BIOL 235 FINAL EXAM-with 100% verified solutions 2023-2024, Exams of Health sciences

Download BIOL 235 FINAL EXAM-with 100% verified solutions 2023-2024 and more Exams Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! BIOL 235 FINAL EXAM-with 100% verified solutions- 2023-2024 Venous blood returning from systemic circulation first enters the ___, proceeds to the ____, loses ___and gains ____ in the lungs, and then returns to the heart via the ____. a) right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, CO2, O2, pulmonary veins. b) Left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, CO2, O2, aorta c)Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, O2, CO2, pulmonary veins d) Left atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary veins, O2, CO2, aorta A. Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, CO2, O2, pulmonary veins The upper respiratory tract differs from the lower respiratory tract in what way? A) air is taken in through the lower respiratory tract, and CO2/O2 are exchanged in the upper respiratory tract b) air is taken in through the upper respiratory tract, and CO2/O2 are exchanged in the lower respiratory tract c) CO2 is removed from circulation in the upper respiratory tract d) O2 is removed from circulation in the lower respiratory tract B. Air is taken in through the upper respiratory tract, and CO2/O2 are exchanged in the lower respiratory tract Smooth muscle surrounds which structure of the lower respiratory tract? a) Alveoli b) Alveolar capillaries c) Terminal bronchioles d) Trachea C. terminal bronchioles In the alveolus, ____squamous epithelial cells are responsible for ___, while ___cells are responsible for ____. a) Type 1; surfactant secretion; Type 2, gas exchange b) type 1; debris removal; type 2; surfactant secretion c) type 3; debris removal; type 1; gas exchange d) type 1; gas exchange; type 2: surfactant secretion d) type 1; gas exchange; type 2: surfactant secretion There is no net air flow into or out of the lungs when a) P alveolus = P atmostpher b) P alveolus< P atmostphere c) P pleural wall > P atmostphere d) P atmosphere< P pleural wall a) P alveolus = P atmosphere What keeps the lungs from collapsing Check the b) trans pulmonary negative pressure caused by negative pressure from pleural cavity Identify the correct sequence of events for inspiration a) diaphragm & inspiratory intercostals relax, lungs expand, air flows into alveoli b) diaphragm & inspiratory intercostals contract; lungs expand, air flows out of the alveoli c) diaphragm & inspiratory intercostals contract, lungs expand, air flows into alveoli d)diaphragm & expiratory intercostals relax, lungs contract, air flows out of alveoli c) diaphragm & inspiratory intercostals contract, lungs expand, air flows into alveoli the main determiners of lung compliance are a) lung tissue thickness, surface tension of fluid on the inner lung surface d) systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting but pulmonary arterioles dilate in response to decreased PO2 c) systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating but pulmonary arterioles constrict in response to decreased PO during an unforced exhalation/expiration, which would NOT be true? a) alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure b) intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure c) intrapleural pressure becomes less negative d) the diaphragm relaxes b) intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure which true regarding how gases dissolve in liquids? a0 the concentration of a gas in a liquid equilibrates to match the concentration of that gas in the air to which of the liquid is exposed b) different gasses have the same solubility in liquids c) the partial pressure of a gas in a liquid is equal to the amount greatly diffusing in the liquid plus the amount bound to large molecules within the liquid d) the partial pressure of a particular gas in a liquid equilibrates to match the partial pressure o that gas in the air to which the liquid is exposed d) the partial pressure of a particular gas in a liquid equilibrates to match the partial pressure o that gas in the air to which the liquid is exposed which of these results from hyperventilation? a) increased alveolar PCO2 and decreased alveolar PO2 b) an increase in both PO2 & PO2 c) decreased alveolar PCO2 & increased alveolar PO2 d) a decrease in both alveolar PCO2 & PO2 c) decreased alveolar PCO2 & increased alveolar PO2 In which form is most of the oxygen carried in arterial blood? a) bound to hemoglobin b) dissolved in the plasma c) dissolved in the cytosol of erthrocytes d) converted to HCO3 a) bound to hemoglobin after CO2 is produced by tissues, in what form is most of that carbon transported th the lungs for removal from the body? a) as dissolved CO2 b) found to hemoglobin c) as H2CO3 d) as dissolved HCO3 d) as dissolved HCO3 action potential in neurnos in the inspiratory center of the medulla result in ation potentials in the ____nerves to the diaphragm, which in turn cause ___ of the muscle, resulting in a/an____ in the volume of teh thoiracic cage. a) motor, contraction, decrease b? parasympathetic, contration, decrease c) sympathetic, contraction, increase D) motor, contraction, increase D) motor, contraction, increase which is NOT a function of the kidneys in maintin homeostaisis? a) regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity b) regulation of blood hydrogen ion concentration c) regulation of blood glucose concentration d) regulation of extracellular fluid volume c) regulation of blood glucose concentration which of the following does NOT correctly describe kidney function? a) they contribute significantly to long term regulation of arterial blood pressure by maintaining the proper plasma volume b) they produce urine of a constant composition at all time, in order to maintain homeostasis of extra cellular fluid c) they excrete metabolic waste products d) the assist in maintaing proper acid base balance in the body c) they excrete metabolic waste products the amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is ___ plus the amount that is ___ minus the amount that is ____. a) filtered, reabsorbed, secreted b) reabsorbed, filtered, secreted c) secreted, reabsorbed, filtered d) filtered, secreted, reabsorbed d) filtered, secreted, reabsorbed which is TRUE about the juxtaglomerular apparatus? a) it is composed of parts of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the efferent arteriole b) it is composed of glomerular capillaries and the macula densa b) in the descending limb of loop of Henle c) in the proximal convoluted tubule d) in the nephron b) in the descending limb of loop of Henle Na+ entry in proximal tubule cells is mainly medicated by_, while in the cortical collecting duct it is mainly medicated by _: A) channels; transporters b) passive diffusion; active diffusion c) transporters; channels d) all entry is mediated by leak channels c) transporters; channels An increase in vasopressin (ADH) triggers what event: a) insertion of AQP2 into the apical membrane of the ruble epithelial cell b) insertion of AQP3 & AQP4 into the apical membrane of the tubule epithelial cell c) removal of AQP2 from the apical membrane of the tubule epithelial cell d) insertion of AQP2 into the Ballarat membrane of the tubule a) insertion of AQP2 into the apical membrane of the ruble epithelial cell Where is the effect of ADH in water permeability the greatest? A) proximal tubule b) ascending limb of the loop of henle c) distal tubule d) collecting duct epithelial cells d) collecting duct epithelial cells When you drink to much water, what happens? A. Hypothalamic baroreceptors increase release of vasopressin, causing an decrease of H2O excretion B. Hypothalamic baroreceptors decrease release of vasopressin, causing an increase of H2O excretion C. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors decrease release of vasopressin, causing an increase of H2O excretion D. Hypothalamic baroreceptors increase release of vasopressin, causing an decrease of H2O excretion C. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors decrease release of vasopressin, causing an increase of H2O excretion 37. Which of the following sequences of events is correct? A. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin II; angiontensin II is cleaved by angiontensin converting enzyme into angiotensin I B. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I; angiontensin I is cleaved by angiontensin converting enzyme into angiotensin II C. Angiotensin converting enzyme cleaves angiontensin II into angiotensinogen then renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I D. None of the above B. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I; angiontensin I is cleaved by angiontensin converting enzyme into angiotensin II 38. What is the net effect of an ACE inhibitor? A. Increased blood pressure B. Decreased blood pressure C. Increased plasma Cl- ion levels D. Vasoconstriction B. Decreased blood pressure 39. Most reabsorption in the nephron occurs in: A. The distal tubule B. The collecting duct C. The glomerulus D. The proximal tubule D. The proximal tubule 40. Constricting the efferent arteriole of the nephron A. Decreases GFR 46. Which occurs mainly in the small intestine? A. gastrin is secreted B. acidic chyme is neutralized C. lysozyme is secreted D. H+ is secreted from epithelial cells into the lumen B. acidic chyme is neutralized What structure secretes the enzyme that breaks down starch to smaller carbohydrates? A. the esophagus B. pancreatic exocrine cells C. pancreatic duct cells D. the liver B. pancreatic exocrine cells 48. Which of the following statements regarding protein digestion and absorption is TRUE? A. Only the exocrine pancreas produces enzymes that can digest proteins. B. After absorption, the products of protein digestion are carried by blood directly to the liver. C. Pepsin digests protein mainly in the small intestine. D. The enzymes that digest protein are secreted in active form. B. After absorption, the products of protein digestion are carried by blood directly to the liver. 49. Which accurately describes lipase? A. It is mainly produced in the liver, and secreted into the small intestine. B. It emulsifies lipids. C. It catalyzes the breakdown of triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids. D. It is produced in the exocrine pancreas, and catalyzes the degradation of chylomicrons into proteins and fats. C. It catalyzes the breakdown of triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids. . Which of the following statements about neural control of digestion is FALSE? A. Parasympathetic stimulation is excitatory to digestion. B. Sympathetic stimulation is generally inhibitory to digestion. C. Parasympathetic stimulation inhibits GI exocrine gland secretions. D. Nerve plexuses receive input from the autonomic nervous system C. Parasympathetic stimulation inhibits GI exocrine gland secretions. . Which of the following plays a main role in stimulating the secretion of the hormone gastrin? A. the hormone secretin B. the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) C. distention of the stomach D. an increase in [H+] in the lumen of the stomach C. distention of the stomach 2. Which of these are secretions of the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa? A. HCl and pepsinogen B. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor C. gastrin and intrinsic factor D. HCl and intrinsic factor 7. What is the main site of gas exchange with the external environment for the circulatory system? A. Alveolus B. Bronchus C. Trachea D. Esophagus A. Alveolus 8. The surface area of the respiratory zone of the lungs is approximately equal to that of: A. A football field B. A racquetball court C. A tennis court D. A ping-pong table C. A tennis court 9. In the alveolus, _____ cells are called ______, and serve to remove foreign debris from the lungs: A. Macrophages; dust cells B. Platelets; grime cells C. Erythrocytes; red blood cells D. None of the above A 6. In the alveolus, _____ cells are called ______, and serve to remove foreign debris from the lungs: A. Macrophages; dust cells B. Platelets; grime cells C. Erythrocytes; red blood cells D. None of the above A. Macrophages; dust cells 10. Which of the following is secreted by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa? A. pepsinogen B. HCl C. intrinsic factor D. gastrin A. pepsinogen The type of smooth muscle contraction occurring in the esophagus during swallowing is called: A. peristalsis. B. mass movement. C. segmentation. D. distension A. peristalsis. 2. Which of the following processes is NOT associated with gastrointestinal function? A. digestion B. filtration C. secretion D. motility B. filtration c)the number of action potential increase d)the size of action potentials decrease c)the number of action potential increase sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons release ___onto the target tissue a)Acetyl Choline b)nonrepinephrine c)GABA d)Glutamiate b)nonrepinephrine acetyle choline released by parasympatheitc post-ganglionic neurons binds to a)nACh receptors b)nACh receptors c)adrenergic receptors d)NMDA receptors b)nACh receptors if the sodium concentration in the blood plasma is high then the sodium concetnraion in the intersitial fluid should be high a) true b) false a) true which of the following cell types has a resting membrane potential of 0 mV a)neruons b)Type 2 alveolar cells c)cardiac myoctyes d)cytotoxic T-cells e)none of the about e)none of the about functional branch of the nervous system controlling skeletal muscle a)muscarinic nervous system b) axonic nervous system c) autonomic nervous system d)somatic nervous system d)somatic nervous system action potential are only produced if the neuron membrane potential reaches threshold and are always the same size a) true b) false true when the nervous system controls a skelatal muscle hem is a two neuron chain from CNS to the skeletal muscle cell a) true b) false false before a sodium channel can close t must inactivate a) true b) false true which of the following is involved in removing neurotransmitters from the synapse quickly after they have been released? a) ATPase pumps b)NMDA receptors c)GABA receptors d) Neurotransmitter transporters d) Neurotransmitter transporters If the temprerature in the body increases, the rate of diffusion ____. a)decreases b)increases c)remains unchanged b)increases when sodium ion flow into a ell which of the following will occur? a)hyperpolarization b)depolarization c)no change b)depolarization 3. potassium moves out o he cell hyper polarizing neuron to -90 mV 4. neuron membrane is depolarized to threshold 5. neuron membrane potential returns to rest 6. voltage gated sodium channels open a) 2,4,6,7,1,3,5, b)6,7,4,1,2,3,5 c)4,2,5,6,7,3,1 d) 4,6,7,1,2,3,5 e) 4,6,7,3,2,5,1 d) 4,6,7,1,2,3,5 when two EPSPs produced by the same pre-synaptic neuron occur close enough togherer to inreas the magnitude of the resulting depolarization this is known as ____. a) spatial summation b)tetanus c)treppo d)temporal summation d)temporal summation somatic motore neurons relese ___ onto skeletal muscle fibers a) glutamate b)epinephrin c)norepinephrine d)acetyle cholin d)acetyle cholin which of the following is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brains? a)glycine b)glutamate c)noradrenaline d)gamma aminobutyric acid e) serotoniin b)glutamate which of the following reveptors are glutamate gated cation channels and are also very important in the molecular mechanim for memory a)NMDA recpeorts b)mGluR's c)GABA b receptors d)Glycine receptors a)NMDA recpeorts Neurotransmitter in the axon terminal is stored in synaptic a)vesicles b)mitochondria c)neurosomes d)knobs a)vesicles a cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed n a)hypothalamus b)effector c)stimulus d)thermoregulator e)receptor b)effector which of the following does not contribute to the fact that the membrane potential is negative a)leaky potassium channels b)lots o intracellular proteins that are negatively charged c) lots of extracellular proteins that are positivily charged d) Na+/K+ ATPase c) lots of extracellular proteins that are positivily charged organ system that protects the body against injury and dehydration and is also important in the regulation of temperature a)urinary system b)digestive system c)integumentary system d) reproductive system e) nervous system c)integumentary system tissues are made up of ___ and intracellular matrix a)molecules