BIOD 171 Module 2 Exam /Portage Learning BIOD 101 Module 2 2024 Tested and Proven Exam, Exams of Biology

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BIOD 171 Module 2 Exam /Portage Learning BIOD

101 Module 2 2024 Tested and Proven Exam

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What is an organism? What is cellular metabolism? - -correct ans- -Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated? - -correct ans- -Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that in the absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are active. What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? - -correct ans- -Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources whereas anabolism is the building up or biosynthesis od macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger complexes, most often associated with cellular growth and repair ATP has the energy to ______, while ADP has the capacity to ______ energy. - -correct ans- - Donate, accept Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? - -correct ans- - Chemotrophs, which acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment, can be divided into either organotrophs (removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose) or lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? - -correct ans- -Chemotrophs use oxidative phosphorylation (may also accept substrate level phosphorylation). Oxidative phosphorylation utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP

What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose? - -correct ans- -Glycolysis is the first step of this process and yields 2 molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation (or respiration) 2 additional molecules of ATP can be produces. Last, the electron transport chain (ETC) produces 34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation event at the plasma membrane. What are the reactants of glycolysis? - -correct ans- -Reactants are defined as any molecules present and involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction (ie) glycolysis. In terms of writing out a chemical reaction, the reactants are everything located to the left of the arrow. The reactants of glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme NAD+ and ATP. How are the TCA and ETC related? - -correct ans- -The end products of the Kreb's (TCA) cycle are used to fuel the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb's cycle (TCA) produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), it fuels the ETC. As the electrons are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron acceptors a proton motor force is generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34 molecules of ATP can be produced. In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways used to process alternative sugar sources (fructose or lactose)? - -correct ans- -No. Additional enzymatic steps are simply required at the beginning of catabolism to convert complex sugars into usable forms of either glucose or a glucose intermediate (glucose-6-phosphate) Proteases are used to catabolize what? - -correct ans- -Proteases are used to breakdown proteins (whereas lipases are used to breakdown lipids) Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is highest in energy? - -correct ans- -Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all serve as potential energy sources in the absence of sugar. Lipids are rich in energy, often having several reduced carbon molecules (high in hydrogen content) that can be used in both the TCA and ETC cycles In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? - -correct ans- -Photosynthesis, the process of capturing sunlight and converting it into a usable energy source, occurs in the chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are double-membrane enclosed organelles. Each chloroplast contains the green photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.

What are the two main strategies for replenishing cellular concentrations of NAD+, and when are these strategies utilized? - -correct ans- -Fermentation and respiration are the two strategies used by the cell to convert NADH (end product of glycolysis) back to NAD+. Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions) while respiration occurs under aerobic (presence of oxygen) conditions. Notably, respiration is more efficient than fermentation. In phosphorylation, the light reactions always occur where? - -correct ans- -The process of converting light energy into chemical energy (photophosphorylation) always occurs in the membrane. Similar to the electron transport chain, one of its main functions is to generate a proton concentration gradient to generate ATP. What are the byproducts of light reactions used for in dark reactions? - -correct ans- -The ATP and NADPH produced via light reactions are used in dark reactions to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic carbon compounds as well as useful carbohydrates (a process called carbon fixation) What is the chemical reaction for the Calvin cycle? - -correct ans- -6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 12 NADP+ What determines the specificity of an enzyme? - -correct ans- -The specificity of an enzyme is heavily influenced by its active site - a unique chemical structure bound only by select target molecules. The structure is influenced by the amino acid composition of the protein as this in turn influences the fold, shape, and 'appearance' of the enzyme. The active site (and its target protein) can be thought of as a lock-and-key relationship. The active site provides specificity (like a lock) that only specific target proteins can bind - much like how only a specific key will fit into, unlock, and 'activate' a lock Do catabolic reactions release or consume energy? - -correct ans- -Release Do anabolic pathways release or consume energy? - -correct ans- -Consume

Do catabolic pathways rely on oxidized cofactors (like NAD+) to oxidize intermediates, or do they rely on reduced cofactors (like NADPH) to reduce intermediates? - -correct ans- -They rely on oxidized cofactors (like NAD+) to oxidize intermediates Do anabolic pathways rely on oxidized cofactors (like NAD+) to oxidize intermediates, or do they rely on reduced cofactors (like NADPH) to reduce intermediates? - -correct ans- -They rely on reduced cofactors (like NADPH) to reduce intermediates Is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic? - -correct ans- -Catabolic Is lipid biosynthesis catabolic or anabolic? - -correct ans- -Anabolic Cofactors - -correct ans- --Metal ions that activate or enhance enzyme activity (like Ca2+ or Zn2+) -Regulate enzymes Substrate - -correct ans- -Target of enzyme action Specificity - -correct ans- -Selectiveness of an enzyme for a specific substrate What affects the rare of reaction and degree of reactivity? - -correct ans- -Enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, temperature, pH Protease - -correct ans- -Enzyme that breaks down proteins Lipase - -correct ans- -Enzyme that breaks down lipids Amylase - -correct ans- -Enzyme that breaks down starch

Catalase - -correct ans- -Enzyme that breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen Hydrolases - -correct ans- --Catalyze hydrolysis (breaking) of chemical bonds with the addition of water -A-B + H2O --> A-OH + B-H Isomerases - -correct ans- --Catalyze rearrangement of bonds within a molecule to produce an isomer -A-B --> B-A Ligases - -correct ans- --Covalent bonds join two molecules together -A + B --> A-B Lyases - -correct ans- --Cleave (break) bonds other than using hydrolysis or oxidation -A-B --> A + B Oxioreductases - -correct ans- --Transfer electrons from reductant (electron donor) to the oxidant (electron acceptor) -Redox -A- + B --> A + B- Transferases - -correct ans- --Transfer a functional group -A-b + C --> A + C-b What do metabolic reactions involve? - -correct ans- -The transfer of electrons (redox reactions)

Electron acceptor - -correct ans- --Reduced -Oxidizing agent Electron donor - -correct ans- --Oxidized -Reducing agent What is the most widely used form of energy in the cell? - -correct ans- -ATP Is ATP an activated carrier? - -correct ans- -Yes Activated carrier molecules - -correct ans- -ATP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2, Acetyl CoA Is ATP high energy or low energy? - -correct ans- -High energy Is ADP high energy or low energy? - -correct ans- -Low energy Phosphorylation - -correct ans- -The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into ADP to form ATP (or to any other organic molecule) Which types of phosphorylation do chemotrophs and phototrophs utilize? - -correct ans- - Oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation Which type of phosphorylation do only phototrophs utilize? - -correct ans- - Photophosphorylation Phototroph - -correct ans- -An organism that utilizes light as its primary energy source

Organotroph - -correct ans- -A chemotroph that utilizes organic compounds as its primary source of energy Lithotroph - -correct ans- -A chemotroph that utilizes inorganic compounds as its primary source of energy Photophosphorylation - -correct ans- -Light energy is used to power the formation of ATP from ADP Substrate-level phosphorylation - -correct ans- -Phosphoryl (PO3) group of a chemical compound is transferred and donated directly to ADP> The chemical compound losing the phosphate group is referred to as the phosphorylated reactive intermediate Oxidative phosphorylation - -correct ans- -The energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients is used to reform ATP. This process occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and is highly efficient What is the formula for glycolysis? - -correct ans- -Glucose + 2 NAD+ + [2 ADP + Pi] --> 2 pyruvate

• NADH + 2 ATP + H+ Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? - -correct ans- -Anaerobic (does not require oxygen) Where does glycolysis occur? - -correct ans- -Cytoplasm What are the two phases of glycolysis? - -correct ans- -Energy investment phase and energy payoff Where does the pyruvate formed as a result of glycolysis go next? - -correct ans- -TCA cycle

What is the energy carrier of glycolysis? - -correct ans- -NADH How much ATP is formed by glycolysis? - -correct ans- -Four, but a net of two because glycolysis requires two ATP to run Fermentation - -correct ans- --Allows for catabolism in the absence of oxygen as an electron acceptor -Yields less energy -Recycles NAD+ Alcoholic fermentation - -correct ans- --A process used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol -Electron acceptor is ethanal Lactic acid fermentation - -correct ans- -The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide Krebs Cycle - -correct ans- --An intermediate step converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA, which enters the TCA cycle. Energy stored in the Acetyl CoA is transferred to the activated carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are then used in the electron transport chain -Occurs over 8 steps which regenerate the starting material (thus making it a cycle) -Also called the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle and the Citric Acid Cycle Where does the Krebs cycle take place? - -correct ans- -Mitochondrial matrix What are the products of the Krebs cycle? - -correct ans- --2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO -These products are produced after TWO turns of the Krebs cycle

Electron transport chain (ETC) - -correct ans- --A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP -The energy produced moves H+ ions against their concentration gradient from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, setting up a proton gradient -Uses chemiosmosis (couple of electron transport and movement of protons) Do electron transport carriers oxidize or reduce the activated carriers in the ETC? - -correct ans- - Oxidize Which activated carriers are utilized in the ETC? - -correct ans- -NADH and FADH Where is the ETC? - -correct ans- -inner membrane of mitochondria (cristae) ATP synthase - -correct ans- --Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP -Allows hydrogens to flow down the concentration gradient of the ETC Why is the ETC generally diagonal and down? - -correct ans- -Electrons move in a sequential chain, losing energy with each step in the transfer. So this makes the process more efficient What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC (thus ending the reaction)? - -correct ans- -Oxygen Where is the ETC located in prokaryotes? - -correct ans- -Plasma membrane What is electron energy used for in the ETC? - -correct ans- -Pumping protons across the membrane to set up the proton gradient

How many net molecules of ATP are produced by the end of cellular respiration in prokaryotes? - -correct ans- - How many net molecules of ATP are produced by the end of cellular respiration in eukaryotes? - -correct ans- - What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation? - -correct ans- -An organic molecule, often pyruvic acid Which is the most efficient respiration pathway? - -correct ans- -Aerobic respiration What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration? - -correct ans- -Inorganic molecules other than oxygen, often nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, and sulfate What method of phosphorylation is used for fermentation? - -correct ans- -Substrate-level phosphorylation What method of phosphorylation is used for aerobic and anaerobic respiration? - -correct ans- - Substrate level and oxidative Protein catabolism - -correct ans- --Breakdown of proteins into amino acids -Carbon backbone goes into the Krebs cycle -Deamination -Provide energy, nitrogen, and sulfur Deamination - -correct ans- -The removal of an amino group from an organism, particularly from an amino acid

Lipid catabolism - -correct ans- --Lipases detach glycerol from the fatty acids. Glycerol is then converted to DHAP, which can be used as a substrate for glycolysis. The fatty acids are catabolized and joined w/ coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle -Fatty acid oxidation also creates NADH and FADH2 for the ETC -Produces substrates, activated carriers, and ATP What is the light reaction of photosynthesis? - -correct ans- --Photophosphorylation -Light energy is converted into chemical energy to be used by the cell in the forms of ATP and NADPH -The presence of light is absolutely required -Always occurs in the membrane because one of the main functions is to generate a proton gradient to generate ATP, similar to the ETC What is the dark reaction of photosynthesis? - -correct ans- --Calvin Cycle -ATP and NADPH are used to convert CO2 and H2O into organic compounds and useful carbohydrates (carbon fixation) What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle? - -correct ans- -Produce glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (G3P), which eventually leads to generation of glucose How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to generate one glucose molecule? - -correct ans- - What is the formula for the Calvin Cycle? - -correct ans- -6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H2O --

C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 12 NADP+ Why can enzymes be readily detected in a lab? - -correct ans- -They are not consumed or destroyed during chemical reactions

Which class of enzymes protects the cell from oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species? - - correct ans- -Catalase Active site - -correct ans- --A region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction -An enzyme may have 2 active sites for 2 different substrates within close proximity to one another What is an organism? - -correct ans- -An individual living creature What are the 7 common characteristics of organisms? - -correct ans- -order, evolutionary adaptation, regulation, energy processing, growth and development, response to environment, reproduction What is the characteristic "order"? - -correct ans- -Life is structured into a developmental hierarchy The ____ itself is highly ordered as it contains organelles, a dedicated cytoplasmic space, conducts metabolic processes, and undergoes microscale adaptions. - -correct ans- -cell What is evolutionary adaptation? - -correct ans- -Smaller, genetic changes that allow for better survival of an organism. Evolutionary adaptation should not be confused with...? - -correct ans- -Species evolution What is an example of evolutionary adaptation? - -correct ans- -Color camouflage What is another name for evolutionary adaptation? - -correct ans- -Generational evolution

What is regulation? - -correct ans- -The ability for a living organism to maintain optimal living conditions Living organisms are sensitive to...? - -correct ans- -Temperature, environmental stress, pH requirements What is homeostasis? - -correct ans- -Maintaining set points of living conditions What is an example of regulation? - -correct ans- -Shivering to regulate body heat What is energy processing? - -correct ans- -How an organism utilizes biochemical reactions to produce energy What is the sum of an organism's biochemical reactions referred to? - -correct ans- -Metabolism What is ATP? - -correct ans- -Biological fuel or energy What type of metabolism do many prokaryotes use? - -correct ans- -Anaerobic What is photosynthesis? - -correct ans- -A plant using light to trap energy Many prokaryotes metabolize ____? - -correct ans- -Organic substances What type of metabolism do animals use? - -correct ans- -Aerobic Animals ____ and use ____ as part of aerobic respiration to produce ATP - -correct ans- -ingest food, biomacromolecules

What is growth and development? - -correct ans- -Change over a life cycle. A living thing grows, matures, ages, and dies. Living things respond to their environment through...? - -correct ans- -adaption What is adaption? - -correct ans- -A change or process that allows an organism to become better suited for their environment adaptions can be ____ or ____ - -correct ans- -Physical, behavioral What is a stimulus? - -correct ans- -anything that causes an organism to respond What is an example of a physical adaption? - -correct ans- -A crab's hard shell What is an example of a behavioral adaption? - -correct ans- -A squirrel hibernating What is reproduction? - -correct ans- -A living thing's way of producing new and thriving generations to replace previous ones Reproduction can occur ____ or ____ - -correct ans- -Sexually or asexually What does sexual reproduction involve? - -correct ans- -Fusion of two gametes that unite and grow into new offspring What does asexual reproduction produce? - -correct ans- -New offspring from a single organism

What are examples of asexual reproduction? - -correct ans- -Spore formation, binary fission, vegetative reproduction, budding, fragmentation What organisms use spore formation? - -correct ans- -Protozoa, bacteria, plans, fungi What organisms use binary fission? - -correct ans- -Prokaryotes and some eukaryotic protozoa like amoeba What organisms use budding? - -correct ans- -Fungi, bacteria, some plants, fewer animals What organisms use fragmentation? - -correct ans- -Segmented worms and echinoderms like starfish How can the levels of biological organism be described? - -correct ans- -Successive, broadest to smallest What are the levels of biological organization? - -correct ans- -biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, molecules and atoms What is the biosphere? - -correct ans- -Broadest level of organization that encompasses earth and atmosphere, and all capable of sustaining living organisms What is an ecosystem? - -correct ans- -A system of living and non living things in a region What are some examples of ecosystems? - -correct ans- -Grasslands, forests, deserts, coral reefs, soils, climate conditions What are communities? - -correct ans- -Collective organisms within a biological ecosystem

What does a community include? - -correct ans- -All living organisms like fungi, plants, grasses, animals, bacteria, and protists What is a population? - -correct ans- -A group of one particular species living within the defined bounds of a community Several different ____ make a ____ - -correct ans- -Populations, community What is an organ system? - -correct ans- -A group of organs classified as a unit because of shared functions What are organs? - -correct ans- -Individual structures composed of two or more tissue types that perform a common function What are tissues? - -correct ans- -A group of similar cells and the immediate environment surrounding them What determines the function of the tissue type? - -correct ans- -Unique cell types and extracellular environments What are cells? - -correct ans- -Living structures with organelles that function on a microscopic level to keep the individual alive The smallest level of biological organization is at the... - -correct ans- -Chemical level What is the chemical level comprised of? - -correct ans- -Atoms and molecules that are connected by chemical bonds and interactions

Who first developed the hierarchical classification system of organisms in the 18th century? - - correct ans- -Carolus Linnaeus What is a taxon? - -correct ans- -A unit/level of classification What are the 8 taxonomic levels? - -correct ans- -Domain, Kingdom, Phylus, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species How many recognized domains are there? - -correct ans- - What is phylogeny? - -correct ans- -Plotting the evolutionary history of a group or species What are phylogenetic trees? - -correct ans- -A diagram that maps relationships between taxa. Who first used organismal DNA sequences to construct phylogenetic trees? - -correct ans- -Dr. Carl Woese What is a barcode gene? - -correct ans- -The sequence of the 16S rRNA genes common to all genomes. What are the characteristics of a barcode gene? - -correct ans- -They have structural RNA or rRNA, ribosomes are universal, and have variable regions which vary between species What is a taxa? - -correct ans- -The hierarchy formed in each level of classification. What is a domain? - -correct ans- -The largest and broadest category, which encompasses all the other taxa.

What are the 3 domains? - -correct ans- -Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya What are Latin binomial names used for? - -correct ans- -To identify individual organisms of a certain species. What are the two parts of the Latin binomial name? - -correct ans- -First part is the genus name, second part is the unique species What are sister taxa? - -correct ans- -groups that share an immediate common ancestor What is a rooted phylogenetic tree? - -correct ans- -One that has a node or root shared between leaves to represent a relation What is an unrooted phylogenetic tree? - -correct ans- -shows relationships but not a common ancestor Describe members of the Archaea domain. - -correct ans- -Single called, microscopic organisms with prokaryotic cell structure that reproduce by binary fission What is a plasmid? - -correct ans- -A single, circular DNA containing structures in the nucleiod region. What is distinct about the plasmids in the Archaea domain? - -correct ans- -They include other organelles like ribosomes with unique rRNA. What is rRNA? - -correct ans- -Ribosomal RNA, molecules that facilitate the assembly of amino acids in a protein chain and form ribosomes within the cell. rRNA is a necessary component for all living things to... - -correct ans- -Synthesize protein

rRNA is ____ and ____ to an organism - -correct ans- -Unique, specific What can rRNA provide insights into? - -correct ans- -Evolutionary relationships between organisms with different domains and kingdoms What is a pseudopeptidoglycan? - -correct ans- -Branched, hydrocarbon chains attached to a glycerol via ether linkages What are extremophiles? - -correct ans- -A small subset of archaea that thrive in extreme environmenrs What are helophiles? - -correct ans- -Organisms that thrive in extreme saline conditions What are thermophiles? - -correct ans- -Organisms that thrive in high temperatures What are psychrophiles? - -correct ans- -Organisms that thrive in extreme cold temperatures What are the characteristics of the eubacteria domain? - -correct ans- -Single celled bacteria, prokaryotic cell structure, reproduce by binary fission, DNA found on plasmids, movement is coordinated by flagella or pili What is a eubacteria cell wall composed of? - -correct ans- -Peptidoglycan, may also have a sticky outer capsule What is a eubacteria cell membrane made of? - -correct ans- -Unbranched fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol via ether linkages

True/false: eubacteria gave their own unique rRNA group different than the Archea domain - - correct ans- -True Eubacteria are ____ - -correct ans- -Versatile What three types of eubacteria are there? - -correct ans- -Pathogenic, non pathogenic, commensal A commensal bacteria neither ____ nor ____ its host - -correct ans- -Benefits, harms Name two places commensal bacteria can be found on the human body - -correct ans- -Mouth, gastrointestinal tract What does a pathogenic bacteria do? - -correct ans- -Cause illness through the production of exotoxins and endotoxins What are exotoxins? - -correct ans- -Proteins secreted by the bacterial cell Where are endotoxins located? - -correct ans- -Inside the cell. Can also be the lipopolysaccharide components of outer membrane of some bacteria When are endotoxins released? - -correct ans- -Upon the death of the bacterial cell when the cell wall begins to decompose What is an example of an exotoxin? - -correct ans- -Vibrio cholera What is an example of an endotoxin? - -correct ans- -Salmonella

Mycoplasma bacteria lack a ____? - -correct ans- -Cell wall Gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of...? - -correct ans- -Peptidoglycan Gram negative bacteria have a very thin peptidoglycan wall underneath a specialized outer membrane composed of a...? - -correct ans- -Lipopolysaccharide Cynobacteria have a Peptidoglycan cell wall and outer membrane composed of...? - -correct ans- -Various biological macromolecules What is a decomposer? - -correct ans- -A prokaryote that breaks down dead or dying organisms What does a decomposer release into the environment? - -correct ans- -Vital elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus Decomposers are ____ celled - -correct ans- -Single What does an autotrophic prokaryote do? - -correct ans- -Release oxygen into the atmosphere and release atmospheric nitrogen in a useful form Prokaryotes can increase ____ availability for some plants or decrease key ____ available to plant species - -correct ans- -Nutrients What is a symbiotic relationship? - -correct ans- -A long term relationship between two organisms in which one or both benefit A symbiotic relationship has 3 forms, which are? - -correct ans- -Mutualistic, commensalism, parasitism

What is a mutualistic symbiotic relationship? Give one example. - -correct ans- -Both organisms mutually benefit. E. Coli in intestinal tract What is commensalism? Give an example. - -correct ans- -when one organism benefits and the other is unharmed or unaffected. Bacteria that lives on human skin What is parasitism? Give an example. - -correct ans- -The host is harmed while symbiont exploits a benefit. Pathogenic bacteria that colonize a host and damages tissues What are some common phyla in the eubacteria kingdom? - -correct ans- -Proteobacteria, bacteriodetes, actinobacteria, cyanobacteria What 3 shapes can bacteria be? - -correct ans- -Spherical/coccus, rod shaped/bacilli, spiral shaped What color stain is gram positive? - -correct ans- -Dark purple what color stain is gram negative? - -correct ans- -pink What are the characteristics of the eukaryote domain? - -correct ans- -Larger cells, single cell or multicellular, true nucleus, membrane bound organelles, some cell walls, mitosis and cell cycle, diversity of movement mechanisms What type of reproduction occurs in the eukaryote domain? - -correct ans- -Cell cycle and mitosis What are cell membranes in the eukaryote domain composed of? - -correct ans- -Unbranched fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol via ester linkages

What do eukaryotic organisms use for energy? - -correct ans- -Oxidative metabolism on the surface of mitochondria What 4 kingdoms are in the domain Eukarya? - -correct ans- -Fungi, protista, plantae, animalia Fungi include... - -correct ans- -Yeasts, molds, rusts, mildews and mushrooms Are fungi heterotrophs or autotrophs? - -correct ans- -heterotrophs Do fungi reproduce sexually or asexually? - -correct ans- -Some reproduce asexually but most reproduce sexually. What is hyphae? - -correct ans- -Thin, threadlike structures that form after fertilization What do hyphae consist of? - -correct ans- -tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells What are hyphae segmented into? - -correct ans- -Septa Septa have large pores to allow for... - -correct ans- -The flow of cellular organelles from cell to cell What allows fungi to extract nutrients from plants? - -correct ans- -Haustona Fungi have a rigid cell wall made of ________. - -correct ans- -chitin

Some parasitic fungi cause ____ infections in plants and humans - -correct ans- -Mycotic Cells in the Protista kingdom are mostly ____cellular. - -correct ans- -Uni Are protists heterotrophs or autotrophs? - -correct ans- -heterotrophs What do protists include? - -correct ans- -Single celled amoeba, algae, slime molds, euglena, plasmodia Protists are attracted to light through... - -correct ans- -Positive phototropism Describe binary fission? - -correct ans- -A parent body pinches into two halves, resulting in two daughter cells with their own nuclei Is binary fission sexual or asexual? - -correct ans- -asexual What does a contractile vacuole do? - -correct ans- -pumps excess water out of the cell What is plasmodium and what does it cause? - -correct ans- -A parasite that affects vertebrates, malaria. Plantae are ____cellular - -correct ans- -Multi Are plants autotrophs or heterotrophs? - -correct ans- -autotrophs Describe a vascular plant - -correct ans- -Has cells joined into tubelike structures to allow for transport of water and nutrients through the plant body

What are examples of vascular plants? - -correct ans- -Flowering plants, conifers, ferns Describe avascular plants or bryophytes) - -correct ans- -Lack formation of tubes to transport water and nutrients What are examples of avascular plants? - -correct ans- -Moss, liverworts, algae What are plastids? - -correct ans- -Small organelles used for producing and storing food Animalia is a kingdom of ____ - -correct ans- -Consumers What is a consumer? - -correct ans- -An organism that must ingest other living organisms or non living organic material What are body plans? - -correct ans- -a set of morphological and developmental traits in living organisms How many types of symmetrical body plans are there? - -correct ans- -3 What are the three body plans? - -correct ans- -Spherical, radial, bilateral What is a spherical symmetry? What animals does it include? - -correct ans- -Any plane passes through the center to create similar halves. Animals have a spherical shape. What is a radial symmetry? What animals have it? - -correct ans- -Similar halves are created if a plane passes from top to bottom at the center. Sponges, jellyfish, starfish.