of the energy investment phase of glycolysis. Hexokinase is part of the energy investment phase of ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ is part of the energy investment phase of glycolysis. Hexokinase facilitates the transfer of an inorganic phosphate from ______ to the glucose molecule, forming high energy intermediate Glucose6-Phosphate (G6P). - CORRECT ANSWERS- Hexokinase facilitates the transfer of an inorganic phosphate from ATP to the ______, forming high energy intermediate Glucose6-Phosphate (G6P).

Hexokinase facilitates the transfer of an inorganic phosphate from ATP to the glucose molecule, forming high energy intermediate ______ (G6P). - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ facilitates the transfer of an inorganic phosphate from ATP to the glucose molecule, forming high energy intermediate Glucose6- Phosphate (G6P). Hexokinase facilitates the transfer of an ______ phosphate from ATP to the glucose molecule, forming high energy intermediate Glucose6-Phosphate (G6P). - CORRECT ANSWERS- Hexokinase ______ the transfer of an inorganic phosphate from ATP to the glucose molecule, forming high energy intermediate Glucose6-Phosphate (G6P). Hexokinase makes glucose more chemically reactive and traps ______ molecule in the cell for further processing. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Hexokinase makes ______ more chemically reactive and traps sugar molecule in the cell for further processing. Hexokinase makes glucose more chemically reactive and traps sugar molecule in the ______ for further processing. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ makes glucose more chemically reactive and traps sugar molecule in the cell for further processing. G6P - CORRECT ANSWERS- glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucosisomerase converts ______ into fructose 6-phosphate during the Energy Investment Phase. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ converts G6P into fructose 6-phosphate during the Energy Investment Phase. Phosphoglucosisomerase converts G6P into ______ during the Energy Investment Phase. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Phosphoglucosisomerase converts G6P into fructose 6-phosphate during the Energy ______ Phase.

Phosphofructokinase transfers the ______ phosphate group to the opposite end of the fructose 6-phosphate molecule. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Phosphofructokinase transfers the ATP phosphate group to the opposite end of the fructose 6-phosphate ______. ______ transfers the ATP phosphate group to the opposite end of the fructose 6-phosphate molecule. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Phosphofructokinase transfers the ATP phosphate group to the ______ ___ of the fructose 6-phosphate molecule. Fructose 1,6-biphosphate - CORRECT ANSWERS- 2 phosphates on carbons 1 and 6. Fructose 1,6-biphosphate is the result of ______ transferring ATP phosphate group to the opposite end of the fructose 6-phosphate molecule. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ is the result of phosphofructokinase transferring ATP phosphate group to the opposite end of the fructose 6-phosphate molecule. Fructose 1,6-biphosphate is the result of phosphofructokinase transferring ______ phosphate group to the opposite end of the fructose 6-phosphate molecule. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Fructose 1,6-biphosphate is the result of phosphofructokinase transferring ATP phosphate group to the opposite end of the ______ molecule. Aldolase is an ______ that cleaves the six carbon molecule fructose 1,6- biphosphate into 2 3-carbon intermediate molecules: G3P & DHAP during the Energy Investment Phase of Glycolysis. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Aldolase is an enzyme that cleaves the ______ carbon molecule fructose 1,6-biphosphate into 2 3-carbon intermediate molecules: G3P & DHAP during the Energy Investment Phase of Glycolysis.

Aldolase is an enzyme that cleaves the six carbon molecule fructose 1,6- biphosphate into 2 3-carbon intermediate molecules: ______ & DHAP during the Energy Investment Phase of Glycolysis. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Aldolase is an enzyme that cleaves the six carbon molecule fructose 1,6-biphosphate into 2 3-carbon intermediate molecules: G3P & ______ during the Energy Investment Phase of Glycolysis. Aldolase is an enzyme that cleaves the six carbon molecule fructose 1,6- biphosphate into 2 3-carbon intermediate molecules: G3P & DHAP during the Energy Investment Phase of ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Aldolase is an enzyme that cleaves the six carbon molecule fructose 1,6-biphosphate into 2 3-carbon ______ molecules: G3P & DHAP during the Energy Investment Phase of Glycolysis. Aldolase is an enzyme that cleaves the six carbon molecule ______ into 2 3- carbon intermediate molecules: G3P & DHAP during the Energy Investment Phase of Glycolysis. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Aldolase is an ______ that cleaves the six carbon molecule fructose 1,6-biphosphate into 2 3-carbon intermediate molecules: G3P & DHAP during the Energy Investment Phase of Glycolysis. Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP) is created by ______ from fructose 1, biphosphate, and can be converted into G3P in a reversible reaction. Only G3P moves to the next phase. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP) is created by aldolase from fructose 1,6 biphosphate, and can be converted into ______ in a reversible reaction. Only G3P moves to the next phase. Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP) is created by aldolase from fructose 1, biphosphate, and can be converted into G3P in a ______ reaction. Only G3P moves to the next phase. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP) is created by aldolase from fructose 1,6 biphosphate, and can be _______ into G3P in a reversible reaction. Only G3P moves to the next phase.

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (______) is created by aldolase from fructose 1,6 biphosphate, and can be converted into G3P in a reversible reaction. Only G3P moves to the next phase. - CORRECT ANSWERS- _______ (DHAP) is created by aldolase from fructose 1,6 biphosphate, and can be converted into G3P in a reversible reaction. Only G3P moves to the next phase. Energy Investment Phase of Glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS- Hexokinase -> G6P via Phosphoglucoisomerase -> Fructose 6-phosphate -> Phosphofructokinase -> Fructose 1,6 biphosphate -> enzyme aldolase -> G3P & DHAP (only G3P moves forward). Energy Payoff Phase is the _____ step of Glycolysis. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Energy ______ Phases is the second step of Glycolysis. The Energy Payoff Phase begins by oxidizing two ______ molecules each composed of 3 carbons with an attached phosphate group. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The Energy Payoff Phase begins by oxidizing two G3P molecules each composed of 3 carbons with an attached ______ group. The Energy Payoff Phase begins by oxidizing two G3P molecules each composed of ___ carbons with an attached phosphate group. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The Energy Payoff Phase begins by ______ two G3P molecules each composed of 3 carbons with an attached phosphate group. Each G3P is oxidized in the Energy Payoff Phase as ______ are transferred to NAD+ to form NADH. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Each G3P is oxidized in the Energy Payoff Phase as electrons are transferred to ______ to form NADH. Each ______ is oxidized in the Energy Payoff Phase as electrons are transferred to NAD+ to form NADH. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Each G3P is

oxidized in the Energy _______ Phase as electrons are transferred to NAD+ to form NADH. Each G3P is oxidized in the Energy Payoff Phase as electrons are transferred to NAD+ to form _______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Each G3P is ______ in the Energy Payoff Phase as electrons are transferred to NAD+ to form NADH. NADH - CORRECT ANSWERS- A high-energy molecule needed for glycolysis NADH energy will be released when the next phase of _______ begins in the Citric Acid Cycle. - CORRECT ANSWERS- NADH energy will be ______ when the next phase of respiration begins in the Citric Acid Cycle. NAD+ - CORRECT ANSWERS- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH - CORRECT ANSWERS- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogenase NADH - CORRECT ANSWERS- Essential purpose is to carry electrons from one biochemical reaction to another. Exergonic reaction - CORRECT ANSWERS- When energy is released in a biochemical reaction. Following the oxidation of G3P, the energy released in the exergonic reaction is used to attach an additional ______ group to G3P. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Following the _______ of G3P, the energy released in the exergonic reaction is used to attach an additional phosphate group to G3P.

The addition of the additional ______ group to G3P is mediated by the enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The addition of the additional phosphate group to G3P is mediated by the ______ triose phosphate dehydrogenase. Triose phosphate dehydrogenase mediates the addition of a phosphate group to G3P, resulting in the formation of 1,3-______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Triose phosphate dehydrogenase ______ the addition of a phosphate group to G3P, resulting in the formation of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate. Phosphoglycerokinase transfers the phosphate group to ADP, and a molecule of ______ is generated. - CORRECT ANSWERS- ______ transfers the phosphate group to ADP, and a molecule of ATP is generated. Because 2 molecules of 1,3bisphosphoglycerate are present, 2 molecules of ____ are generated from them. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Because ____ molecules of 1,3bisphosphoglycerate are present, 2 molecules of ATP are generated from them. The metabolic process of ATP being formed from the ______ ______ of a phosphate group from one organic substrate (in this case 1,3- biphosphyglycerate) is called substrate level phosphorylation. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The metabolic process of ATP being formed from the direct transfer of a ______ group from one organic substrate (in this case 1,3- biphosphyglycerate) is called substrate level phosphorylation. The metabolic process of ATP being formed from the direct transfer of a phosphate group from one organic substrate (in this case 1,3-__________) is called substrate level phosphorylation. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The metabolic process of ______ being formed from the direct transfer of a phosphate group from one organic substrate (in this case 1,3-biphosphyglycerate) is called substrate level phosphorylation.

Following the donation of the ______ group in the Energy Payoff Phase, the resulting molecule is called 3-phosphoglycerate. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Following the donation of the phosphate group in the Energy ______ Phase, the resulting molecule is called 3-phosphoglycerate. Following the donation of the phosphate group in the Energy Payoff Phase, the resulting ______ is called 3-phosphoglycerate. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Following the donation of the phosphate group in the Energy Payoff Phase, the resulting molecule is called 3-_______. The remaining phosphate group on 3-phosphoglycerate is relocated to a different position on the same ______ by the enzyme phosphoglycermutase. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The remaining phosphate group on 3- phosphoglycerate is relocated to a different position on the same molecule by the ______ phosphoglycermutase. The remaining phosphate group on 3-phosphoglycerate is relocated to a different position on the same molecule by the enzyme _______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The remaining phosphate group on 3-phosphoglycerate is relocated to a different _______ on the same molecule by the enzyme phosphoglycermutase. After phosphoglycermutase _______ relocates 3-phosphoglycerate, the resulting molecule is 2-phosphoglycerate. - CORRECT ANSWERS- After phosphoglycermutase enzyme relocates 3-phosphoglycerate, the resulting molecule is 2-_______. Enolase uses a _______ reaction to remove a water molecule from 2- phosphoglycerate causing a double bond in the 2-Phosphoglycerate intermediate, forming phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). - CORRECT ANSWERS- Enolase uses a dehydration reaction to remove a ______ molecule from 2- phosphoglycerate causing a double bond in the 2-Phosphoglycerate intermediate, forming phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).

Enolase uses a dehydration reaction to remove a water molecule from 2- phosphoglycerate causing a double bond in the 2-Phosphoglycerate ________, forming phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). - CORRECT ANSWERS- Enolase uses a dehydration reaction to remove a water molecule from 2-phosphoglycerate causing a double bond in the 2-Phosphoglycerate intermediate, forming phosphoenolpyruvate (___). Pyruvate kinase transfers the remaining phosphate group from PEP to ADP generating a net of _____ ATP molecules using a substrate level phosphorylation and the final product of glycolysis, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Pyruvate kinase transfers the remaining phosphate group from PEP to ADP generating a net of two ATP molecules using a substrate level phosphorylation and the final product of glycolysis, _______ (pyruvic acid) Pyruvate kinase transfers the remaining phosphate group from PEP to ADP generating a net of two ATP molecules using a substrate level _______ and the final product of glycolysis, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Pyruvate kinase transfers the remaining phosphate group from ___ to ___ generating a net of two ATP molecules using a substrate level phosphorylation and the final product of glycolysis, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Pyruvate is a high-energy molecule which must be broken down to release its _____. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Pyruvate is a ____-energy molecule which must be broken down to release its energy. In eukaryotic cells, pyruvate will be actively transported into the mitochondria for the next phase of processing in the _______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In eukaryotic cells, pyruvate will be actively transported into the ______ for the next phase of processing in the Citric Acid Cycle.

In _____ cells, pyruvate will be actively transported into the mitochondria for the next phase of processing in the Citric Acid Cycle. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In eukaryotic cells, ______ will be actively transported into the mitochondria for the next phase of processing in the Citric Acid Cycle. Glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS- Investment phase -> G3P Intermediate -> Payoff phase -> 2 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate The Citric Acid Cycle is also referred to as the ______ Cycle. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The ______ Cycle is also referred to as the Krebs Cycle. The ______ generates high energy molecules (NADH and FADH2) that will later be used to generate ATP in the Electron Transport Chain. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The Citric Acid Cycle generates high energy molecules (NADH and FADH2) that will later be used to generate ______ in the Electron Transport Chain. The Citric Acid Cycle generates ______ energy molecules (NADH and FADH2) that will later be used to generate ATP in the _______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The Citric Acid Cycle generates high energy molecules (_______ and FADH2) that will later be used to generate ATP in the Electron Transport Chain. The ______ involves a preparatory phase plus eight biochemical reactions. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The CAC involves a preparatory phase plus ______ biochemical reactions. The CAC is referred to as a cycle because it begins and ends with a molecule of _______. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The CAC is referred to as a ______ because it begins and ends with a molecule of oxaloacetate.

The ______ is referred to as a cycle because it begins and ends with a molecule of oxaloacetate. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The CAC is referred to as a cycle because it ______ and _______ with a molecule of oxaloacetate. Unlike Glycolysis which occurs in the _______, CAC biochemical reactions occur within the inner matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Unlike Glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm, CAC biochemical reactions occur within the inner matrix of the _______ of eukaryotic cells. Unlike Glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm, CAC _______ reactions occur within the inner matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Unlike Glycolysis which occurs in the cytoplasm, CAC biochemical reactions occur within the inner matrix of the mitochondria of _______ cells. The first step of the CAC is a ______ phase called pyruvate oxidation. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The first step of the CAC is a preparation phase called pyruvate _______. In the preparation phase of the CAC, the three-carbon pyruvate molecules are ______ to become acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), a two-carbon molecule. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In the preparation phase of the CAC, the three-carbon pyruvate molecules are oxidized to become acetyl coenzyme A (______ ___), a two-carbon molecule. In the preparation phase of the CAC, the ____-carbon pyruvate molecules are oxidized to become acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), a ___-carbon molecule. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In the preparation phase of the ______, the three- carbon pyruvate molecules are oxidized to become acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), a two-carbon ______.

The carbon that is lost in ______ oxidation is given off as a molecule of carbon dioxide, and NAD+ is also reduced to become NADH. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The carbon that is lost in pyruvate oxidation is given off as a molecule of ______ ______, and NAD+ is also reduced to become NADH. The carbon that is lost in pyruvate oxidation is given off as a molecule of carbon dioxide, and ______ is also reduced to become NADH. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The carbon that is lost in pyruvate oxidation is given off as a molecule of carbon dioxide, and NAD+ is also reduced to become ______. CAC reaction 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS- acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate to form citrate. CAC reaction 1 - CORRECT ANSWERS- the defining step from which the CAC gets its name (citrate is the ionized form of citric acid). The remaining 7 steps of the CAC will result in the break down (via ______) of citrate back into oxaloacetate before the cycle is repeated. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The remaining 7 steps of the CAC will result in the break down (via oxidation) of citrate back into oxaloacetate before the cycle is ______. CAC reaction 2 - CORRECT ANSWERS- Citrate converts to isocitrate Isomer - CORRECT ANSWERS- a molecule that has the same chemical formula but the arrangement of atoms within the molecules are different. Causes isomers to behave differently. In order to alter the arrangement of atoms, a molecule of water is removed via a dehydration reaction while a different molecule of water is subsequently added via hydrolysis. Isomer is a molecule that has the same ______ formula but the arrangement of atoms within the molecules are different. Causes isomers to behave

differently. In order to alter the arrangement of atoms, a molecule of water is removed via a dehydration reaction while a different molecule of water is subsequently added via hydrolysis. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Isomer is a molecule that has the same chemical formula but the arrangement of ______ within the molecules are different. Causes isomers to behave differently. In order to alter the arrangement of atoms, a molecule of water is removed via a dehydration reaction while a different molecule of water is subsequently added via hydrolysis. Isomer is a molecule that has the same chemical formula but the arrangement of atoms within the molecules are different. Causes isomers to behave differently. In order to alter the arrangement of atoms, a molecule of ______ is removed via a dehydration reaction while a different molecule of water is subsequently added via hydrolysis. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Isomer is a molecule that has the same chemical formula but the arrangement of atoms within the molecules are different. Causes isomers to behave differently. In order to alter the arrangement of atoms, a molecule of water is removed via a dehydration reaction while a different molecule of water is subsequently added via ______. CAC reaction 3 - CORRECT ANSWERS- Isocitrate is oxidized, reducing NAD* to NADH. 2nd CO2 is lost, a-Ketoglutarate (AKG) is formed. In CAC Reaction 3, Isocitrate is ______, reducing NAD* to NADH. 2nd CO2 is lost, a-Ketoglutarate (AKG) is formed. - CORRECT ANSWERS- In CAC Reaction 3, Isocitrate is oxidized, reducing NAD* to NADH. 2nd ______ is lost, a-Ketoglutarate (AKG) is formed. CAC reaction 4 - CORRECT ANSWERS- 2nd CO2 is lost. AKG is oxidized, NAD* reduced to NADH. Reduced AKG attaches to coenzyme A (CoA-SH) forming succinyl CoA as the next intermediate. CAC Reaction 4 - CORRECT ANSWERS- By this time, 2 NADH molecules have been formed, and 3 CO2 molecules given off.

CAC reaction 5 - CORRECT ANSWERS- Succinyl CoA becomes succinate when CoA is displaced with an inorganic phosphate group. Succinyl CoA _______ bonds are weak and unstable. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Succinyl CoA intermediate bonds are weak and _______. GDP - CORRECT ANSWERS- guanosine diphosphate GTP - CORRECT ANSWERS- guanosine triphosphate The phosphate group that displaces ______ is transferred to GDP to become GTP, which is often involved with G-proteins in other locations within the cell and is most commonly associated with intracellular signaling and RNA synthesis. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The phosphate group that displaces CoA is transferred to GDP to become GTP, which is often involved with G-proteins in other locations within the cell and is most commonly associated with _______ signaling and RNA synthesis. GTP can also donate a phosphate to ADP, generating _______. While the molecules have the same amount of energy, they differ in purine derivatives; GTP is guanosine, and ATP is adenosine. The reaction of ADP with GRP is a substrate level phosphorylation event. - CORRECT ANSWERS- GTP can also donate a phosphate to ADP, generating ATP. While the molecules have the same amount of ______, they differ in purine derivatives; GTP is guanosine, and ATP is adenosine. The reaction of ADP with GRP is a substrate level phosphorylation event. Phosphorylation of ADP with GTP: - CORRECT ANSWERS- ADP + GTP -> ATP

• GDP

CAC Reaction 6 - CORRECT ANSWERS- succinate is oxidized to fumarate2 and the 2 hydrogens lost from succinate transfer to FAD to form FADH2 CAC Reaction 7 - CORRECT ANSWERS- A molecule of water is added to the fumarate intermediate, via a hydrolysis reaction, which results in the rearrangement of fumarate's bonds to form malate. CAC Reaction 8 - CORRECT ANSWERS- Malate is then oxidized, and another NAD+ is reduced to NADH. The oxidation of malate results in the regeneration of oxaloacetate, thus bringing the cycle back to its beginning CAC Reaction Summary - CORRECT ANSWERS- From 2 Pyruvates in CAC preparatory phase: 2(3 NADH, 2 CO2, 1 FADH2, & 1 ATP) The Electron Transport Chain - CORRECT ANSWERS- A catabolic pathway that uses the high-energy intermediates produced via the CAC to produce a proton gradient. ETC - CORRECT ANSWERS- Electron transport chain While the ETC does not directly produce any ______, establishing a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane will lead to the production of ATP via ATP Synthase. - CORRECT ANSWERS- While the ETC does not directly produce any ATP, establishing a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane will lead to the production of ATP via ATP _______. The ETC is comprised of a series of proteins (termed Complexes I-IV) embedded within the _______ matrix. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The ETC is comprised of a series of ______ (termed Complexes I-IV) embedded within the mitochondrial matrix.

The inner mitochondrial _______ is a series of folds called cristae. The folded surface is an adaption used to increase the surface area allowing for multiple ETC complexes to be carrying out oxidative phosphorylation in multiple locations. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The inner mitochondrial membrane is a series of folds called ______. The folded surface is an adaption used to increase the surface area allowing for multiple ETC complexes to be carrying out oxidative phosphorylation in multiple locations. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of generating ATP via a 2-step process that involves the ______ of NADH and FADH2 from the CAC and the phosphorylation and conversion of ADP into ATP. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of generating ATP via a 2-step process that involves the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 from the CAC and the _______ and conversion of ADP into ATP. The ETC has ______ multiprotein complexes. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The ETC has four multiprotein ______. The four ETC complexes are supported by cofactors and/or coenzymes (called prosthetic groups) that further promote the ______ activity enzymes often associated with the ETC. - CORRECT ANSWERS- The four ETC complexes are supported by cofactors and/or ______ (called prosthetic groups) that further promote the catalytic activity enzymes often associated with the ETC. Embedded within each complex of the ETC is a series of ______ carriers: ubiquinone, cytochromes, and oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Embedded within each complex of the ETC is a series of electron carriers: ubiquinone, ______, and oxygen. Embedded within each complex of the ETC is a series of electron carriers: ______, cytochromes, and oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Embedded within each complex of the ETC is a series of electron carriers: ubiquinone, cytochromes, and _______.