BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam - Portage Learning 2024-2025 LATEST QUESTIONS, Exams of Nursing

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BIOD 151 Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam -

Portage Learning 2024-2025 LATEST QUESTIONS

AND ANSWERS

Question 1

Not yet graded / 5 pts

List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity. Your Answer: the stomach and the spleen The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver

Question 2

Not yet graded / 5 pts

True or False? a. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP. (T or F) b. Peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane. (T or F) c. Exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell. (T or F)

d. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) e. Endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure.(T or F) Your Answer: a. False. ATP b. True c. False d. True e. False a. False- (ATP is produced, not ADP) b. True c. False- (This process is called endocytosis) d. True e. False- (Endocytosis is an active process and requires cellular energy)

Question 3

Not yet graded / 5 pts

Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are the symptoms of the disease and why do they occur? Your Answer: Tay-Sachs occurs when a digestive enzyme in lysosomes is missing. Since the digestive enzyme is missing, toxic lipids build up inside the cell which can lead to mental disability and death. (1) Lysosomes (2) buildup of toxic lipids inside the cell (biomacromolecules) (3) disability and death In the genetic disease known as Tay-Sachs, one of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death. Question 4

Not yet graded / 5 pts

Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.

Your Answer: The smaller cell because as a cell grows larger the ratio of the surface area to volume decreases. The smaller cell is able carry out respiration faster because relative to the larger cell it has a larger surface area compared to its volume and can carry out respiration faster. The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Question 5

Not yet graded / 5 pts

Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Explain what happens to the soft palate during swallowing. Why? Your Answer: During swallowing the soft palate moves upward to prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal passages. The upward movement of the soft palate prevents food or liquid from entering the nasal passages during swallowing. Question 6

3 / 3 pts

Air and food pass in which one of the following areas: Trachea

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Alveoli Question 7

Not yet graded / 10 pts

Label the following five items from the diagram:

Label A- Label C- Label E- Label F- Label H- Your Answer: Label A- Nasal Cavity Label C- Soft Palate Label E- Glottis Label F- trachea Label H- Tongue Label A- Nasal Cavity Label C- Soft Palate/ Uvula Label E- Glottis

Label F- Trachea Label H- Tongue Question 8 2 / 2 pts From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are: Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles Question 9

Not yet graded / 5 pts

Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.

Your Answer: Because gastrin stimulates pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid, which can penetrate the mucus layer of the stomach. So someone that secretes excess gastrin has excess pepsinogen and HCL in their stomach, and once the stomach lining has been penetrated an ulcer forms because there is no longer any lining in that area to protect the stomach. Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining. Question 10

Not yet graded / 5 pts

Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system. To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region. 1: 2: 5: 6:

8:

Your Answer: 1: Liver 2: Pancreas 5: duodenum 6: small intestines

8: ascending colon 1: Liver 2: Pancreas 5: Duodenum (not small intestine) 6: Ileum (not small intestine) 8: Ascending colon (not large intestine) Question 11

Not yet graded / 10 pts

Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words. Answer the following essay question: Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes. Your Answer: Parietal cells are located in the wall of the stomach body and they secrete hydrochloric acid in order to kill bacteria ingested in food. Chief cells are located in the stomach and secrete pepsinogen to break down protein in food. The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills

many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of pepsin. Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins. Question 12

Not yet graded / 10 pts

Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below: 2: 4: 6: 7: 8:

Your Answer: 2: nasal bone 4: zygomatic bone 6: concha 7: maxilla 8: mandible 2: Nasal bone

4: Zygomatic bone 6: Inferior nasal concha 7: Maxilla 8: Mandible Question 13

Not yet graded / 5 pts

Label the bones in the figure below: A: B: C: D: E:

Your Answer: A: pisiform B: hamate C: capitate D: trapezoid

E: trapezium A: Pisiform B: Hamate C: Capitate D: Trapezoid E: Trapezium Question 14

Not yet graded / 5 pts

A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and (2) What type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer. Your Answer: Osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where bone tissue degenerates faster than it is replaced, making the bones weak, brittle and more likely to fracture. A person with osteoporosis would be lacking osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone repair. SInce they are lacking osteoblasts bone repair is unable to keep up with the breakdown of bone. (1) Osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease. When bone tissue degenerates faster than is replaced, the bones become weak. Brittle bones cause increased pain and are more likely to fracture.

(2) They would have decreased osteoblasts which are responsible for bone repair. The bone repair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing breakdown of bone which is done by the work of osteoblasts. Question 15

Not yet graded / 10 pts

Label the following five muscles: B: C:

E:

G:

J:

Your Answer: B: Temporalis C: orbicularis oculi E: zygomaticus major G: buccinator J: depressor labii inferioris B: Temporalis C: Orbicularis oculi E: Zygomaticus major G: Buccinator J: Depressor labii inferioris Question 16

10 / 10 pts

When flexor digitorum profundus contracts, what action(s) occurs?

A. Wrist flexion B. Elbow flexion C. Flexion of digits 2- 5 D. Flexion of digit 1 E. A&C F. B&C Question 17

Not yet graded / 5 pts

Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not. Your Answer: Yes, males and females produce both sex hormones. The ratio of estrogen in males is much smaller than in females, however. In males the adrenal gland produces estrogen. (1) Yes. Both male and female bodies produce “all” the sex hormones. However, the ratios are different. (2) The adrenal glands are largely responsible for producing this “opposite” hormone that the testis would not.

Question 18

Not yet graded / 2.5 pts

List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below: I lower the level of calcium in the blood by depositing calcium into bone. Your Answer: Calcitonin Calcitonin Question 19

Not yet graded / 2.5 pts

List the hormone(s) that best describes the statement below: I am secreted by the pituitary to stimulate the adrenal cortex. Your Answer:

ACTH

ACTH

Question 20

Not yet graded / 10 pts

Explain in detail why the thyroid becomes enlarged during an iodine deficiency? Your Answer: When there is a low level of thyroxin in the blood the anterior pituitary continues to produce TSH, but the thyroid cannot produce thyroxin without iodine. So the thyroid responds by enlarging and becoming a goiter. When there is a low level of thyroxin in the blood, the anterior pituitary continues to produce TSH. The thyroid responds by increasing in size and producing a goiter, but this increase in size is ineffective because active thyroxin cannot be produced without iodine. Question 21

Not yet graded / 5 pts

A- Identify the sensory cell receptor highlighted in blue, below, also indicated by the arrow. B- What sensory information is detected by this type of receptor?

Your Answer: The pacinian corpuscle which detect pressure applied to the skin. A) Pacinian corpuscle B) Detects pressure (mechanoreceptor) Question 22

10 / 10 pts

Match the cell with its single best description, using each description only once.

Fibroblasts Produces collagen Keratinocytes Produces a protein to protect the skin Langerhans cells Assists in immune responses Melanocytes

Produces a pigment that absorbs UV rays Other Incorrect Match Options: ● Detects light touch ● Detects pain Question 23

Not yet graded / 5 pts

What is the name and function of the structure below? (Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow) Your Answer: A sebaceous gland, responsible for producing sebum to help keep the skin and hair from drying out.

Sebaceous gland (oil gland) produces oil (sebum) to protect the skin and hair from drying.

Quiz Score: 25 out of 140