Biology 1100 Final Exam Review with Complete Solutions, Exams of Advanced Education

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Biology 1100 Final Exam Review with

Complete Solutions

define allele - ANSWER-different versions of a gene at a given locus define biotechnology - ANSWER-the use and alteration of organisms, cells, or biological molecules to produce food, drugs or other goods define chromosome - ANSWER-consists of DNA together with proteins that organize its 3D structure and regulate use define energy - ANSWER-capacity to do work define entropy - ANSWER-disorder in a system in inevitable define gene - ANSWER-encode the information needed to produce proteins, cells, and entire organisms define locus - ANSWER-a gene's physical location on a chromosome define science - ANSWER-the systematic inquiry, through observation and experiment, into the origins and structures and behaviors of our living and nonliving surroundings define transgenic/GMOs - ANSWER-plants or animals that contain DNA that has been modified or derived from other species describe an endergonic reaction - ANSWER-put energy in describe an exergonic reaction - ANSWER-energy released describe competitive inhibition - ANSWER- describe noncompetitive inhibition - ANSWER- describe the 3 steps of DNA replication - ANSWER-1. parental DNA unwinds with DNA helicase

2. DNA polymerase matches complimentary base pairs with the DNA strand (moves 3' to 5')
3. each new helix has one parental and one daughter strand describe the breakdown of pyruvate. what are the products? - ANSWER-2 pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ → 2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH describe the deletion mutation - ANSWER-

describe the inputs and outputs of the kreb's cycle - ANSWER-2 acetyl CoA → 2 CoA, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH describe the insertion mutation - ANSWER- describe the inversion mutation - ANSWER- describe the pH scale - ANSWER- describe the process of dehydration synthesis - ANSWER- describe the process of glycolysis. what are the products? - ANSWER-1 glucose + 2 ATP → fructose biphosphate → 2 G3P → 2 pyruvate, net 2 ATP, 2 NADH describe the process of hydrolysis - ANSWER- describe the process of the ETC/chemiosmosis. what are the products? - ANSWER- H2O, 32 ATP describe the process of translation - ANSWER- describe the three steps of trancription - ANSWER-1. RNA polymerase binds to start codon

2. RNA polymerase travels down DNA matching complimentary pairs with free nucleotides
3. transcription stops at stop codon and RNA polymerase and mRNA detach describe the translocation mutation - ANSWER- explain the difference between experimental, observational and comparative methods of science - ANSWER-experimental is a test, observational is through watching, comparative is comparing two things how are mutations prevented? - ANSWER-through semiconservative replication and exonuclease that fixes mistakes how are traits inherited? - ANSWER-through the genes of both parents how can energy be transformed during chemical reactions? - ANSWER-energy conversions result in a loss of energy how can molecular profiles identify individuals? - ANSWER-through STRs (specific segments of DNA used to identify people) the gov't uses a standard set of 13 STRs that have higher variable numbers of repeats in different people

how do atoms form molecules? - ANSWER-through chemical bonding (ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonding) how does gel electrophoresis work? - ANSWER-put DNA into gel → attach electricity → DNA moves to positive electrode → farther the DNA, the smaller the segment how does one maintain, gain, or lose weight? - ANSWER-maintain: Ein = Eout gain: Ein > Eout lose: Ein < Eout how does the structure of the cell membrane relate to its function? - ANSWER-the membrane is fluid, so it allows for cells to move fluidly and proteins help regulate flow of materials in and out how is energy carried within the cell - ANSWER-energy is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP name the 6 characteristics of all living things - ANSWER-1. acquire and use materials and energy

2. actively maintain organized complexity
3. perceive and respond to stimuli
4. grow
5. reproduce
6. evolve what are four unique properties of water and why do these make water essential for life? - ANSWER-water is an excellent solvent, water moderates the effect of temperature changes, water forms ice, water can be basic, acidic or neutral what are some examples of events that lead to genetic variability? - ANSWER-crossing over, mutations, law of independent assortment, law of segregation, fusion of gametes, how chromosomes line up during metaphase what are the 3 components of cell theory? - ANSWER-1. every organism is made up of one or more cells
7. the smallest organisms are single cells, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms
8. all cells arise from preexisting cells what are the 4 basic characteristics of all cells? - ANSWER-1. plasma membrane
9. cytoplasm fills cell
10. contains DNA
11. energy is transferred from environment to cells what are the 5 steps involved in getting new proteins to the plasma membrane?

how does this relate to transcription/translation? how does this connect to B-cells? - ANSWER-1. antibody protein synthesized in ribosomes

2. protein packaged into vesicles and travels to Golgi apparatus
3. carbs added onto protein in Golgi apparatus
4. glycoproteins packaged into vesicles
5. vesicle releases antibodies into fluid transcription/translation encodes for these proteins to be made anitbodies made are saved by the body to fight off infection later on what are the 6 biological molecules that form the cell membrane? - ANSWER- phospholipids, receptor proteins, transport proteins, recognition proteins, connection proteins, enzymes what are the 6 steps in the scientific method? - ANSWER-1. observation
6. question
7. hypothesis
8. prediction
9. experiment
10. conclusion what are the four main patterns of inheritance of a single chromosome - ANSWER- autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked dominant, sex-linked recessive what are the stages of the cell cycle? - ANSWER-G1, S, G2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase/cytokinesis what do connection proteins do? - ANSWER-anchor cells and provide shape what do enzymes do? - ANSWER-promote chemical reactions what do receptor proteins do? - ANSWER-respond to external environment what do recognition proteins do? - ANSWER-they are ID tags for the cell what do transport proteins do? - ANSWER-allow materials to flow in and out of the cell what is a covalent bond? what are the two types? - ANSWER-where electrons are shared between atoms nonpolar (electrons shared equally) and polar (electrons shared equally) what is a hydrogen bond? - ANSWER-attraction between two molecules that have an H bonded to a F, O, or N

what is an ionic bond? - ANSWER-where electrons are transferred from one atom to another what is cell-mediated endocytosis? - ANSWER-selectively takes up specific molecules that cannot move passively what is diffusion? - ANSWER-random movements of solutes from areas of high concentration to low concentration what is facilitated diffusion? what are the two types and how do they work? - ANSWER- use of specific transport proteins to move through cell membranes carrier proteins and channel proteins what is phagocytosis? - ANSWER-cell eating what is pinocytosis? - ANSWER-cell drinking what is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? - ANSWER-a hypothesis is an explanation based on assumptions where a theory is a hypothesis that can be confirmed by others and is widely accepted what is the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis? - ANSWER-with a null hypothesis, there is no significant difference in outcomes between tested groups, while an alternative hypothesis expects a change what is the difference between a question, hypothesis, and prediction? - ANSWER-a question is the curiosity of a situation, a hypothesis is a proposed explanation for this situation, and a prediction is the expected outcome of the hypothesis what is the difference between an atom and an element? - ANSWER-an atom is the smallest unit of an element that can retain all the chemical properties of that element, where an element is a substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances what is the difference between DNA and RNA? - ANSWER-DNA -A, T, C, G -double stranded RNA -A, U, C, G -single stranded what is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? - ANSWER-sexual: sperm fertilized an egg to form offspring asexual: formation of an offspring w/o having a sperm fertilize an egg

what is the first law of thermodynamics? - ANSWER-energy can neither be created nor destroyed what is the function and structure of carbohydrates? - ANSWER-function: provide sugars that are then converted into ATP and used for energy what is the function and structure of lipids? - ANSWER-used to store energy; insoluble tails and soluble heads what is the function and structure of nucleotides? - ANSWER-houses genetic information what is the function and structure of proteins? - ANSWER-storage, movement, defense, structure, signaling, catalyzing what is the goal of fermentation? - ANSWER-to get a little ATP and free up electron carriers what is the main function of enzymes? - ANSWER-to start chemical reactions in the body and increase the speed of reactions what is the main source of energy for plants and animals? - ANSWER-the sun what is the purpose of PCR? - ANSWER-copies a specific DNA sequence very quickly and makes a lot of it what is the second law of thermodynamics - ANSWER-entropy increases in a closed system what is the structure of the phospholipid bilayer? - ANSWER-hydrophobic (insoluble) tails and hydrophilic (soluble) heads what is the total amount of ATP produced through cellular respiration? - ANSWER- what major experiments lead to the discovery of DNA? - ANSWER-Griffith discovered that genetic material could be transferred (rats) Hershey and Chase discovered that DNA is the molecule that carries genetic material when do mitosis and meiosis occur? - ANSWER-mitosis- all the time meiosis- only when gametes need to be made where does transcription happen? - ANSWER-nucleus where does translation occur? - ANSWER-cyotplasm

why do cells divide? - ANSWER-to transmit hereditary info, required for growth and development and required for sexual and asexual reproduction why is carbon unique? - ANSWER-it can either lose or gain 4 electrons, so it is verasitile in bonding