BIOL110: Cell Biology Test #6 - Chapters 12 & 13 Solutions, Exams of Biology

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BIOL110: foundations of cell biology TEST #6 CH. 12 & 13 Questions With Complete Solutions Adaptations Correct Answer modifications fit them to specific ways of life in their environment At what level is evolutionary impact seen in a group of organisms Correct Answer Population level Biotechnology Correct Answer Manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products Bottleneck effect Correct Answer drastic reduction in population size Describe the essence of natural selection and how this mechanism works based on what Darwin deduced Correct Answer 1. Not enough resources

2. Struggle for survival (offspring die)
3. Traits better suited to survive Difference between intrasexual and intersexual selection Correct Answer Intra- compete with same sex for mates Inter- one sex choosy in selecting mates DNA cloning Correct Answer Production of many identical copies of a target segment of DNA DNA ligase Correct Answer Links "glues" two molecules together to create recombinant plasmid

DNA profiling Correct Answer Analysis of DNA samples to determine whether they came from the same individual DNA technology Correct Answer Gives scientists abilities to extract genes from one organism and transfer them to another Evolution Correct Answer Changes in the genetic material of a population over time Evolutionary tree Correct Answer ways that biologists represent patterns of ancestral descent for organisms Example of vestigial structure Correct Answer Wisdom teeth in humans Blind fish that live in dark depths of oceans Examples of homologous structures Correct Answer Features have different functions but are structurally similar Flipper and an arm has same bones Examples of how gene flow can occur Correct Answer Humans move freely about the world Examples of intrasexual and intersexual selection Correct Answer Intra- rituals, displays, or physical combat Inter- Males more colorful often more attractive to females Examples of sexual dimorphism Correct Answer Peacock males having very colorful feathers and females having little to no color

Fossil record Correct Answer Chronicle of evolution over millions of years in which fossils appear in rock strata Fossils Correct Answer Imprints or remains of organisms that lives in the past founder effect Correct Answer Reduction of genomic variability that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population Gel Electrophoresis Correct Answer Separates DNA molecules by size Gene flow Correct Answer Population may gain or lose alleles when fertile individuals move into or out of a population Gene pool Correct Answer All copies of every type of allele in all members of the population Genetic drift Correct Answer Process where chance events can cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next Genetic engineering Correct Answer Direct manipulation of genes for a practical purpose Genomics Correct Answer Study of complete sets of genes of a given organism Homologous structure Correct Answer Structures that have anatomical similarities in different organisms

Homology Correct Answer Similarity resulting from a common ancestor How are Nucleic acid probes made and what are they used for. Correct Answer Probe + Large Collection of DNA Used for mycobacterial infections How are strata organization and fossils related Correct Answer Fossils in particular stratum show which organisms lived in the area at the time that layer was formed How can you tell if genes from the nucleotide sequence has been inherited from a common ancestor Correct Answer 2 species have homologous genes and sequences match closely, biologists say those genes must be from recent common ancestor How do large and small fragments move through the gel Correct Answer Larger segments stay towards the top and smaller ones go toward the bottoms bc it's easier for them to move through the gel How does molecular biology relate to evolution Correct Answer Genes sequencing compare genes How does population size impact genetic drift Correct Answer Smaller the population the more the bottleneck effect will effect the population size How does temperature play a role in PCR Correct Answer Heat increasing DNA separates and builds

Heat decreasing add primers How does the gene pool relate to microevolution Correct Answer % changes over small period of time EX: hair color How is homology related to evolution Correct Answer Similarity from common ancestry Intersexual selection Correct Answer Individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates Intrasexual selection Correct Answer Individuals compete directly with members of the same sex from mates (rituals, displays, or physical combat) List all the steps of gene cloning. Correct Answer 1. Plasmid isolated (vector)

2. Cell's DNA is isolated
3. Plasmid is cut with an enzyme
4. The cell's DNA is cut with the same enzyme
5. Targeted fragment and plasmid DNA are combined
6. DNA ligase is added and joins the two DNA molecules
7. Recombinant plasmid is taken by bacterium through transformation
8. Bacterium reproduces
9. Harvested proteins maybe be used directly and genes may be inserted into other organisms

Micro evolution Correct Answer When relative frequencies of alleles in a population change over a few generations Molecular biology Correct Answer Study of molecular basis of genes and gene expression Natural selection Correct Answer Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce Nucleic Acid probe Correct Answer Probe + large collection of DNA = lit up sequence when bound Paleontologists Correct Answer Scientists who study fossils PCR Correct Answer Polymerase Chain Reaction Specific segment of DNA molecule can be targeted and quickly amplified Plasmid Correct Answer Small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from a larger bacterial chromosome Population Correct Answer Group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time recombinant DNA Correct Answer When scientist combine pieces of DNA to different sources to form a single DNA molecule Restriction enzymes Correct Answer Bacterial enzyme that acts as a cutting tool

Sexual dimorphism Correct Answer distinction in appearance between male and female animals Sexual selection Correct Answer Form of natural selection where those with certain traits are more likely than other to obtain a mate Sticky ends Correct Answer Fragment of DNA used to paste the cutout gene into another organisms DNA Strata Correct Answer New layers of sediment cover old ones and compress them into layers Theory Correct Answer Explanation of the natural world by hypothesis and scientific reasoning Three key caveats about evolution by natural selection Correct Answer 1. Individuals do NOT evolve the population does

2. Natural selection can amplify or diminish heritable traits
3. Evolution is not goal directed Transitional form Correct Answer A species that is intermediate between two different species Vector Correct Answer The unit of a bacterial plasmid that carried the genes Vestigial structure Correct Answer Left over structures we don't need anymore

What are real-world applications of PCR Correct Answer Used to diagnose infections (COVID-19) What are secondary sex characteristics Correct Answer Differences not directly associated with survival What are the steps of PCR Correct Answer Double strand DNA

1. Broken apart by heat (desaturation stage)
2. Cooled and add primer (annealing stage)
3. Heated back up so DNA can be copied (extending stage) What are the steps of the gel electrophoresis process Correct Answer 1. DNA is isolated
4. DNA of markers is amplified
5. Amplified DNA is compared (physically) What are the three main mechanisms of microevolution Correct Answer 1. Natural selection
6. Genetic drift
7. Gene flow What are the type of fossils called that link very different groups of organisms Correct Answer Transitional fossils What are three reasons the fossil record is incomplete Correct Answer - past organism's not living in areas that favor fossilization

• fossils being destroyed by geologic processes
• not all fossils are accessible to paleontologists

What are two possible end results to gene cloning Correct Answer Genes and harvested proteins (Either makes something or copies it) What can be used to determine the branching sequence of a tree Correct Answer A common ancestor What cause the bottle neck effect to occur Correct Answer Catastrophes and drop of population What did Darwin predict about the ancestors of whales Correct Answer Whales evolved from land dwelling mammals What does descent with modification mean Correct Answer Over time, differences gradually accumulate What does electrophoresis separate molecules based on Correct Answer Size What does it mean for two species to have homologous genes Correct Answer Genes serve a same purpose What does PCR stand for Correct Answer Polymerase chain reaction What enzyme glues two molecules together Correct Answer DNA ligase What is Darwin's main hypothesis Correct Answer present- dayspeciesarethe descendants of ancient ancestors that they still resemble in some ways

What is genetic drift Correct Answer Bottle neck and founder effect What is the end result of gel electrophoresis Correct Answer DNA physically separating due to size What is the function of restriction enzymes and how do they work Correct Answer Bacterial based. Used as cutting tools and paste What is the lasting impact of the bottle neck effect Correct Answer All genes gone Dominant and Recessive What is the lasting impact of the founder effect on the population Correct Answer Less gene specific and break off What molecular biology evidence is there to back up his hypothesis Correct Answer All forms of life use same genetic language of DNA and RNA What scientific evident proved Darwin right about the ancestors of whales Correct Answer TRANSITIONAL FORM FOSSILS Modern whales have forelimbs but lack hind limbs What supplies/ equipment is required for electrophoresis Correct Answer Well, Power source, gel, and DNA What was Darwin's boldest hypothesis Correct Answer All life forms are related

Whole-genome shotgun Correct Answer Used to sequence a humans entire genome Why are fossils important to evolution Correct Answer Document differences between past and present organisms Also, how many species have gone extinct Why are plasmids such a good choice for gene manipulation Correct Answer They can hold genes, easily transferred, and get passed on Why is the fossil record important to evolution Correct Answer Chronicle evolution over millions of years engraved in order in which fossils appear in rock strata