Biology MCAS Review Exam with Complete Solutions, Exams of Advanced Education

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Biology MCAS Review Exam with

Complete Solutions

a circle in a pedigree chart represents.... - ANSWER-a female a human cell has ______chromosomes? - ANSWER- a human sex cell has _____chromosomes? - ANSWER- a shaded square or circle in a pedigree represents.... - ANSWER-a person affected with the trait A square in a pedigree chart represents...... - ANSWER-a male abiotic - ANSWER-a ="without"; non-living things in an environment activation energy - ANSWER-energy needed to get a reaction started active transport - ANSWER-opposite of passive, energy needed to move from low concentration to high concentration adaptation - ANSWER-process of changing to better match an environment adenosine triphosphate or ATP - ANSWER-ATP = Energy molecule alleles - ANSWER-two versions of a gene (one from mother, one from father) artificial selection - ANSWER-"breeding"--selection arranged by humans as in dogs, horses and agriculture asexual reproduction - ANSWER-"without sex" process of cloning--mitosis, binary fission, budding auto - ANSWER-self autotroph - ANSWER-Self-Feeding...mainly plants BASE PAIR Rule - ANSWER-A-T and C-G biochemistry - ANSWER-study of chemicals that make up living things biodiversity - ANSWER-the diversity of life Biome - ANSWER-a very large area in which common organisms live

biotechnology - ANSWER-new technology based on DNA technology biotic - ANSWER-living things in an environment camouflage - ANSWER-adapting to an environment via color (example of natural selection) carbohydrates are made up of... - ANSWER-sugars (monosaccharides) carnivore - ANSWER-organism that eats only other animals carrier - ANSWER-an organism that carries a copy of a mutation (abnormal gene) cell membrane - ANSWER-barrier on all cells separating the inside of the cell from the outside world cell membranes are made of .... - ANSWER-phospolipid bilayer Cell Respiration reaction - ANSWER-opposite of photosynthesis (C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O) Charles Darwin - ANSWER-proposed theory of evolution in "Origin of Species" chloroplasts - ANSWER-ONLY in PLANT cells, contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis CHNOPS stands for.... - ANSWER-atoms of life-Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosporus, and Sulfur CO2 stands for - ANSWER-carbon dioxide codominant trait - ANSWER-two alleles are dominant at the same time (blood type is an example ---AB are codominant) codon - ANSWER-3 bases or nucleotides competition - ANSWER-struggle for natural resources, territory complementary strand - ANSWER-matching strand concentration gradient - ANSWER-difference of concentration from one area to another consumer - ANSWER-organism that does not make its own food & consumes (eats) plant cytoplasm - ANSWER-jelly-like substance that fills the cell, all organelles sit in it

decomposer - ANSWER-organism that breaks down dead material (such as bacteria, fungi, vultures) diffusion - ANSWER-passive transport diploid - ANSWER-2 pairs of chromosomes-46 in total DNA stands for - ANSWER-deoxyribonucleic acid DNA structure is - ANSWER-a double helix Dominant Allele - ANSWER-the allele that shows in the offspring (BB= Black Hair in offspring as well as Bb) dominant trait - ANSWER-one mutation is passed down to child for child to show trait ecosystem - ANSWER-place where all living and non-living factors are considered together embryo - ANSWER-earliest development of an organism endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - ANSWER-highway of cell enzymes - ANSWER-proteins that speed up reactions in life Eukaryotes - ANSWER-any cell with a nucleus (protists, fungi, plants & animals) evolution - ANSWER-change over time based on natural selection Examples of homeostasis are... - ANSWER-maintaining body temp. through sweat, panting and pH extinction - ANSWER-the disappearance of a species from Earth fertilization - ANSWER-when sperm and egg combine food chain - ANSWER-transfer of energy from one organism to another food web - ANSWER-the interconnection of food chains in an ecosystem fossil record - ANSWER-the record of fossils of a particular organism (deeper fossils are older) fossils - ANSWER-traces or remains of dead organisms that have been preserved

gametes - ANSWER-sperm or egg cells gene expression - ANSWER-part of DNA used to create protein Genetic Code - ANSWER-3 bases or codon determine which amino acid in protein genetic cross - ANSWER-having two organisms reproduce sexually genetic variations - ANSWER-differences among organisms genotype - ANSWER-combination of genes (BB, Bb, bb) geographic isolation - ANSWER-organisms are separated from each other by physical barrier of mountain, ocean, etc. (Darwin's birds and beak adaptation) Golgi Complex or Apparatus - ANSWER-packages proteins in cell haploid - ANSWER-half the chromosomes----23 chromosomes herbivore - ANSWER-organism that eats only plants hetero - ANSWER-different/other heterotroph - ANSWER-other feeding (any organisms that need plants to survive) heterozygous - ANSWER-have different versions of the two alleles (Gg, Bb, etc.) homeostasis - ANSWER-process of maintaining a balanced (constant) internal environment homologous structures - ANSWER-similiar structures in many different organisms (bones in arm of humans, chickens, etc>) homozygous - ANSWER-having the same version of two alleles (gg, GG, BB, bb) How many sugar molecules in a disaccharide? - ANSWER- hydrophilic - ANSWER-water loving hydrophobic - ANSWER-afraid of water inheritance - ANSWER-process of passing on DNA from parent to children Lipids are.... - ANSWER-fats Lock & Key - ANSWER-enzymes "fit' into molecules like a key to speed up reactions

lysosome - ANSWER-"Lysol" of the cell; full of enzymes to break down substances mammals - ANSWER-animals with hair who nurse their offspring and maintain a constant body temperature meiosis - ANSWER-makes gametes meiosis produces haploid or diploid cells? - ANSWER-haploid (half or 23 chromosomes) mitochondria - ANSWER-powerhouse of the cell, where energy (ATP) is released mitosis - ANSWER-process of cell division; 1 cell makes 2 daughter cells mitosis produces haploid or diploid cells? - ANSWER-diploids (46 chromosomes) molecules are atoms held together with.. - ANSWER-bonds mutation - ANSWER-a change in the DNA of an organism Name 2 simple carbohydrates (saccharides) - ANSWER-glucose, fructose Name 3 parts of cell theory - ANSWER-1. organisms are made of 1+ cells 2. cell is basic structure of all living things 3. cells come from existing cells natural selection - ANSWER-process of evolution where organism that are better adapted are more likely to pass on their genes to their offspring nucleic acid examples - ANSWER-DNA and RNA nucleotide - ANSWER-1sugar-phosphate and base in nucleic acids nucleus - ANSWER-organelle where chromosomes and DNA are stored in a cell omnivore - ANSWER-organism that eats either plants or other animals organic compounds - ANSWER-molecules containing carbon osmosis - ANSWER-passive transport of water across a membrane parasites - ANSWER-organism that live on or within another organism passive transport - ANSWER-movement from high concentration to low concentration-- no energy needed pedigree - ANSWER-chart that maps out genetic traits in a family

peptide - ANSWER-chain of amino acids phenotype - ANSWER-physical appearance of trait (Black, Black, brown) photo - ANSWER-light photosynthesis - ANSWER-to make sugar from light (only in plants) photosynthesis reaction is... - ANSWER-CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + O polygenic trait - ANSWER-trait influenced by many genes (skin color is an example) polypeptide - ANSWER-a protein population - ANSWER-organisms of one species that live in one place predators - ANSWER-organism that feeds on other organism(prey) prey - ANSWER-organisms hunted/eaten by other organisms (predators) primary consumer - ANSWER-herbivores...organisms that eat producers (plants) Process of making a new copy of DNA - ANSWER-DNA replication Process of making mRNA from DNA - ANSWER-transcription process of using mRNA to Amino Acid - ANSWER-translation producer - ANSWER-organism that produces or makes its own food (plants, algae, etc.) prokaryotes - ANSWER-organisms with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelle (bacteria, some algae) proteins are made from... - ANSWER-amino acids Punnett Square - ANSWER-Square used to represent a cross Recessive Allele - ANSWER-Allele that does not show in offspring (Bb=Black Hair, so b is recessive for brown hair that doesn't show up) recessive trait - ANSWER-two copies of a mutation are needed to show the trait recombinant DNA - ANSWER-"recombining DNA" from crossing over Ribosomes - ANSWER-workers that make proteins

RNA stands for - ANSWER-ribonucleic acid salt... - ANSWER-...sucks secondary consumer - ANSWER-omnivores and/or carnivores...organisms that eat primary consumers selectively permeable - ANSWER-allows certain molecules in or out of cell membrane sex-linked trait - ANSWER-a trait carried on the X or Y chromosome (example is color- blindness) sexual reproduction - ANSWER-process of creating unique offspring by combining two different pieces of DNA species - ANSWER-organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring survival of the fittest - ANSWER-being able to have offspring (kids) symbiosis - ANSWER-close relationships between different organisms synthesis - ANSWER-to make tertiary consumer - ANSWER-carnivores...organisms that eat secondary consumers trait - ANSWER-physical characteristic of an organism (color, appearance, etc.) vacuole - ANSWER-storage holder in cell vestigial structure - ANSWER-a left over of evolutionary change (tailbone, whale leg bones) What are the 4 bases in DNA? - ANSWER-ACTG What are the 4 bases in RNA? - ANSWER-ACUG What are the advantages of sexual reproduction? - ANSWER-creates more genetic diversity to improve chance of organism's survival What are the shape of proteins? - ANSWER-3D! What are the shape of some lipids? - ANSWER-Long chains What is a chromosome? - ANSWER-DNA --> gene are packaged in chromosomes

What is a gene? - ANSWER-specific piece of DNA that holds code for protein What is a polysaccharide? - ANSWER-many sugars...starch Which process do the animals in the food web use to convert energy from food into ATP? - ANSWER-cellular respiration