BIOD152 Anatomy and Physiology II (7Versions Module 7) 2023/2024, Exams of Animal Anatomy and Physiology

Download BIOD152 Anatomy and Physiology II (7Versions Module 7) 2023/2024 and more Exams Animal Anatomy and Physiology in PDF only on Docsity! BIOD152 Anatomy and Physiology II (7Versions Module 7) 2023/2024 Question 1 Not yet graded / 0 pts Anatomy of the Urinary System 1. The urinary system has ____ kidneys, _____ ureters, and _____ bladder. 2. Describe the shape, weight and location of the adult kidney. 3. The ____glands are located on top of each kidney. 4. Describe the three layers of protective tissue that surround the kidney. 5. A vertical cross section shows what three regions inside the kidney? 6. The _____ is a continuous outer region with several cortical columns. 7. The renal medulla is divided into sections called _____. 8. Describe the renal pelvis. 9. Label blood supply to and within the kidney. Make any notes/comments here. 10. Trace the flow of blood through the vessels of the kidney from renal artery into the glomerulus and back to the renal vein. 11. Input from the _______ adjusts the diameter of the renal arteries thereby regulating renal blood flow. 12. Urine is carried from the kidneys to the bladder by thin muscular tubes called ____. 13. ______are sphincters located where the ureters enter the bladder. 14. Describe the three layers of the ureter wall. 15. Describe the urinary bladder. Compare male and female locations. 16. Both ureters open into the bladder via the _____. 17. Describe the three layers of the bladder. 18. Describe the bladder when it is full and when it is empty. 19. Label the parts of the bladder and its location in males and females. 20. Describe the two sphincters of the bladder. Your Answer: 1. 2,2,1 2. size of a can of soup, 5 ounces 3. Adrenal 4. renal capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia 5. cortex, emdulla, and pelvis 6. renal cortex 7. pyramids 8. centermost seciton, which constitutes the funnel shaped tubule that connects the ureter leaving the hilus 23. What is a nephron? 24. Each nephron consists of: 25. The renal tubule is made of: 26. Label the parts of a nephron. 27. Describe the structure of the renal corpuscle. 28. What causes water and solutes to leave the glomerulus? 29. Once water and solutes leave the blood and enter the glomerular capsule it is called ____. 30. ________are found in the cortex region of the kidney, except for a portion of their loop of Henle which extends into the medulla. ______pass deeply into the medulla because of their location and their longer loops of Henle. 31. Describe the proximal convoluted tubule 32. Describe the loop of Henle. 33. Describe the distal convoluted tubule. 34. What are the three types of capillaries associated with nephrons andtheir function? 35. Describe the process of micturition. 36. What is incontinence? 37. What is urinary retention? Your Answer: 21. female is shorter and only carrier urine. Male is longer and carries urine and semen. 22. prostatic urethra, membranous Urethra, spongy )penile) Urethra. 23. basic functional unit of the kidney for kidney functions. 24. two parts, glomerular capsule and renal tubule. 25. three parts, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle , and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT). 26. ok 27. double walled simple squamousal epithelial celled cup. 28. extremely high pressure due to the increased pressure in glomerular capillaries due to difference in diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles. 29. FIltrate. 30. Corticol nephrons, juxtamedullary nephrons. 31. First section of the tubule, specialized to resorb water and solutes from filtrate into low pressure capillaries. 32. loop of henle is a descending loop followed by ascending limb. descending allows water loss, while ascending allows salt loss. 33. DCT allows for homronally controlled resorption of water and solutes,and is responsible for secretion of unwanted substances. 34. Gl;omerular capillaries, specialized for filtration, Peritubular capillaries adapted for absorption, and vasa recta 35. act of emptying the bladder. 36. incontinence is the inability to control micronutrition voluntarily. 37. ability to expel stored urine. 21. In males and females, the length and functions of the urethra differ. The female urethra is shorter and only carries urine while the male urethra is about 5 times longer and carries both urine and semen from the body. 22. The prostatic urethra which runs within the prostate gland, the membranous urethra which runs within the urogenital diaphragm and the spongy (penile) urethra. 23. The basic structural and functional unit of a kidney. The functionof the nephron is to control the concentration of water and soluble materials by filtering the blood, reabsorbing needed materials and excreting the rest as urine. 24. Two parts: the glomerular capsule (renal corpuscle) and the renal tubule. 25. Three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). 26. See figure in module (7.9,7.10) 27. The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus, a network oftiny blood capillaries surrounded by the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, a double-walled simple squamous epithelial cup (Figure 10). The glomerular capillaries are extremely porous. The capillary endothelium has fenestrations (pores) which allow certain substances to leave the capillaries. 28. The afferent arteriole, which is fed by the interlobular artery, is much larger in diameter than the efferent arteriole. The difference in diameter causes an extremely high blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries, forcing water and solutes out of the blood, thus making filtration possible. Water and solutes leave the glomerulus, enter the glomerular capsule, and subsequently flow into the renal tubule. 29. filtrate 30. Cortical nephrons; juxtamedullary nephrons 31. The first section of the tubule is a coiled proximal convoluted tubule which is specialized to reabsorb water and many solutes from the glomerular filtrate into the low-pressure peritubular capillaries which surround the renal tubule as well as secrete certain unwanted substances. 32. The second section is the hairpin loop of Henle. Initially the loop of Henle has the descending limb followed by the ascending limb. The descending limb allows water loss and the ascending limb allows salt (NaCl) loss. 33. The last part of the tubule is the highly coiled distal convoluted tubule which allows for hormonally controlled reabsorption of water and solutes. Mostly the 51. renal autoregulation. 52. afferent arteriole diameter is narrowed, epinephrine causes decrfease in blood flow and decreased GRF. 38. The kidneys filter the entire blood plasma volume about 60 times each day 39. About 47 gallons of glomerular filtrate containing the water, nutrients, and essential ions are removed daily from the blood plasma. By the time filtrate enters the collecting ducts, it contains about only 0.5 gallons of urine, with the other 99% being returned to the blood. 40. For the body to filter the entire blood and then retain the important elements, three processes must take place: filtration, reabsorption and secretion. 41. It is the amount of pressure found inside the blood in the capillaries, driving fluids out of the glomerular capillary. 42. It is also called oncotic pressure. COP is dependent on the amount of proteins in the plasma. COP opposes blood hydrostatic pressure by driving fluids back into the capillary beds. 43. The COP needs to remain within a normal range between 2532mmHg. *Memorize this normal range for the exam* 44. It also opposes blood hydrostatic pressure and drives fluid back into the glomerular capillaries. 45. Net filtration pressure = (Outgoing forces – incoming forces) = HP- (COP + Capsular pressure) =60mmHg - (32mmHg +18mmHg)) = 10 mmHg (net outward pressure) 46. The size of the capillary fenestrations prevents passage of bloodcells and most blood proteins from leaving across the filter. 47. It is an amount of blood filtered by the glomerulus over time. 48. The GFR is increased by an increase in the arterial (and therefore glomerular) blood pressure in the kidneys. The GFR and is decreased by an increase in glomerular osmotic pressure most often caused by dehydration. 49. If flow is too rapid, needed substances cannot be adequately reabsorbed. If flow is too slow, nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed, including most of the wastes that should be excreted. 50. Renal autoregulation, nervous system control, and hormone control. 51. Renal autoregulation 52. When the nervous system takes over regulation, the afferent arterioles diameter is narrowed by sympathetic nerve fibers. The release of the hormone epinephrine by the adrenal medulla causes a decrease in renal blood flow and decreases the GFR. Question 4 Not yet graded / 0 pts Physiology of the Urinary System 53. What is the hormonal control mechanism for the renal flow? 54. Angiotensinogen is a pre-enzyme produced by the ___ and freely circulates in the blood. 55. When blood pressure drops, the enzyme ____ is released by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the nephron. 56. In the ____, angiotensin I is converted to ____. 57. Once circulating angiotensin II reaches the adrenal cortex, it causes the release of the hormone ____. 58. What is reabsorption? 59. True or false: all reabsorption occurs in the renal tubules by diffusion. 60. Where does the greatest amount of renal tubular reabsorption occur? 61. About what percentage of Na+ is reabsorbed in the PCT? The loop of Henle? The DCT? 62. What is secretion? 63. What is countercurrent flow? 64. When an osmotic gradient is isosmotic, what does this mean? 65. What is the concentration of the filtrate in the PCT vs. the bottom of the loop of Henle? 66. True or False: The descending and ascending regions of the loop of Henle have the same reabsorption characteristics. 67. True or False: The concentration of urea is relatively low in the distal convoluted tubule and the cortex regions of the collecting ducts because the tubules in the cortex are permeable to it. 68. ADH is secreted by the ____. 69. True or False: ADH increases water output. 70. Describe the action of ADH. 71. Describe the mechanisms of aldosterone. 72. What are diuretics? 73. How do the cardiovascular baroreceptors control the nephron? 74. Describe normal urine. 72. Diuretics are substances that act on the nephron to increase urinary output. 73. The cardiovascular baroreceptors are in the aorta and carotid arteries under the control of the vagus and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves. If blood volume (and consequently blood pressure) rises, the baroreceptors inhibit sympathetic nervous system signals to the kidney, dilating the afferent arterioles which carry blood to the glomerulus. This causes a dramatic increase in the filtration rate, increasing the output of water and Na+ which reduces blood volume to quickly normalize the pressure. 74. Normal excreted urine is usually clear and pale to deep yellow incolor depending on the body's degree of hydration. The normal range of urine pH is 4.5 to 8.0. Urine contains about 95% water with about 5% of solutes of varying amounts. Question 5 Not yet graded / 0 pts Physiology of the Urinary System: Acid/Base Balance 75. Water is found in what two main compartments? 76. True or False: A solution has a pH of 0, which is alkaline. 77. Describe the impact of weak acids on a solution. 78. What is the normal pH of arterial blood? 79. What is the principal method through which acids enter the human body? 80. What is an anion? 81. What are the three major chemical buffer systems in the body? 82. The bicarbonate buffer system is composed of _____and _____. 83. How does the respiratory center control pH? 84. What happens to cause hyperventilation? hypoventilation? 85. Which system has the largest impact on the level of pH in the blood? 86. What happens in severe alkalosis? 87. What happens in severe acidosis? 88. What are the normal blood serum levels? (for pH, PCO2, HCO3-) 89. For the following blood values given, determine if the patient is in acidosis or alkalosis, whether the cause is respiratory or metabolic and whether the condition is being compensated. pH = 7.7, PCO2 = 23 mm, HCO3- = 24 mEq/L 90. For the following blood values given, determine if the patient is in acidosis or alkalosis, whether the cause is respiratory or metabolic and whether the condition is being compensated. pH = 7.6, PCO2 = 49 mm, HCO3- = 29 mEq/L 91. Review all figures and tables in module 7. Your Answer: 75. Intracellular and extracellular 76. flase 77. Weak acids have tightly bound H+ ions, and do not easily dissacociate to free H+ easily. this makes the pH more basic with less H+ ions. 78. 7.35-7.45 79. Cellular metaboilsm 80. negatively charged ion 81. Bicarbonate System, Phosphate system, Protein System 82. weak carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion. 83. chemoreceptors monitoring level of CO2 in blood. 84. Hyperventillation - blood pH begins to fall becoming more acidic. helps remove extra CO2 which uses up free H+ ions. Hypoventillation - slows down respiration, causing more CO2 and retaining more H+ ions to drop pH 85. renal control mechanisms 86. blood pH rises above 7.8, and nervou8s system becomes extremely excited causing muscle contractions, convulsions, and death when breathing cessation occurs. 87. blood pH drops below 7, central nervous system is markedly depressed causing coma and imminent death. 88. pH = 7.35-7.45, PCO2 = 35-45 mm, HCO3 = 22=26mEq/L 89. patient is in respiratory alkalosis, caused by higher CO2 pressure, orhyperventillation without compensation. 90. patient is in metabolic alkalosis, being compensated on Pco2 >45 (49) and caused by higher concentration of HCO3. 91. Physiology of the Urinary System: Acid/Base Balance 75. Intracellular and extracellular. 76. False: The closer to 0, the more acidic a solution. 77. Weak acids do not significantly contribute to the pH of a solutionbecause in this form, H+ is tightly bound and cannot dissociate to become free H+. 78. The normal pH of arterial blood is between 7.35 and 7.45. *Memorize this normal range for the exam. 79. Cellular metabolism (chemical reactions inside a cell to maintainlife) 80. An anion is a negatively charged ion. 81. Bicarbonate buffer system for interstitial and plasma fluids; Phosphate buffer system in the urine and intracellular; The protein system is the main buffer of the intracellular fluid. 82. weak carbonic acid (H2CO3); bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).