Biology Midterm Questions and Answers: A Comprehensive Review, Exams of Biology

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Biology Midterm Questions With Complete Solutions __________________________- any physical or behavioral trait that helps an organism survive in an enviroment. example: the stripes on a zebra are physical adaptions, while herding together is a behavioral adaptions Correct Answer adaptions a hydrangea plant has blue flowers when grown in acidic soil, but has pink flowers when grown in basic soil. a clone of the pink-flowered plant is grown in acidic soil and produces blue flowers. this change in flower color is most likely due to what? Correct Answer genes being expressed in a different ways due to enviromental conditions A protein is a chain of _______________. Correct Answer amino acids a scientist observes several different fossils in a rock layer. Based on this observation, which is the best conclusion? A. the fossils are composed of lava that cooled around several organisms B. the fossils formed about the same time as the rock layer in which they were found C. the fossils formed after heat and pressure changed the type of rock in the rock layer D. the fossils are composed of the same material as the organisms from which they formed Correct Answer B. the

fossils formed about the same time as the rock layer in which they were found after a natural disaster, the population is reduced to a few individuals. Variation is reduced as alleles are lost is an example of ______________________________. Correct Answer bottleneck effect as time passes, the gene/allele frequency of a helpful trait will ____________________ while the frequency of less helpful or hurtful varieties will ___________________ in the gene pool Correct Answer 1. increase

2. decrease bb is _____________________________. It is a _______________________________, and it will show the _________________________ trait. Correct Answer 1. homozygous
3. genotype
4. recessive Bb is ______________________. It is ___________________________, and it will show the ____________________________ trait. Correct Answer 1. heterozygous
5. genotype
6. dominant between which two stages is cell differentiation (or specialization) occurring in the developing zygote?

what is the name of that stage? Correct Answer 1. stage 6 and stage 7

2. morula and gastrula codons are triplets of nitrogenous bases on mRNA that code for a specific _____________________________. Correct Answer amino acids cuts the number of chromosomes in half during divisions Correct Answer meiosis dark beetles migrate to an island and can no longer get back to the mainland. geographically isolated leads to reproductive isolated is an example of _______________________________. Correct Answer founder effect DNA and RNA carry instructions for making? Correct Answer proteins DNA has _______________ strands of nucleotides whereas RNA has _______________ strands of nucleotides. Correct Answer 1. two
3. one do cells divide all the time? Correct Answer no does all DNA code for proteins? Correct Answer yes explain how the theory of evolution is supported by the walking stick population, and predict how the walking stick population would change over time if the lilac population was rapidly

reduced by a virus. Correct Answer explain: the walking stick population shows that the species tend to go with their enviroment and habitats predict: if the lilac population was rapidly reduced by a virus. the walking stick population would decrease and possibly go extinct, due to them not being able to survive and reproduce explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance. Correct Answer incomplete dominance is when each cell is a combination of both phenotypes and codominance is when each cell is dominated by one of the two different phenotypes explain the relationship of DNA, chromatin, chromosome, and gene Correct Answer the genes, therefore chromosomes are composed of the chemical substance DNA. DNA that makes up the genes on the chromsome string is called "coding DNA" because it is responsible for all genetic characteristics which pass from one generation to the next within a species fossil record- gives us a time table for the appearance of new characteristics;

• show __________________________ stages that show _____________________________ (changes) between ancient and living forms of life. Correct Answer 1. complete

2. evolution gene frequency changes lead to ________________________. Factors that effect frequency are

________________________________________. Correct Answer 1. genetic drift

2. gene flow, sexual selection, natural selection, mutations, genetic isolation, and chance how many chromosomes do human body cell contain? Correct Answer 46 (23 pairs) how many strands of DNA are used for transcription? Correct Answer one if an area of the rabbit's skin is exposed to warm temperatures, will express melanin? Correct Answer no if one side of the DNA ladder is ATT CCG TAC, then what would the other half of the DNA ladder be? Correct Answer TAA GGC ATG in chickens, the gene for feather color is controlled by codominance. The allele for black is B, and the allele for white is W. The heterozygous phenotype is black and white speckled.
3. what is the genotype for a black chicken?
4. what is the genotype for a white chicken?
5. what is the genotype for a speckled chicken? Correct Answer
6. BB
7. WW
8. BW in order for transcription to happen, DNA must _____________________ Correct Answer unzip

in what phase of cell division to cells spend the most of their time? Correct Answer interphase increases variation among offspring (increases survival of species) Correct Answer meiosis involved creating two identical daughter cells Correct Answer mitosis involves only one one round of DNA replication before it starts (to make sister chromatids) Correct Answer mitosis involves two rounds of cellular division Correct Answer mitosis mitosis produces ONLY what type of cells? Correct Answer identical cells mutations and sexual reproduction increases ______________________________ within a population (camouflage can be a helpful mutation) Correct Answer variation organisms ____________________ to survive. Limiting factors such as the amount of space or food; food supply can also change as seasons change causing stress and challenges for survival. Correct Answer compete pollen from red and pink flowers get blown miles away to separate populations. Keeping the gene pool connected reduces

speciation is an example of _________________________________. Correct Answer gene flow produces four un-identical haploid gametes Correct Answer meiosis produces two diploid body cells Correct Answer mitosis red hair and blue eyes is an example of? Correct Answer phenotype replaces damaged cells Correct Answer mitosis sex-linked traits are shown more often in _____________________, because it is carried on the X chromosome. If a ______________________ has the traits they have another X chromosome as a back up to make that protein. Correct Answer 1. males

2. females some traits (adaptions) give individuals a ________________________ advantage. these individuals will be most ________ meaning they live to produce the greatest amount of offspring --- putting more of that gene into the gene pool. Correct Answer 1. positive
3. fit specialization means that the cells are making specialized _____________________ for a specialized ____________________ or job. Correct Answer 1. protein

2. function suppose the DNA sequence GCTATATCG was changed to GCGATATCG. how would the products of transcription and translation be affected? mRNA sequence Amino acid sequence Correct Answer GCT ATA TCG-- CGA UAU AGC-- ARG- TYR-SER GCG ATA TCG-- CGC UAU AGC-- ARG-TYR-SER the __________________ of amino acids in the chain and the __________________ of the chain determine what kind of protein it will be. Correct Answer 1. order
3. length the chromosomes number is the same from parent to daughter cells Correct Answer mitosis the expression of melanin makes fur a _______________________ color. Correct Answer darker the two strands of nucleotides that make up DNA are ________________________________ to each other. Correct Answer complementary transcription is the first process that must happen in order to make a? Correct Answer protein transcription is the process of copying a gene to create? Correct Answer mRNA

transcription: in the ______________________ Correct Answer nucleus translation in the ______________________ Correct Answer ribosome Tt is an example of? Correct Answer genotype used for growth and development of body Correct Answer mitosis used for sexual reproduction Correct Answer meiosis what 3 things happen in interphase? Correct Answer growth, DNA replication, and cell functions what are the rules for a trait that is autosomal dominant? and an example. Correct Answer 1. people with the condition in each generation

2. males and females have condition in equal proportions
3. all forms of transmission present
4. each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease example: huntingtons disease what are the rules for a trait that is autosomal recessive? and an example Correct Answer 1. males and females have conditions in roughly equal proportions
5. people with the condition are usually brother and sister in one generation

3. consanguinity increases the chance that a condition presenting in a child of theirs might be due to both parents being carriers for the same recessive mutation example: albinism what are the rules for a trait the is sex-linked recessive? and an example. Correct Answer 1. mostly men are affected
4. transmit from affected father to carrier daughter, who transmit it to the son
5. fathers cant transmit to sons
6. males cant be carriers example: hemophilia what are the sex chromosomes for a male and female? Correct Answer male: XY female: XX what does messenger RNA do? Correct Answer carries the message that will be translated to form a protein what does shaded circle (female) or square (male) represent? Correct Answer person shows the trait of interest what does the shape of a folded polypeptide or protein indicate? Correct Answer the shape is unique to one specific protein and gives it its function what enviromental factor controls expression of the melanin gene in the arctic fox and hare? Correct Answer the seasons

what enviromental factor influences the expression of the melanin gene? Correct Answer temperature what happens to the DNA molecule after transcription? Correct Answer it zips back up until it is necessary to transcribe the gene again what happens to the ribosome after translation? Correct Answer separates into large and small subunits what is a carrier represented with? Correct Answer represented by the half shaded circle or square what is a chromosome? Correct Answer a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes what is a diploid? Correct Answer of a cell or nucleus containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent what is a dominant allele or trait? Correct Answer overpowers the weaker recessive trait or allele what is a gamete? Correct Answer a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote what is a gene? Correct Answer segment of DNA that determines or helps determine a trait

what is a genotype? Correct Answer genetic makeup of an organism what is a haploid? Correct Answer cell or nucleus having a single set of unpaired chromosomes what is a pedigree? Correct Answer circles represent females; squares represent males what is a phenotype? Correct Answer physical characteristics of an organism what is a recessive allele or trait? Correct Answer allele or trait hidden by the dominant allele or trait what is an allele? Correct Answer different forms of the same gene what is another name of a chain of amino acids? Correct Answer a protein what is cancer? Correct Answer the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body. what is crossing over? Correct Answer the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes what is genetics? Correct Answer passing the genes down to generation to generation

what is going to effect traits and ultimately the genotype of an organism? Correct Answer enviroment what is marriage? Correct Answer represented by horizontal lines what is meiosis? Correct Answer a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell what is mitosis? Correct Answer a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus what is offspring? Correct Answer represented by vertical lines (birth order goes from left to right) what is random assortment? Correct Answer each sperm and egg will have different combinations of chromosomes either from a mother or father what is random fertilization? Correct Answer any male sperm can fertilize any female egg what is the base pairing rules for DNA Correct Answer adenine and thymine; cytosine and guanine what is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous genotypes? Correct Answer homozygous alleles are the same while heterozygous alleles are different

what is the DNA, tRNA, and AA sequence for mRNA: AUG ACU AGC UGG GGG UAU UAC UUU UAG Correct Answer DNA: TAC TGA TCG ACC CCC ATA ATG AAA ATC tRNA: UAC UGA UCG ACC CCC AUA AUG AAA AUC AA: TYR-STOP-SER-THR-PRO-ILE-MET-LYS-ILE what is the enviromental factor that controls the expression of color in the hydrangea flower? Correct Answer the soil what is the function of a gene Correct Answer pass genetic information to the offspring what is the function of mRNA Correct Answer carries the RNA to the to the ribosome what is the function of rRNA Correct Answer makes up the ribosome what is the function of the ribosome Correct Answer to make proteins what is the function of tRNA Correct Answer brings amino acids to mRNA during translation what is the mRNA, tRNA, and AA sequence for DNA: TAC CGC TCC GCC GTC GAc AAT ACC ACT Correct Answer mRNA: AUG GCG AGG CGG CAG CUG UUA UGG UGA tRNA: UAC CGC UCC GCC GUC GAC AAU ACC ACU AA: TYR-ARG-SER-ALA-VAL-ASP-ASN-THR-THR

what is the name of the enzyme used to make RNA nucleotides? Correct Answer RNA polymerase what is the new pairing rule for RNA Correct Answer adenine and uracil; cytosine and guanine what is the product of DNA replication Correct Answer 1 parent double strand of DNA turns into 2 daughter double strands what is the product of protein synthesis (transcription) Correct Answer mRNA copying DNA to make a template what is the product of protein synthesis (translation) Correct Answer process of building protein what part of the DNA molecule separates in order to make copies? Correct Answer double helix what percent of time do they spend in mitosis? Correct Answer 10% what percentage of time do cells spend in interphase? Correct Answer 90% what two things are chromosomes made of? Correct Answer protein and DNA what type of molecule was created when you transcribed all of the nucleotides? Correct Answer mRNA

where does the mRNA have to travel to after transcription? Correct Answer the ribosome where is the code/ instructions for life found in the DNA molecule? Correct Answer nucleus which of the following statements describes the process of natural selections. A. farmers select animals with desirable variations for breeding B. populations sharing the same gene pool interbreed and create new species C. individuals survive that have inherited traits adapted to their enviroment D. new species are formed via genetic engineering Correct Answer C. individuals survive that have inherited traits adapted to their enviroment which type of RNA is responsible for translation of mRNA? Correct Answer tRNA why is it important that during mitosis, your cells only make identical cells? Correct Answer you want identical cells to replace what was lost will you be playing with the top or the bottom strip of DNA? Correct Answer top write a statement that best explains the change in before and after the ice pack was applied to the rabbit's fur. Correct

Answer gene expression in an organism can be modified by interactions with the enviroment