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Lab 8 Notes: Urinary/Excretory System
Systems that participate in waste elimination:
- Digestive system
- Respiratory system
- Urinary System ** main one Metabolism- produces waste products that can become toxic and cause severe physiological problems if not excreted. Kidneys (2)- primary organ that separates metabolic waste products from the blood; decides in a sample of fluid, what kind of chemicals and fluids are useful to the body (to keep in the blood) and decide which ones to eliminate via urine; regulate blood volume by eliminating water from the body The remaining 3 organs in urinary system: (transportation, storage, elimination) Ureters (2)- drain urine from kidney + deliver urine to the bladder Bladder (1) - organ that stores urine giving it to urethra Urethra (1) - carries urine to exit point from body
Glomerulus - small capillaries in the kidney that filters blood plasma and return useful chemical or excrete toxic ones. Regulation of blood volume- completing by kidneys; in turn this regulates blood pressure Erythropoietin- a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cell (the kidneys regulate this) Regulating body fluids- kidneys control amount of water and solutes that are eliminated or conserved MEASURMENTS: Kidney weight: 150g 11cm long, 6cm wide and 3 cm thick (roughly like a car of soap) Lateral surface: convex Medial surface: concave Medial Surface: Hilum- blood vessels enter and exit as well as ureters Renal Parenchyma- glandular tissue that makes up the interior of the kidneys Divided into two zones: Outer zone: cortex Inner zone- medulla
Minor Calyx- drain everything within the pyramid then converges to a larger structure into major calyx Renal pelvis- below the blue major calyx’s ( the tan open area on the image above) which leads to the ureter Papillae region
Nephron- functional unit of a kidney; located in the renal parenchyma 1) renal corpuscle- that works to filter blood plasma 2) renal tubule - system that works to convert filtrate into urine Urinalysis - the physical and chemical properties of urine to detect physiological disorders in the body Color- depends on the body’s state of hydration; color is d/t urochrome dark- dehydrated light- well hydrated Message: Color can tell us when there is an infection in the body Clear- normal Cloudy- bacterial infection or contamination (like menstrual fluid) Pus (Pyuria)- gives a cloudy appearance; likely kidney infection Blood - Hematuria- d/t UTI (kidney stones, or trauma to kidneys) Urochrome- product d/t breakdown of hemoglobin in the body; yellow in color
outside of urea. Additional solutes- phosphates and sulfates ; some trace amounts of calcium and magnesium ions. Creatinine - formed from the breakdown of creatine phosphate (found in skeletal muscles); the substance is filtered by the kidneys. Blood test: Serum Creatinine Test- determines whether or not the kidneys are filtering creatine out. High creatine level = likely a kidney dysfunction at the filtering level of the kidney Uric acid - can accumulate in the joints if not filtered out. Disorder: gout (uric acid crystals- painful and inflammatory condition in the joints Ammonia- another substance found in urine; from breakdown of urea. Abnormal Findings in Urine: Albumin- water soluble protein found in the blood/body; helps to transport substances from one point to the next; very valuable protein that is needed in the blood. In a normal urine sample- trace amount of albumin but large amounts are abnormal. If large amount- indicates that there is a dysfunction in the filtering process Glomerulus in the nephron is allowing the proteins to pass through into tubular system to be eliminated in the body (dysfunction) Glucose - another abnormal finding in urine; d/t a high level of sugar in our blood Dx: Glucosuria or Glycosuria At risk: diabetics (because they lack insulin that carries glucose into the tissues) Erythrocytes - red blood cells that if found in urine would be abnormal; indicating that there is a pathological condition (UTI, tumor, or maybe damage from a kidney stone) (this would show as blood in the urine)
Leukocytes- white blood cells found in the urine that indicate an infection in the body (any time white blood cell count is high = infection) could indicate UTI Ketone bodies/Acetone bodies - byproduct of fat metabolism; indicates a potentially life-threatening condition (diabetic keto-acidosis) likely in a Type 1 diabetic d/t glucose not being available for tissues to survive on (aka- when glucose is not available for nutrition and survival- body searches elsewhere for a fuel/nutrition, turning to fat) Ketone bodies - toxic to our system. Accumulating in the blood = life threatening condition Symptoms- confusion, shortness of breath, coma and death Bilirubin - breakdown product of hemoglobin; once heme molecule Is broken down but bilirubin is in urine, points to sign of kidney dysfunction Dx: Bilirubinuria Renal Calculi (kidney stones)- overabundance of calcium or phosphate salts in body- kidney stones form that will need to pass through Urinary tract in urine Casts- Cylindrical structure that indicates an inflammatory lesion in the kidney (molding that falls off into the urinary tract from the tubular system of nephron. Inflammatory process means the moldings will fall off from the inner lining of the tubes via urine excretion Normal amount of urine: 1-2L of urine/day Polyuria- Excess of 2L Oliguria - less than 500mL Anuria- 0-100mL/day
Minor Calyx’s in red Major Calyx in blue (retraction needed for visual access) Renal pelvis- white/fatty looking white section below the major calyx Continues to flow urine out of kidney into ureters
URINE EXPIRAMENTS: (glucose, protein, pH levels, observing
colors) Normal sample- pale yellow, clear fluid
(pH test on a range from 1-12 (normal is 1-14)) Gravity- density/weight of urine measured by using a cylinder and hydrometer ** Specific Gravity (normal) ranges from 1.01-1. Protein test- biuret solution (2mL) added to give very light blue tint as indication of normal range. (see below)- change in color = protein in urine Sample 1 (Controlled group) pH from Sample 1: 6 Glucose from Sample 1: No significant change
Sample 3 (Experimental Group) pH for Sample 3: pH 9 (alkaline) Glucose from Sample 3: no significant change Specific Gravity from Sample 3: 1.03-1. Protein for Sample 3: Light violet color change (darker color = protein in urine present) (see below)
