BIOD 121 (PORTAGE): MODULE 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS A COMPLETE SOLUTI, Exams of Nursing

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BIOD 121 (PORTAGE): MODULE 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS A COMPLETE SOLUTION COVERS 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+ FOR EXCELLENT PASS Two major components of energy expenditure are: - CORRECT ANSWERS basal metabolic rate and physical activity Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - CORRECT ANSWERS the number of calories used by the body while in a fasting state and accounts for approximately 60-70% of energy expenditure BMR varies by person based on factors such as: - CORRECT ANSWERS gender, lean body mass, body size, temperature, age, nervous system activities, levels of caffeine intake, and tobacco use BMR males: - CORRECT ANSWERS 1 kcal/kg/hour BMR females: - CORRECT ANSWERS 0.9 kcal/kg/hour As we age BMR declines by ______________% per decade so we must adjust eating habits to prevent weight gain. - CORRECT ANSWERS 1-2 % Thermic effect of food (TEF) - CORRECT ANSWERS the energy used for digestion and absorption of food and accounts for approximately 10% of the calories expended. larger meals higher in protein result in a higher ________ - CORRECT ANSWERS thermic effect of food (TEF) Thermogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS the ability to regulate temperature and activities such as fidgeting, maintaining body posture, and shivering. ( energy burned through this process is very small) Physical activity - CORRECT ANSWERS accounts for 15-40% of our energy expenditure Physical activity factors include: - CORRECT ANSWERS body size, fitness level, and actual activity to determine how many calories are expended BIOD 121 (PORTAGE): MODULE 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS A COMPLETE SOLUTION COVERS 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+ FOR EXCELLENT PASS The amount of energy used can be measured both ________________ and ___________________. - CORRECT ANSWERS directly and indirectly Direct calorimetry - CORRECT ANSWERS measures the amount of heat given off the body. An insulated chamber surrounded by a thin layer of water is used to measure the amount of heat emitted by the subject in the chamber. (used infrequently due to complexity and expense) - CORRECT ANSWERS Direct calorimetry Indirect calorimetry - CORRECT ANSWERS uses oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output, along with scientific formulas, to measure energy expended. (fairly cheap, easy, and very portable) Formulas may be used to calculate the amount of energy required daily per individual, based on gender, age, height and weight, and physical activity: - CORRECT ANSWERS BMR Calculations, Physical Activity (PA) Estimates, EER Calculations, Activity Level Male BMR Calculations: - CORRECT ANSWERS 66 + (6.23 x weight in pounds) + (12.7 x height in inches) - (6.8 x age) Female BMR Calculations: - CORRECT ANSWERS 655 + (4.35 x weight in pounds) + (4.7 x height in inches) - (4.7 x age) Once BMR is calculated, the ________________________ can then be added. - CORRECT ANSWERS activity level Physical Activity (PA) Estimates - CORRECT ANSWERS 1.2 = little to no exercise1.375 = light exercise 1-3 days per week1.55 = moderate exercise 3-5 days per week1.725 = hard exercise 6-7 days per week1.9 = hard daily exercise/job To determine individual energy requirements, multiply the: - CORRECT ANSWERS BMR x PA estimates BIOD 121 (PORTAGE): MODULE 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS A COMPLETE SOLUTION COVERS 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+ FOR EXCELLENT PASS Caliper (a tool used for anthropometrics) - CORRECT ANSWERS skin fold measure tool. Measures the fat layer just under the skin at several locations, the percent body fat can be calculated. Fat can be stored in the: - CORRECT ANSWERS upper body and lower body Energy balance - CORRECT ANSWERS a state when one's energy intake is equivalent to the amount of energy expended Energy in equals energy out (calories consumed is burned through basic body functions + exercise - CORRECT ANSWERS energy balance positive energy balance - CORRECT ANSWERS occurs if more calories (energy) are consumed than expended examples of periods in life when you need to be in a positive energy balance state: - CORRECT ANSWERS pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence in growth spurts 1 pound in a week is equivalent to : - CORRECT ANSWERS 500 extra calories a day Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWERS an increase in the number of fat cells often occurring during periods of growth, such as adolescence or pregnancy Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWERS an increase in the size of fat cells, most often seen in periods of low growth and maintenance, such as throughout adulthood Negative energy balance - CORRECT ANSWERS occurs if fewer calories are consumed than calories expended Examples of negative energy balance situations: - CORRECT ANSWERS during illness or trauma, major burn injury, intentional act such as dieting to meet a weight loss goal BIOD 121 (PORTAGE): MODULE 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS A COMPLETE SOLUTION COVERS 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+ FOR EXCELLENT PASS Our sole source of energy intake is from: - CORRECT ANSWERS food and beverages Energy can be expended naturally via _____________ , _____________, and _________________ - CORRECT ANSWERS basal metabolism, the thermic effect of food, and thermogenesis Energy can be expended intentionally through _______________ - CORRECT ANSWERS physical activity (aka exercise) Android obesity - CORRECT ANSWERS is defined by fat being stored in the abdominal area, yielding the "apple" body shape. Upper body obesity is common in _____________ and is linked to high blood testosterone levels and an increased risk of diabetes and hypertension. - CORRECT ANSWERS males Alcohol consumption, smoking, and a diet with a high glycemic load also contribute to this form of obesity: - CORRECT ANSWERS android obesity (apple shape) Gynoid obesity: - CORRECT ANSWERS is defined by fat being stored below the waistline, yielding the commonly referred to "pear" body shape. Lower body obesity is more common in the _______________ form and describes a small waist with much of the fat deposited in the hips and thighs. - CORRECT ANSWERS female obesity waist circumference in males: - CORRECT ANSWERS greater than 40 inches obesity waist circumference in females: - CORRECT ANSWERS greater than 35 inches waist-to-hip ratio: - CORRECT ANSWERS To do this properly, first measure around the waist (at the level of the belly button) while relaxed. Next, measure the hips around the largest part of the buttocks. Finally, divide the waist measurement by the hip measurement. BIOD 121 (PORTAGE): MODULE 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS A COMPLETE SOLUTION COVERS 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+ FOR EXCELLENT PASS Desired hip-to-waist ratio in males: - CORRECT ANSWERS less than 0.9 Desired hip-to-waist ratio in females: - CORRECT ANSWERS less than 0.8 In males excess fat stored within abdominal tissues interferes with: - CORRECT ANSWERS insulin effectiveness, increased blood clotting, blood vessel constriction, and inflammation, leading to increased risk for hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes In females, the fat around the hips and thighs: - CORRECT ANSWERS is less of a health issue but more difficult to shed. Menopause has the fat in women's bodies shift to more of the apply shape which increases women's risk for: - CORRECT ANSWERS cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes Nature - CORRECT ANSWERS genetic factor nurture - CORRECT ANSWERS environmental factor genes account for _________% of an individual's body weight - CORRECT ANSWERS 70 "thrifty" metabolism - CORRECT ANSWERS fewer calories than normal are used to maintain body function (more prone to weight gain) Set point theory: - CORRECT ANSWERS each of us has a genetically predetermined body weight and that the body will resist change beyond this set point. Fat Cell Development - CORRECT ANSWERS is another biological factor related to our weight. Once a fat cell is formed, it will always be present. Further, our bodies are predisposed to want to fill the fat cells. While it is possible to shrink the size of fat cells, we cannot get rid of fat cells through dieting. Sex, age, race, and ethnicity also play key roles in our body composition. BIOD 121 (PORTAGE): MODULE 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS A COMPLETE SOLUTION COVERS 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+ FOR EXCELLENT PASS Medications: - CORRECT ANSWERS 3 classes: amphetamines, appetite reduction drugs, and fat absorption inhibitors Amphetamines: - CORRECT ANSWERS stimulate the central nervous system and burn calories (used short term as they can develop a dependency) Meridia is an FDA approved - CORRECT ANSWERS amphetamine to decrease hunger sensations Orlistat is FDA approved - CORRECT ANSWERS medication to decrease fat absorption by inhibiting lipase enzymes from breaking down fat in the small intestine. Result is 1/3rd ingested fat not being absorbed. Extremely low-calorie diet: - CORRECT ANSWERS approach of consuming only 400-800 calories per day. (often entails low carb, high protein, or liquid meals) Surgery: - CORRECT ANSWERS often the last resort when the other two treatments have failed. Gastric banding: - CORRECT ANSWERS a surgical means of producing weight loss by restricting stomach size with a constricting band that can be inflated or deflated to control the amount of food a person can consume and still feel comfotable Gastroplasty (aka stomach stapling): - CORRECT ANSWERS reducing the stomach capacity and bypassing a small portion of the small intestine. The stomach can now only hold 30 milliliters or the volume of 1 egg. Majority of individuals who undergo this surgery lose 50% of their weight: - CORRECT ANSWERS gastroplasty Gastric balloon: - CORRECT ANSWERS a ballon made out of soft silicone is inflated after being inserted through your esophagus into the stomach. (takes about 30 minutes with no surgery required) Balloon is inflated to about the size of a grapefruit and removed after about 6 months. Key is to learn lifestyle changes. BIOD 121 (PORTAGE): MODULE 3 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS A COMPLETE SOLUTION COVERS 2024/2025 BEST RATED A+ FOR EXCELLENT PASS underweight - CORRECT ANSWERS BMI < 18.5 Fad diet: - CORRECT ANSWERS emphasizes one food group and includes many gimmicks Characteristics of Fad diet: - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. promote quick weight loss (normally water weight not fat loss) 2. celebraties or actors used to impersonate medical personnel 3. food selections are limited and you cut out one or more food groups 4. expensive and you have to purchase their supplies 5. cure all 6. don't recognize role of exercise or behavior modifications in weight loss fad diet categories: - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. moderate calorie restrictions 2. carbohydrate focused 3. low-fat 4. novelty Moderate calorie restrcition: - CORRECT ANSWERS limits calories to 1200-1800 per day. (i.e. weight watchers, jenny craig, dr.phil's ultimate weight solution, and dieting for dummies Low Carbohydrate: - CORRECT ANSWERS sever carbohydrate restriction, which causes the body to turn to stored glycogen and protein for energy. (i.e. atkins, south beach, zone, and nutrisystem) Low Fat: - CORRECT ANSWERS diet eliminates animal protein sources and oils. The focus is on fruit, vegetables, and grains. This can be a very healthful way of eating but with fat restrcted to ,20% of calorie intake, it can get very monotonous.(i.e. the ornish or pritikin diets, t-factor diet, and eat more weigh less) Novelty: - CORRECT ANSWERS diet focuses on a gimmick. They promote certain foods or types of foods as having special weight loss qualities. There is no scientific evidence to back up any claims. (examples: the cabbage soup diet, the beverly hills diet, and the cookie diet)