BIOLOGY 189 FINAL EXAM ARIZONA COLLEGE OF NURSING QUESTIONS WITH PRECISE ANSWER 2024 LATES, Exams of Nursing

Download BIOLOGY 189 FINAL EXAM ARIZONA COLLEGE OF NURSING QUESTIONS WITH PRECISE ANSWER 2024 LATES and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 BIOLOGY 189 FINAL EXAM ARIZONA COLLEGE OF NURSING QUESTIONS WITH PRECISE ANSWER 2024 LATEST UPDATED GRADED A+. Where does glycolysis take place? - Precise answer cytoplasm Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) - Precise answer Glucose Glycolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?) - Precise answer2 ATP. pyruvate Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? - Precise answer mitochondrial matrix Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) - Precise answer acetyl coenzyme A Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What comes out (products) - Precise answer3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO2 Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? - Precise answer Inner MEMBRANE mitochondria Electron transport chain What goes in? - Precise answer Hydrogen Electron transport chain What comes out? - Precise answerATP How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? - Precise answerNADH + H AND FADH2 are oxidized and lose the positive hydrogen. What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across the mitochondrial membrane? - Precise answerATP What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? - Precise answerComplex 4, cytochrome C oxidase What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation? - Precise answerOxygen From start to finish, approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one molecules of ATP that gets processed in aerobic respiration? - Precise answer34-36 ATP What is produced from lactate fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? - Precise answer Lactate and alcohol,CO2 2 What are the basic steps of replication? - Precise answerDNA strands separate, primers hybridize, DNA Polymerase Assembles Nucleotides, Two DNA Molecules Are Produced Helicase - Precise answer An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. primer - Precise answer A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand Polymerase - Precise answer an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA. Ligase - Precise answer An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment What are base pairs? - Precise answer Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine What does guanine pair with during DNA replication? - Precise answer Cytosine What does cytosine pair with during DNA replication? - Precise answer Guanine If guanine makes of 25% of the bases in a DNA double helix: What percent of the bases are cytosine? Adenine? Thymine? - Precise answer25% Group the following into levels of organizations -DNA -Sister chromatids -Chromosomes - Precise answer What type of bond links the nitrogenous bases together from opposing strands? - Precise answer hydrogen bonds Which component determines differences in differing nucleotides? (hint: the nucleotide's phosphate group, sugar, or nitrogenous base...) - Precise answer phosphate groups What primarily produces diversity among individuals and species? (hint: individual nucleotides, sequence of nucleotides, or organization of the DNA backbone...) - Precise answer sequence of nucleotides What are histones? - Precise answer any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin. What are mutations? - Precise answer permanent changes in the DNA sequence of a chromosome. What are nucleotide dimers and which type(s) of mutagen(s) usually causes them? - Precise answer Dimers cause mutations because polymerases tend to copy kinked DNA incorrectly. 5 What cells undergo mitosis? - Precise answer somatic cells What cells undergo meiosis? - Precise answer gametes What are they major steps of mitosis? - Precise answer Prophase:, the nuclear envelope break down, chromosomes attach to spindle fibers by their centromeres Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle) Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, What are they major steps of meiosis? - Precise answerprophase1: chromosomes pack tightly, attach to spindle poles Metaphase1: chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase1: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase1: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, (repeat with starting with prophase 2) In which stage do cells typically spend most of their life? - Precise answer Interphase What is crossing over? - Precise answer the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. Does crossing over occur in mitosis? - Precise answer No, only in meiosis What is a karyotype? - Precise answer an individual's complete set of chromosomes What chromosome pairs is assigned female? - Precise answerXX What chromosome pairs is assigned male? - Precise answerXY What is the total chromosome number in humans? - Precise answer46 What is the difference between diploid cells and haploid cells? - Precise answer The number of chromosome sets that are found in the nucleus Does mitosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - Precise answer Diploid Does meiosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - Precise answer haploid Is the number of chromosomes in diploid cells half, double, or quadruple that of haploid cells? - Precise answer Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid - a haploid cell contains only one complete set of chromosomes. What is an autosome? - Precise answer Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome What is a sex chromosome? - Precise answer a chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. 6 What is nondisjunction? - Precise answer Failure for chromosomes to separate properly. When does nondisjunction occur? - Precise answer when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis In which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? - Precise answerS phase What is down syndrome caused by? what is the result? - Precise answer Trisomy 21, distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, developmental delays What is Marfan's syndrome? - Precise answer genetic condition that affects the body's connective tissue. Why are males more likely to exhibit X-linked disorders such as Fragile X syndrome? - Precise answer Because females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome What is the equator of the cell? - Precise answer the central plane of the spindle in a dividing cell When does crossing over occur during cell division? - Precise answer between prophase I and metaphase I When do sister chromatids separate during mitosis? Meiosis? - Precise Answer Anaphase, anaphase 1 How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis? Meiosis? Are they haploid or diploid? - Precise answer2 daughter cells mitosis, 4 daughter cells meiosis - haploid What part of the DNA might be the only physiological barrier to immortality? - Precise answer Telomeres What is an oncogene? - Precise answer a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell. What is a tumor suppressor gene? - Precise answer a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer (put the brakes on the cell cycle.) What is a tumor? - Precise answer a mass of abnormal cells What is cancer? - Precise answer the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. What does benign mean? - Precise answer non-cancerous What does malignant mean? - Precise answer cancerous 7 What does homozygous mean? - Precise answer chromosomes with the same allele of a gene. What does heterozygous mean? - Precise answer two different alleles What is a genotype? - Precise answer genetic makeup of an organism (set of alleles that occur in an individual's chromosomes.) What is a phenotype? - Precise answer physical characteristics of an organism What is a dominant trait? - Precise answer allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele What is a recessive trait? - Precise answer allele with an effect that is masked by a dominant allele In pedigree charts, what do the following represent? Shaded square Shaded circle Clear square clear circle Shape that is half shaded and half clear - Precise answer Affected male Affected female Male Female Carrier of trait What is a monohybrid cross? - Precise answer A cross between individuals heterozygous for a single character (for example Aa X Aa.) What is codominance? How does blood typing work? - Precise answer an inheritance pattern in which the full and separate phenotypic effects of two alleles are apparent in heterozygous individuals. Blood typing is The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. How do X-linked disorders work? - Precise answer caused by variants in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each cell. What is a polygenic trait? - Precise answer when multiple genes affect one trait What is a polyploidy trait? - Precise answer having three or more complete sets of chromosomes