BIOLOGY EOC STUDY QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT SOLUTIONS 2024 UPDATED GRADED A+., Exams of Biology

Download BIOLOGY EOC STUDY QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT SOLUTIONS 2024 UPDATED GRADED A+. and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

BIOLOGY EOC STUDY QUESTIONS WITH 100%

CORRECT SOLUTIONS 2024 UPDATED GRADED

A+.

Activation Energy - Correct solution amount of energy needed to start a reaction Amino Acid - Correct solution Bounded by peptide bonds; monomer of a protein. Are the building blocks of proteins Carbohydrate - Correct solution (monosaccharides) main source of energy for the cell; CHO Catalyst - Correct solution Used in enzymes to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction Enzyme - Correct solution Protein and Catalyst; have an active site and a substrate Lipid - Correct solution (1 glycerol = 3 fatty acids) used for long term energy storage, make up the phospholipid bilayer; CHO Monosaccharide - Correct solution simple sugars, monomer for carbs (glucose and sucrose) Nucleic Acids - Correct solution Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA Protein - Correct solution (amino acids) referred to as the building blocks, genes code for these. CHON Cell Theory - Correct solution All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism

Differentiation - Correct solution The process by which Stem cells start to perform their jobs aka their function Eukaryote - Correct solution Cells that have a nucleus, larger, complex, and have membrane bound organelles (Ex. Plants and Animals) Multicellular Organisms - Correct solution Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.) Organelles - Correct solution Small structures that perform various functions for the cell (reside within the cytoplasm). Tiny Organs Prokaryote - Correct solution Cells with no nucleus, small, simple (few membrane bound organelles) (Ex. Bacteria) Stem Cells - Correct solution Undifferentiated cells. Two types are embryonic or somatic (adult) Unicellular Organism - Correct solution Organisms composed of only one cell (Ex. Bacteria) Passive Transport - Correct solution No energy required; transport of small and medium sized materials (gas, water, uncharged particles) across the plasma membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion) Diffusion - Correct solution No energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials) Osmosis - Correct solution No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out Facilitated Diffusion - Correct solution "Semi-active" uses transport proteins to help move material across the plasma membrane, but still doesn't require energy (high to low) Homeostasis - Correct solution Maintaining of a stable internal environment

Active Transport - Correct solution Requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles. From a low concentration to a high concentration Vesicles - Correct solution Used when molecules are too large to pass through the membrane, even with the help of a transport protein Endocytosis - Correct solution Large molecules going INTO the cell Exocytosis - Correct solution Large molecules going OUT of the cell Concentration Gradient - Correct solution Drives diffusion; usually from a high to low concentration (down the concentration gradient ) Nucleus - Correct solution Only in eukaryotic cells, command center of the cell where the DNA is keep Mitochondria - Correct solution Makes ATP, (Power house of the cell); Where Cellular Respiration occurs Chloroplast - Correct solution Makes glucose for the plant; Where Photosynthesis occurs Lysosomes - Correct solution Breaks down waste, food, etc. Vacuole - Correct solution Where molecules, waste, etc. is stored; Bigger in Plant Cells Ribosomes - Correct solution Makes protein; Where translation in protein synthesis occurs Rough ER - Correct solution Transports Proteins; Has Ribosomes on the surface Smooth ER - Correct solution Transports Lipids (sometimes proteins) ; Does not have Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus - Correct solution UPS of the cell; Sorts and packages molecules

Cell Membrane - Correct solution Semi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis Nuclear Envelope/Membrane - Correct solution Controls what goes in/out of the nucleus Cell Wall - Correct solution Only in Plant Cells; supports and provides protection Cytoplasm - Correct solution dissolves nutrients, allowing diffusion to occur; holds all the organelles Hypotonic - Correct solution Water only entering the cell, resulting in it being Lysed/Burst Isotonic - Correct solution Same amount of water entering the cell as existing, resulting in an equilibrium, normal Cell Hypertonic - Correct solution Water only exiting the cell, resulting in it being shriveled Photosynthesis - Correct solution Light Dependent Reaction - Correct solution Solar energy needed to produce NADPH & ATP and Water (releasing oxygen) occurs in the Chloroplast Light Independent Reaction - Correct solution Calvin Cycle; Solar energy is not required, occurs in the stroma of the Chloroplast and produces glucose for the plant Electron Transport Chain - Correct solution Final stage of Cellular Respiration where most of the energy is produced (32 ATP) in the mitochondria. Hydrogen combines with Oxygen to form water and Carbon Dioxide is released. (Aerobic) Cellular Respiration - Correct solution Pyruvic Acid - Correct solution Produced in Glycolysis when glucose is broken down and then used during Fermentation of Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration - Correct solution Doesn't require oxygen; includes Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation of Cellular Respiration ATP - Correct solution Main source of energy for the cell; made in the Mitochondria. When used in the cell it turns into ADP and returns to the Mitochondria to be converted back Aerobic Respiration - Correct solution Stage of Cellular Respiration that requires Energy; includes the Krebs Cycle and ETC Glycolysis - Correct solution First stage of Cellular Respiration in which the Glucose molecule is broken in half creating two Pyruvic Acid molecules and 2ATP Lactic Acid Fermentation - Correct solution In Anaerobic Respiration- pyruvates break down creating energy (found in muscles) and lactic acid Alcohol Fermentation - Correct solution In Anaerobic Respiration- occurs mostly in yeast, pyruvates break down forming alcohol, CO2, and releasing energy Krebs Cycle - Correct solution In Aerobic Respiration- pyruvates travel to the mitochondria where it eventually releases CO2, water, and 2 ATP Chromosome - Correct solution long thread of DNA containing genetic information Sister Chromatid - Correct solution One of 2 strands of a chromosome that becomes visible during mitosis Centromere - Correct solution region of chromosomes that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis Centriole - Correct solution cell organelle that produces spindle fibers and helps with cellular division of animal cells Spindle Fibers - Correct solution Fibers that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell and assists in the separation of chromosomes

Cell Plate - Correct solution Within a plant cell, forms midways between the divided nuclei of a cell during Cytokinesis Cleavage Furrow - Correct solution formed by the cell membrane during Cytokinesis, pinching the cell into equal parts DNA - Correct solution Makes up chromosomes and copies itself during cell division, provides a blueprint for protein synthesis by specific arrangement of nitrogenous bases; Deoxyribose, Double Helix Cell Cycle - Correct solution Repeated pattern of growth and division that occurs in eukaryotes Daughter Cells - Correct solution Created at the end of mitosis, each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and will be identical to each other Mitosis - Correct solution Somatic Cells undergo this in order to repair and regrow, creating two identical diploid daughter cells Interphase - Correct solution G1: growth S: (synthesis) replicate DNA G2: growth Prophase - Correct solution Preparing, nuclear membrane begins to break down and spindle fibers form Metaphase - Correct solution Chromosomes line up in the middle and spindle fibers attach to the centromere Anaphase - Correct solution Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart, pulling them away from the center of the cell Telophase - Correct solution Cells membrane forms, spindle fibers retract, and chromosomes uncoil as the cell starts to become two Cytokinesis - Correct solution The division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells Cancer - Correct solution Uncontrolled Cell Growth (tumor)

Gamete - Correct solution Sexual reproductive cell (egg and sperm) Somatic - Correct solution Body cell (liver, skin, etc.) Haploid - Correct solution (n) one set of chromosomes (egg and sperm) Diploid - Correct solution (2n) two sets of chromosomes from each parent Homologous Pair - Correct solution Cluster of four chromosomes, two from male and two from female, can exchange genetic information during crossing over ( one from mom and one from dad) Tetrad - Correct solution Another term for homologous pair Zygote - Correct solution the union of a sperm and egg gamete form this Crossing Over - Correct solution Allows for genetic diversity where the genetic information from male and female swap; occurs during Prophase I Meiosis - Correct solution Start with one diploid cell and end with four unique haploid cells, process by which the body produces gametes Alleles - Correct solution different forms of a gene (Ex. 'A') Dominant - Correct solution Trait is always expressed if present Recessive - Correct solution Trait is only seen if dominant allele isn't present Homozygous - Correct solution When an organism has two alike alleles for a trait (Ex. AA or aa) Heterozygous - Correct solution When an organism has two different alleles for a trait (Ex. Aa) Genotype - Correct solution Genetic makeup of an organism, revealing the types of alleles he/she has inherited (Ex. AA)

Phenotype - Correct solution Physical appearance/characteristic of an organism (Ex. Blue eyes) Monohybrid Cross - Correct solution examines the inheritance of one trait. Cross two parents to see the probability of their offspring inheriting a particular trait F1 Generation - Correct solution the first generation's offspring F2 Generation - Correct solution the second generation's offspring Incomplete Dominance - Correct solution Offspring is a mixture of the parent's characteristics through multiple generations; blending of traits Pedigree - Correct solution A chart made to show inheritance patterns within a family Codominance - Correct solution offspring contains BOTH parent's characteristics distinctly Multiple Alleles - Correct solution Exists for a particular trait even through only two alleles are inherited (Ex. Blood Type) Sex-Linked Trait - Correct solution Involves genes on either the X or the Y chromosome; Passed most normally through the X chromosome (Ex. Color blindness, Hemophilia) Law of Independent Assortment - Correct solution Segregation of alleles of one trait does not affect the segregation of alleles of another trait Trait - Correct solution Characteristic that can be passed from one parent to offspring Heredity - Correct solution Passing of traits from parent to offspring Genetics - Correct solution Study of Heredity, each somatic cell is a diploid where chromosomes are inherited from offspring's parent Mendel - Correct solution Father of Genetics; responsible of the Law of Inheritance

Nitrogenous Base - Correct solution Part of a nucleotide, consists of Thymine (only DNA), Uracil (only RNA), Adenine Guanine, and Cytosine Nucleotide - Correct solution small subunits composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group RNA - Correct solution Single Helix, Uracil base, Ribose Sugar Gene - Correct solution specific location on a chromosome (DNA) that codes for a particular protein Transcription - Correct solution DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA in the nucleus Translation - Correct solution mRNA with the genetic information is taken to the Ribosome and in interpreted into amino acids mRNA - Correct solution Messenger RNA that carries genetic information to the ribosome from the nucleus tRNA - Correct solution Transfer RNA that transfers correct amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized, contains the anticodon that matches the codon on the mRNA Codon - Correct solution Sequence of 3 bade pairs on a strand of DNA or mRNA Stop Codon - Correct solution Tells the ribosome to stop translating Anticodon - Correct solution 3 base complement to the codon on the tRNA Mutation - Correct solution an alteration of an organism's DNA caused by a malfunction during meiosis or from exposure to a mutagen Nondisjunction - Correct solution When chromosomes don't separate properly during anaphase, resulting in an abnormal amount of chromosomes

Genome - Correct solution All genetic material in an organism DNA Replication - Correct solution Process of making a copy of DNA through the use of enzymes (Helicase) and complimentary base pairing to ensure that every cell has identical DNA molecules; Occurs during Synthesis of Interphase Cloning - Correct solution Making an identical copy of a gene or organism Selective Breeding - Correct solution Artificially breeding for a desired trait Speciation - Correct solution The process of forming a new species by biological evolution from preexisting species Homologous Structures - Correct solution Similar characteristics resulting from common ancestry Species - Correct solution Group of organisms that share similar characteristics, interbreed, and make fertile offspring Gene Pool - Correct solution All the genes, including different alleles, of all individuals in a population Genetic Drift - Correct solution Random change in frequency of alleles of a population overtime Gene Flow - Correct solution The movement of genes into or out of a population overtime Vestigial Structure - Correct solution Structures with little or no function to the organism (Ex. the human appendix) Coevolution - Correct solution Two or more species living close together change in response to one another (the evolution of one species affects the evolution of another) Natural Selection - Correct solution Allows for the most favorable phenotypes to survive and be passed on

Genetic Variability - Correct solution Makes sure new generations result in individuals with unique genotypes Phylogenetic Trees - Correct solution Scientific diagrams that represent the phylogeny of organisms (a.k.a. cadograms). Classifies into major groups (taxa) by physical characteristics, in order from which they descended from an ancestor Sexual Reproduction - Correct solution Involves two parents through fertilization resulting in genetically different offspring that increases on organism's chance of survival Asexual Reproduction - Correct solution Involves one parent through Binary Fission and Mitosis resulting in offspring that is identical to the parent with no genetic variability Extinction - Correct solution Elimination of a species when they can no longer adapt to the changing environment (can be gradual or rapid) Embryology - Correct solution The study embryonic development of organisms Trophic Level - Correct solution Different levels displaying the order of a food chain Carnivore - Correct solution Eat primarily consumers (meat) Herbivore - Correct solution Consumes plants Omnivore - Correct solution Eat both primary consumers and producers Detrivore - Correct solution Heterotroph that decomposes organic material Ecosystem - Correct solution Community, all organisms in a given area and abiotic factors that annoy them Niche - Correct solution Role of an organism in its environment, including the food they eat, how they obtain the Food, and how it interacts

Population Density - Correct solution Number of individual organisms living in a defined space Biotic - Correct solution Living factors in an environment Abiotic - Correct solution Non-living factors in an environment Greenhouse Effect - Correct solution Normal warming effect when gases trap heat in the environment Carrying Capacity - Correct solution Maximum population size that can be supported by the resources available Producers - Correct solution Green plants and autotrophs, capture the sun's energy (1st level) Primary Consumer - Correct solution Heterotrophs, herbivores (2nd level) Secondary Consumer - Correct solution Carnivores and Omnivores (3rd level) Tertiary Consumer - Correct solution Carnivores and Omnivores (4th level) Food Chain - Correct solution Simplest path energy takes through an ecosystem by consummation of organisms in previous trophic level Food Web - Correct solution Many interconnected food chains (describes various energy paths) Competition - Correct solution when 2+ organisms need the same resource at a time Predation - Correct solution Interaction where predator eats prey (stabilizes population) Symbiotic Relationship - Correct solution Two different species interacting with one another Mutualism - Correct solution (+,+) Both organism benefit

Commensalism - Correct solution (+,o) One organism benefits and the other isn't affected Parasitism - Correct solution (+,-) One organism (parasite) benefits, while the other (host) is harmed Ecology - Correct solution The study of interactions between organisms and their environment 10% Rule - Correct solution 90% of energy is lost to the environment (through heat), only 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level Density-Dependent - Correct solution Limiting factors that operate more strongly on LARGE populations, triggered by increased population (biotic factors) Density-Independent - Correct solution Limiting factors that occur regardless of population size, reduces size of all populations equally, mostly abiotic Carbon Cycle - Correct solution Major element of living things, found in the atmosphere. Plants use CO2 to produce glucose. Heterotrophs then consume the plant and create CO2 through cellular respiration. Nitrogen Cycle - Correct solution In atmosphere, amino acids, and organic materials. Organisms intake nitrogen through nitrogen fixation. The nitrates in the soil are used in plant DNA, heterotrophs eat them and then return them to the soil when they die. Water Cycle - Correct solution (Hydrollic Cycle) Transpiration, Respiration, Elimination Nucleolus - Correct solution Inside of the nucleus, makes ribosomes