Bioethics 1-8 Ratio Bachelors of science in nursing (University of Iloilo - PHINMA), Exams of Nursing

Download Bioethics 1-8 Ratio Bachelors of science in nursing (University of Iloilo - PHINMA) and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! pg. 1 1 Module 1 1. Which of the following is NOT considered one of the four essential characteristics of a profession? A. Competence in a specialized body of knowledge and skill B. The provision of a particular service to society C. Grounds for administrative actions D. Standards of education and practice Answer: C Rationale: The four essential characteristics of a profession include: – Competence in specialized body of knowledge and skill – Provision of particular service to society – Standards of education and practice – Self-regulation 2. Specialty practice acts will vary in emphasis, but the majority will address which of the following? A. Requirements and qualifications for licensure or certification B. Penalties and sanctions for unauthorized practice C. Scope of professional practice D. All of these apply Answer: D Rationale: In addition to the above Specialty Practice Acts includes: – Exemptions to basic requirements. – Grounds for administrative actions 3. In regard to clients and patients, practitioners have a(n) relationship which requires them to act primarily in the best interest of those they serve. A. Fiduciary B. Proper C. Formal D. Formulaic Answer: A Rationale: Fiduciary relationship in which one party places special trust, confidence and reliance in and influenced by another who has a fiduciary duty to act for the benefit of the other party. pg. 2 2 4. It is often the longest part of a lawsuit and, in many instances, ends the case when information is detrimental to one of the sides. A. Complaint B. Answer C. Discovery D. Appeal l Answer: C Rationale: Discovery often the longest part of the lawsuit and, in many instances ends the case when information discovered is detrimental to one side. It is also a fact-finding phase meant to eliminate surprises, clarify what the lawsuit is all about and make the parties decide if they should settle or drop claims and/ or defenses. 5. All but one is the fundamental principles of law? A. Plasticity and change B. Concern for justice and fairness C. Acts are judge on the universal standard of the reasonable person D. Patient’s Bill of Rights Answer: D Rationale: In addition to the fundamental principles of law mention above it also includes Doctrine of Individual Rights 6. It is one of the sources of modern law that emanates from judicial decisions? A. Common Law B. Administrative Law C. Statutory law D. All of the above Answer: A Rationale: Common law emanates from judicial decisions. It is a set of principles that have evolved from the decisions of past court cases and continue to evolve and expand from the judicial decisions that arise from the new court cases. Administrative law flows from the rules and regulations and decisions of administrative agencies. Statutory law arises from legislative bodies pg. 5 5 C. Abraham Lincoln D. Isabel Myers ANSWER: B Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization. 4. Who is the foremost theorist of value development? A. Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers B. Maslow and Barrie C. Kohlberg and Piaget D. Aristotle and Maslow ANSWER: C The foremost theorists of value development are Kohlberg and Piaget. According to their models individuals can be seen to grow through several stages of ever- increasing complex, value orientation from infant to adult. 5. In Kohlberg’s theory what stage does these following characteristics; social contract and personal conscience fall under? A. Nonconventional B. Preconventional C. Conventional D. Postconventional ANSWER: D Kohlberg’s orientation of stages: Preconventional-3-7 years of age; Punishment/Obedience, Egotism Conventional- 7-12 years of age; Respect rules, please others Postconventional- 12 and above; Social contract, Personal conscience 6. What do you call a term between each generational group? A. Space B. Generational gap C. Cusp pg. 6 6 D. Overlap ANSWER: C Cusp is the point at which two parts of a curve meet. In generational theory, individuals who fall into the overlap between two generations are born in time between eras and are influenced by both eras. 7. These are constructs from generational theory, which holds that generation occupy a 20-year span of time? A. Value cohorts B. Need C. Behavior D. Attitude ANSWER: A Value Cohorts are constructs from generational theory, which holds that generations occupy a 20-year span of time during which individuals in their youth are value programmed as a group by historical events. 8. The Generation Z is best described by which of the following characteristics? A. Law and order B. Techno savvy multitaskers C. Social Activist D. Street smart ANSWER: B Generation Z are known to be techno savvy multitaskers because they grew up with advanced technologies like computers, cellphones etc., they are master of multitasking; they can text, talk, read and eat at the same time which amazes previous generation. They have adopted and mastered advances in technology faster than any previous group. As a result of their techno savvy, some have suggested generation names such as iGeneration, Gen Tech, Net Gen and Digitarians. 9. He is a sociologist who popularized the phrase “Who You Are Is Where You Were When”? A. Morris Johnson B. Morris Massey C. Carol Gilligan D. Lawrence Kohlberg pg. 7 7 ANSWER: B Morris Massey is known for his phrase “who you are is where you were when” is his popular generational theory during 1970-1980, in this theory it holds that the historical time period in which an individual is born shapes the development of their world view. 10. Which generation received its value programming by the events surrounding the Great Depression and World War 2? A. Silent Generation B. Baby Boomer Generation C. Millennial Generation D. Generation ANSWER: A Great Depression and World War 2 were trying times, when fiscal and personal survival required that all participate, all work together, and all do their duty. As a result, they are conservative and serious with an ethic of hard work and are comfortable with rules, order, and social structures Module 3 1. Those in society who believe that there are no moral truths, no moral rules, no moral knowledge and responsibilities subscribe to a philosophy of moral . A. Felony B. Misdemeanor C. Nihilism D. Immunity ANSWER: C Nihilism is a philosophy that there are no moral truths, no moral rules, no moral knowledge or responsibilities. For those that hold this position, nothing can truly be wrong or right in moral sense. For moral nihilist, morality, like religion is a mere illusion 2. The law that deals with the relationships between citizen to citizen is called? A. Public Law B. Private Law C. Administrative Law D. International Law ANSWER: B Private law deals with the relationship between citizen to citizen or that is concerned with the definition, regulation and enforcement of rights in cases where both parties involved are private citizen. pg. 10 10 ANSWER: B Ethical relativism is the theory that morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture. Whether action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society. 10. A system of thoughts, feelings, opinions, and beliefs with which we screen events occurring around us? A. World view B. Ethics C. Values D. Morals ANSWER: A World view is a system of thoughts, feelings, opinions, and beliefs with which we screen events occurring around us. It is the subjective screen, based on our culture and life experiences, that we judge the rightness and wrongness of actions as they pertain to what a person should do in a given situation. Module 4 1. The most common form of consequence-oriented reasoning is known as? A. Divine command theory B. Deontological theory C. Utilitarianism D. Virtue ethics ANSWER: C Utilitarianism is the most common form of consequence-oriented reasoning, to a utilitarian good residing in the promotion of happiness or the greatest net increase of pleasure over pain. 2. Held that morality Is derived from rationality, not from experience, and obligation is grounded in pure reason. A. Jeremy Bentham B. Immanuel Kant C. John Stuart Mill D. Aristotle ANSWER: B Kant based his moral philosophy on the crucial fact that we are rational beings, and a central feature of this rationality was that principles derived from reason are universal. pg. 11 11 3. Utilitarianism is a form of what type of reasoning? A. Consequence-oriented B. Duty oriented C. Virtue ethics D. Divine mandate ANSWER: A Utilitarianism is the most common form of consequence-oriented reasoning, to a utilitarian good resides in the promotion of happiness or the greatest net increase of pleasure over pain. 4. For the ethicist, the basic wrongness of an act depends on the intrinsic nature of the act itself? A. Consequence-oriented B. Duty oriented C. Virtue ethics D. Divine mandate ANSWER: B Duty oriented ethicists feel the basic rightness and wrongness of act depends on its intrinsic nature rather than on the situation or the consequences. This position is often called deontological theory, taken the Greek word for duty. 5. Is a form of utilitarianism that holds that an action can be deemed to be right if it conforms to a rule that has been validated by the principle of utility. A. Act of utilitarianism B. Rule of utilitarianism C. Kantian ethics D. Ethics of care ANSWER: B Rule utilitarianism seeks to avoid the hedonic calculus of act of utilitarianism in which each option must be measured by the principle of utility. Rule utilitarianism holds that action can be right if it conforms to a rule that has been previously validated by the principle of utility. 6. The “categorical imperative is part of ethics . A. Duty oriented B. Virtue C. Kantian pg. 12 12 D. Consequence oriented ANSWER: A Categorical imperative is an action that could be known to be right when it was in accordance with a rule that satisfied a principle, and this is a part of duty-oriented reasoning. 7. “Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals “is the classic work of? A. Immanuel Kant B. John Rawls C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. Aristotle ANSWER: A In the classic work of Kant “Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals” he held that consequences of action were essentially irrelevant. 8. In the principle of categorical imperative, the imperatives seem to have three elements, which of the following is NOT part of the elements? A. Demanding action B. Unconditionality C. Golden Rule D. Universal application ANSWER: C Golden rule is not a part of categorical imperative; this is the famous rule that states, “Don’t do unto others what others don’t want to do unto you.” 9. A Scottish author that quoted “Never ascribe to an opponent motive meaner than your own.” A. Immanuel Kant B. J.M Barrie C. John Rawls D. Morris Massey ANSWER: B The abovementioned was the admonition of J.M Barrie and it is wise to follow this admonition when you are trying to come to mutual understanding regarding value agreements. 10. Who are considered the Fathers of Utilitarianism? A. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill pg. 15 15 D. Slander ANSWER: C Negligence is charged when something just happens, when there is no intent, when the outcome is unexpected, but injury occurs. 8. It is the execution of an unlawful or improper act? A. Malfeasance B. Misfeasance C. Nonfeasance D. Slander ANSWER: A One of the forms of negligence is malfeasance it’s the execution of an unlawful or improper act. E.g., In healthcare, malfeasance occurs when people are injured or die because of poor treatment or negligent care. Also known as medical malpractice. 9. The fourth type of theory is usually used in ethical debate. This theory believes that a divine being who has set down a finite series rules that adherents claim can provide guidance to most? A. Duty oriented B. Consequence oriented C. Divine theory D. Virtue ethics ANSWER: C In divine theory a divine being sets down finite rule, example is the rules known as the Ten Commandments taken from Judeo- Christian traditions. It includes key moral prohibitions common to most culture, as well as some specific rules set down to exact adherence of a particular religion. 10. Aristotle’s traits of virtuous character include which of the following? A. Choice must proceed from a firm character B. Virtue is a disposition to choose the mean C. Virtuous acts must be chosen for their own sakes. D. All of these ANSWER: D All of the traits mentioned above includes in Aristotle’s traits of virtuous character pg. 16 16 Module 6 1. The principle that deals with the need to tell the truth. A. Beneficence B. Veracity C. Confidentiality D. Role fidelity ANSWER: B Veracity is being truthful. This binds the health practitioner and the patient. The patient must tell the truth so that appropriate care can be provided. The practitioner needs to disclose information so that the patient can exercise personal autonomy. 2. The legal principle of a right to privacy is matched to the ethical principle of . A. Confidentiality B. Justice C. Veracity D. Nonmaleficence ANSWER: A All patients have their right to privacy, we cannot disclose their information to the public as part of ethical principle of confidentiality. With this important aspect the patient places his or her trust to the health care professional. 3. The use of placebos is most problematic when you are considering the principle of . A. Veracity B. Beneficence C. Role fidelity D. Maleficence ANSWER: A If you make use of a placebo, you are engaging yourself in a nondisclosure and deception for your practice of work even if it is for therapeutic purposes, you are still deceiving the patient or lying to the patient which makes it a conflict with one of the universal principles which is veracity. 4. The famous admonition “If you can’t do the patient good, at least avoid harm,” speaks of the two important principles of beneficence and . A. Confidentiality pg. 17 17 B. Justice C. Veracity D. Non maleficence ANSWER: D Non maleficence means ought not to inflict evil or harm to one person 5. “Nurses should practice nursing and allied health specialist should only practice within their specialty areas” is an application of the basic principle of . A. Veracity B. Beneficence C. Role fidelity D. Maleficence ANSWER: C Role fidelity is to do your role within your scope of practice. E.g. Role of a nurse is to provide competent care to patients and to do it in a way that is honest, responsible and fair. 6. When one person has a right, others have obligations to either refrain from hindrance or provide the required goods and services associated with the right. What type of obligation is this? A. Imperfect obligation B. Perfect obligation C. Correlative obligation D. Personal obligation ANSWER: C It is a commonly held view that rights imply correlative obligations. That is, if someone has a right to x, then someone else (some person, group of people, institutions, etc.) bears some obligation, or duty with respect to that right. Sorting out the nature of obligations implied by rights, however, turns out to be a contentious matter. 7. Perhaps the most famous moralized contractarian theory of rights that includes the concept of an original position comes from the work of . A. John Locke B. John Stuart Mill C. John Rawls D. Thomas Aquinas pg. 20 20 B. Justice C. Confidentiality D. Natural rights ANSWER: A Legal Rights are clearly, rights which exist under the rules of legal systems or by virtue of decisions suitably authoritative bodies within them. Legal rights are created through constitutional guarantees, legislative statutes, judicial review and government agencies. 5. Right to a public education is under what type of legal rights? A. Natural Rights B. Positive Rights C. Negative Rights D. Human Rights ANSWER: B - Indigent right to health care - Licensed driver’s right to use of public roads Right to a public education - American veterans right to health care - Citizen of Ballwin, Michigan, to garbage collection Module 8 1. Which of the following privacy issues usually deals with the unpermitted use of a person's name or likeness for another’s benefit or advantage? A. Slander B. Libel C. Misappropriation D. Fraud ANSWER: C Misappropriation usually deals with the unpermitted use of other person’s identity or name for another’s benefit. 2. The allowance of unessential or lay personnel to be present during a surgical procedure examination in a clinical is an example of? A. Slander B. Libel C. Intrusion D. Misappropriation pg. 21 21 ANSWER: C Intrusion is the act of intruding or act of wrongfully entering upon, seizing, or talking possession of the property of another. 3. This usually involves the publication of information that leads to the public regarding the plaintiff falsely. A. Public disclosure of facts B. Intrusion C. Misappropriation D. Presenting someone in a false light to the public ANSWER: D Presenting someone in a false light to the public usually involves the publication of information that leads to the public regarding the plaintiff falsely. An example would be the use of a stock photo of a surgical team in an article about Medicare fraud. The intent was to show a generic picture of practitioners: however, the implication of associating them with the article would place them in a false light. 4. Invasion of privacy is a breach of what health care principle. A. Beneficence B. Maleficence C. Confidentiality D. Veracity ANSWER: C Invading of patient’s privacy will result in breach of confidentiality. It can create distrust between patient and practitioner. 5. A review of the appropriateness of care and the various types of patient care provided within an institution. A. Institutional Review Board B. Utilization review C. Privacy review D. Third party payers ANSWER: B Utilization review is the use of managed care techniques such as prior authorization that allow payers, particular health insurance companies to manage cost of health care benefits by assessing its appropriateness before it is provided using evidence-based criteria pg. 22 22 6. All but one is TRUE about a medical record? A. Property of hospital or clinic B. Patient has legal interest and right to information C. Record is confidential D. None of the above ANSWER: D All of the abovementioned about medical record is true. This contains patient’s information, and this record is considered confidential and it should be limited to patient, authorized representatives of the patient. The attending physician and hospital staff members who have a legitimate interest. 7. With regards to medical record maintenance, which of the following is NOT true? A. Draw single line to cross out incorrect entry, enter correction, error initialed and dated B. Mistakes should be erased or unreadable C. If legal suit threatened, no changes in medical record without consulting risk management D. None of the above ANSWER: B In medical records mistake should not be erased or unreadable. If you enter an incorrect word all you need to do is draw single line, enter correction, error initiated and dated. 8. HIPAA has three self-declared major purposes which includes? A. To protect and enhance the rights of consumers by providing them access to their health information and controlling the inappropriate use of information. B. Safeguards to protect the patient’s privacy will be part of the research protocol C. Only those involved in the study will have access to the raw data D. All of the above ANSWER: A Option B and C are minimum standards of institutional review board and it’s not included in HIPAA. 9. Basic ethical principles in planning research protocol involving human subjects include? A. Autonomy B. Beneficence