BIOLOGY 189 FINAL EXAM ARIZONA COLLEGE OF NURSING QUESTIONS WITH PRECISE ANSWER 2024 LATES, Exams of Biology

Download BIOLOGY 189 FINAL EXAM ARIZONA COLLEGE OF NURSING QUESTIONS WITH PRECISE ANSWER 2024 LATES and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! 1 BIOLOGY 189 FINAL EXAM ARIZONA COLLEGE OF NURSING QUESTIONS WITH PRECISE ANSWER 2024 LATEST UPDATED GRADED A+. Where does glycolysis take place? - Precise answercytoplasm Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) - Precise answerGlucose Gylcolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?) - Precise answer2 ATP. pyruvate Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? - Precise answermitochondrial matrix Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) - Precise answeracetyl coenzyme A Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What comes out (products) - Precise answer3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO2 Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? - Precise answerInner MEMBRANE mitochondria Electron transport chain What goes in? - Precise answerHydrogen Electron transport chain What comes out? - Precise answerATP How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? - Precise answerNADH + H AND FADH2 are oxidated and lose the positive hydrogen. What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across the mitochondrial membrane? - Precise answerATP What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? - Precise answerComplex 4, cytochrome C oxidase What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation? - Precise answerOxygen From start to finish, approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one molecules of ATP that gets processed in aerobic respiration? - Precise answer34-36 ATP What is produced from lactate fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? - Precise answerLactate and alcohol,CO2 2 What are the basic steps of replication? - Precise answerDNA strands separate, primers hybridize, DNA Polymerase Assembles Nucleotides, Two DNA Molecules Are Produced Helicase - Precise answerAn enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks. primer - Precise answerA short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand Polymerase - Precise answeran enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA. Ligase - Precise answerAn enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment What are base pairs? - Precise answerAdenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine What does guanine pair with during DNA replication? - Precise answerCytosine What does cytosine pair with during DNA replication? - Precise answerGuanine If guanine makes of 25% of the bases in a DNA double helix: What percent of the bases are cytosine? Adenine? Thymine? - Precise answer25% Group the following into levels of organizations -DNA -Sister chromatids -Chromosomes - Precise answer What type of bond links the nitrogenous bases together from opposing strands? - Precise answerhydrogen bonds Which component determines differences in differing nucleotides? (hint: the nucleotide's phosphate group, sugar, or nitrogenous base...) - Precise answerphosphate groups What primarily produces diversity among individuals and species? (hint: individual nucleotides, sequence of nucleotides, or organization of the DNA backbone...) - Precise answersequence of nucleotides What are histones? - Precise answerany of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin. What are mutations? - Precise answerpermanent changes in the DNA sequence of a chromosome. What are nucleotide dimers and which type(s) of mutagen(s) usually causes them? - Precise answerDimers cause mutations because polymerases tend to copy kinked DNA incorrectly. 5 What cells undergo mitosis? - Precise answersomatic cells What cells undergo meiosis? - Precise answergametes What are they major steps of mitosis? - Precise answerProphase:, the nuclear envelope break down, chromosomes attach to spindle fibers by their centromeres Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle) Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, What are they major steps of meiosis? - Precise answerprophase1:chromosomes pack tightly, attach to spindle poles Metaphase1: chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase1: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell Telophase1: nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes unfold into chromatin, ( repeat with starting with prophase 2) In which stage do cells typically spend most of their life? - Precise answerInterphase What is crossing over? - Precise answerthe exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. Does crossing over occur in mitosis? - Precise answerNo, only in meiosis What is a karyotype? - Precise answeran individual's complete set of chromosomes What chromosome pairs is assigned female? - Precise answerXX What chromosome pairs is assigned male? - Precise answerXY What is the total chromosome number in humans? - Precise answer46 What is the difference between diploid cells and haploid cells? - Precise answerThe number of chromosome sets that are found in the nucleus Does mitosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - Precise answerDiploid Does meiosis result in diploid or haploid cells? - Precise answerhaploid Is the number of chromosomes in diploid cells half, double, or quadruple that of haploid cells? - Precise answerHaploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid - a haploid cell contains only one complete set of chromosomes. What is an autosome? - Precise answerAny chromosome that is not a sex chromosome What is a sex chromosome? - Precise answera chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds. 6 What is nondisjunction? - Precise answerFailure for chromosomes to separate properly. When does nondisjunction occur? - Precise answerwhen chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis In which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? - Precise answerS phase What is down syndrome caused by? what is the result? - Precise answerTrisomy 21,distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, developmental delays What is Marfan's syndrome? - Precise answergenetic condition that affects the body's connective tissue. Why are males more likely to exhibit X-linked disorders such as Fragile X syndrome? - Precise answerBecause females have two copies of the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome What is the equator of the cell? - Precise answerthe central plane of the spindle in a dividing cell When does crossing over occur during cell division? - Precise answerbetween prophase I and metaphase I When do sister chromatids separate during mitosis? Meiosis? - Precise answerAnaphase, anaphase 1 How many daughter cells are produced by mitosis? Meiosis? Are they haploid or diploid? - Precise answer2 daughter cells mitosis , 4 daughter cells meiosis - haploid What part of the DNA might be the only physiological barrier to immortality? - Precise answerTelomeres What is an oncogene? - Precise answera gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell. What is a tumor suppressor gene? - Precise answera gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer (put the brakes on the cell cycle.) What is a tumor? - Precise answera mass of abnormal cells What is cancer? - Precise answerthe disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. What does benign mean? - Precise answernon-cancerous What does malignant mean? - Precise answercancerous 7 What does homozygous mean? - Precise answerchromosomes with the same allele of a gene. What does heterozygous mean? - Precise answertwo different alleles What is a genotype? - Precise answergenetic makeup of an organism (set of alleles that occur in an individual's chromosomes.) What is a phenotype? - Precise answerphysical characteristics of an organism What is a dominant trait? - Precise answerallele that masks the effect of a recessive allele What is a recessive trait? - Precise answerallele with an effect that is masked by a dominant allele In pedigree charts, what do the following represent? Shaded square Shaded circle Clear square clear circle Shape that is half shaded and half clear - Precise answerAffected male Affected female Male Female Carrier of trait What is a monohybrid cross? - Precise answerA cross between individuals heterozygous for a single character (for example Aa X Aa.) What is codominance? How does blood typing work? - Precise answeran inheritance pattern in which the full and separate phenotypic effects of two alleles are apparent in heterozygous individuals.blood typing is The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. How do X-linked disorders work? - Precise answercaused by variants in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each cell. What is a polygenic trait? - Precise answerwhen multiple genes affect one trait What is a polyploidy trait? - Precise answerhaving three or more complete sets of chromosomes