BIOS 252 Final Exam Practice BEST STUDYING MATERIAL WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST VERSION, Exams of Nursing

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BIOS 252 Final Exam Practice BEST

STUDYING MATERIAL WITH VERIFIED

ANSWERS LATEST VERSION UPDATE 2024-

2025 WITH 100+ QUESTIONS

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the A) cranial mater. B) cranial meninges. C) spinal meninges. D) epidural membranes. E) spinal mater.

• ANSWER C Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the A) epidural space. B) pia mater. C) subdural space. D) subarachnoid space. E) dura mater.
• ANSWER B The dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains A) axons of sensory neurons. B) axons of motor neurons. C) interneurons.

D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) cell bodies of motor neurons.

• ANSWER A The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains A) cell bodies of motor neurons. B) axons of motor neurons. C) interneurons. D) cell bodies of sensory neurons. E) axons of sensory neurons.
• ANSWER B The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the A) periosteum. B) arachnoid. C) epidural block. D) dura mater. E) pia mater.
• ANSWER D Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the A) dura mater. B) filum terminale. C) arachnoid mater. D) subarachnoid space. E) pia mater.
• ANSWER D The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) sympathetic nuclei. B) sensory nuclei.

C) autonomic motor nuclei. D) nerve tracts. E) somatic motor nuclei.

• ANSWER B The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly A) funiculi. B) meninges. C) columns. D) nerve tracts. E) nerve cell bodies.
  • ANSWER E The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly A) neuroglia. B) nodes of Ranvier. C) unmyelinated axons. D) Schwann cells. E) myelinated axons.
  • ANSWER E The white matter of the spinal cord contains A) sensory and motor nuclei. B) interneurons. C) bundles of axons with common origins, destinations, and functions. D) both axons and dendrites. E) bundles of dendrites with common origins, destinations, and functions.

- ANSWER C

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect? A) inability to breathe B) problems with moving his arms C) problems with moving his legs D) uncontrollable sweating of his feet E) loss of sensation in his torso

• ANSWER E Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region. A) lumbar B) thoracic C) coccygeal D) cervical E) sacral
• ANSWER D Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles. A) leg B) intercostal C) facial D) shoulder E) abdominal
• ANSWER A All of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they A) involve at least two neurons. B) help preserve homeostasis.

C) are the simplest form of behavior. D) are automatic motor responses. E) cannot be modified by the brain.

• ANSWER E The stretch reflex A) is an example of a polysynaptic reflex. B) is important in regulating muscle length. C) involves a receptor called the Golgi tendon organ. D) is activated when a skeletal muscle lengthens. E) both B and D
• ANSWER E The reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the ________ reflex. A) stretch B) reciprocal C) tendon D) flexor E) crossed extensor
• ANSWER C The flexor reflex A) prevents a muscle from overstretching. B) is an example of a monosynaptic reflex. C) prevents a muscle from generating damaging tension. D) moves a limb away from a painful stimulus. E) usually depends on cranial neurons.

- ANSWER D

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the A) mesencephalon. B) hypothalamus. C) thalamus. D) myelencephalon. E) brain stem.

• ANSWER B Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the A) cerebellum. B) pons. C) midbrain. D) thalamus. E) medulla oblongata.
• ANSWER D Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the A) pons. B) medulla oblongata. C) diencephalon. D) mesencephalon. E) cerebellum.
• ANSWER B The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

A) medulla oblongata B) cerebrum C) pons D) hypothalamus E) cerebellum

• ANSWER D What contains a spiderweb like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows? A) dural sinus B) subarachnoid space C) falx cerebri D) pia mater E) subdural space - ANSWER B Cerebrospinal fluid A) is normally produced twice as fast as it is removed. B) is secreted by ependymal cells. C) has almost the same composition as blood plasma. D) is formed by a passive process. E) both B and D - ANSWER B Absorption at the arachnoid granulations returns CSF to the A) fourth ventricle. B) venous circulation. C) arterial circulation. D) central canal. E) third ventricle. - ANSWER B

Cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the A) tentorium cerebelli. B) frontal sinus. C) jugular veins. D) dural drain. E) superior sagittal sinus. - ANSWER E Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the A) cerebellum. B) mesencephalon. C) cerebrum. D) medulla oblongata. E) pons. - ANSWER A Which of the following is a function of the thalamus? A) secrete cerebrospinal fluid B) secrete melatonin C) process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum D) regulate food intake E) store memories - ANSWER C Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus? A) regulates body temperature B) secretes oxytocin C) produces ADH

D) controls autonomic centers E) all of the above - ANSWER E Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem? A) an insatiable appetite B) an intense thirst C) reduced ability to regulate body temperature D) an uncontrolled sex drive E) production of a large volume of urine - ANSWER C The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories. A) amygdaloid body B) hippocampus C) fornix D) mamillary bodies E) cingulate gyrus - ANSWER B The cerebral area posterior to the central sulcus is the A) occipital lobe. B) insula. C) temporal lobe. D) parietal lobe. E) frontal lobe. - ANSWER D The primary motor cortex is the surface of the A) precentral gyrus. B) corpus callosum.

C) postcentral gyrus. D) arcuate gyrus. E) insula. - ANSWER A The visual cortex is located in the A) occipital lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) temporal lobe. D) insula. E) frontal lobe. - ANSWER A The auditory cortex is located in the A) occipital lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) insula. E) frontal lobe - ANSWER B The corpus callosum is composed of A) association fibers. B) projection fibers. C) commissural fibers. D) arcuate fibers. E) longitudinal fasciculi. - ANSWER C The basal nuclei A) coordinate sensory information. B) control the secretions of the pituitary gland.

C) control respiration and blood pressure. D) plan and coordinate voluntary muscle activity. E) provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking. - ANSWER E Parkinson disease is the result of A) decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra. B) weak response of the red nuclei of the mesencephalon. C) hyperactivity of the limbic system. D) inadequate production of GABA by neurons in the basal nuclei. E) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons. - ANSWER E After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe. A) left temporal B) right temporal C) left frontal D) occipital E) right frontal - ANSWER C After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the A) limbic system. B) occipital lobe. C) prefrontal cortex. D) cerebral nuclei. E) postcentral gyrus. - ANSWER B Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the

A) cerebral cortex. B) olfactory bulb. C) medulla. D) thalamus. E) olfactory tract. - ANSWER B The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are A) II, III, and IV. B) I, II, and III. C) II and VI. D) III, IV, and VI. E) III and V. - ANSWER D Droopy eyelids and double vision can result from injury to the ________ nerve. A) optic B) trochlear C) abducens D) olfactory E) oculomotor - ANSWER E The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the A) facial. B) abducens. C) glossopharyngeal. D) vagus. E) trigeminal. - ANSWER E

Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen? A) XII B) XI C) VIII D) IX E) X - ANSWER E Central adaptation refers to A) a characteristic of phasic receptors. B) the decline in activity of peripheral receptors when stimulated. C) a change in motor receptivity of a neuron. D) inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway. E) increases in conscious perception of a sensory stimulus. - ANSWER D Thermoreceptors A) are free nerve endings. B) for "cold" are structurally indistinguishable from those for "warm." C) are found within the dermis. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C - ANSWER E Receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called A) proprioceptors. B) thermoreceptors. C) baroreceptors. D) nociceptors.

E) chemoreceptors - ANSWER A A sensory receptor characterized peripherally as a free nerve ending and centrally uses glutamate and/or substance P as neurotransmitters, would most likely be a A) free receptor. B) chemoreceptor. C) mechanoreceptor. D) nociceptor. E) thermoreceptor. - ANSWER D The basal nuclei A) activate spinal reflexes. B) act as gatekeepers, filtering out unnecessary sensorimotor activity. C) provide the background patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor activities. D) exert direct control over lower motor neurons. E) initiate conscious motor activity. - ANSWER C The cerebellum relies on information from A) the inner ear as movements are under way. B) motor commands from upper motor neurons. C) the eyes. D) proprioceptive sensations. E) all of the above - ANSWER E The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest." A) thoracolumbar B) somatomotor

C) parasympathetic D) visceral E) sympathetic - ANSWER C Autonomic efferents A) conduct impulses from sensory receptors. B) conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands. C) cause general excitation. D) cause general relaxation. E) conduct impulses to skeletal muscles. - ANSWER B If a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention ________, because it is not a special sense. A) balance B) cold C) hearing D) sight E) smell - ANSWER B In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. A) myelinated; unmyelinated B) long; short C) short; long D) both A and B E) both A and C - ANSWER E In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located? A) cervical and sacral segments of the spinal cord

B) thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord C) sacral segments of the spinal cord D) brain stem E) both B and C - ANSWER B After a stroke, a patient complains about lack of sensitivity in her right hand. The stroke most likely affected which part of the brain? A) Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe B) Precentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe C) Precentral gyrus in the right frontal lobe D) Postcentral gyrus in the right temporal lobe E) Postcentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe - ANSWER A The conscious state is maintained by the A) general interpretive area. B) prefrontal lobes. C) reticular activating system. D) limbic system. E) nucleus gracilis - ANSWER C Which of the following is essential for memory consolidation? A) prefrontal lobe B) insula C) occipital lobe D) basal nuclei E) hippocampus - ANSWER E The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the

A) posterior spinocerebellar. B) fasciculus cuneatus. C) fasciculus gracilis. D) anterior spinothalamic. E) lateral spinothalamic. - ANSWER E Stimulation of a neuron that terminates in the superior region of the left postcentral gyrus would produce A) a muscle twitch in the lips. B) a muscle twitch in the right leg. C) a sensation in the lips. D) a sensation in the right leg. E) both sensations and muscle twitches in the right leg. - ANSWER D Nonfluent aphasia, due to a lesion in the ________, results in slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, or use of words that only approximate the correct word. A) primary auditory area B) Wernicke area C) Broca area D) cerebral lateralization E) primary motor area - ANSWER C Destruction of the amygdala would mostly affect which of the following? A) Awareness of objects B) Expression of emotional feelings C) Recognition and identification of objects D) Memory E) Cognition - ANSWER B

Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations? A) sour B) peppery C) salty D) umami E) sweet - ANSWER B A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order? A) conjunctiva cornea aqueous humor lens vitreous body retina choroid B) conjunctiva cornea lens aqueous humor vitreous body retina choroid C) cornea aqueous humor vitreous body lens conjunctiva choroids retina D) vitreous body retina choroids aqueous humor lens conjunctiva cornea E) cornea aqueous humor conjunctiva lens vitreous body retina choroid - ANSWER A The gelatinous material that gives the eyeball its basic shape is the A) perilymph. B) posterior cavity. C) vitreous humor. D) ora serrata. E) aqueous humor - ANSWER C An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the A) inner segment. B) outer segment. C) tapetum lucidum. D) optic disc. E) fovea. - ANSWER E

The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by A) changing shape. B) opening and closing. C) dilating and constricting. D) moving up and down. E) moving in and out. - ANSWER A The space between the cornea and the iris is the A) anterior cavity. B) aqueous humor. C) posterior cavity. D) canal of Schlemm. E) pupil. - ANSWER A The opening in the iris through which light passes is the A) cornea. B) anterior chamber. C) conjunctiva. D) posterior chamber. E) pupil. - ANSWER E The part of the eye that determines eye color is the A) canal of Schlemm. B) cornea. C) iris. D) conjunctiva. E) pupil. - ANSWER C

The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye. A) iris B) conjunctiva C) canthus D) cornea E) anterior chamber - ANSWER B The largest numbers of taste buds in adults are associated with the A) filiform papillae. B) pharynx. C) larynx. D) fungiform papillae. E) circumvallate papillae. - ANSWER E Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves A) IX, X, XI. B) VII, IX, X. C) VII, VIII, IX. D) IX, XI, XII. E) V, VII, IX - ANSWER B The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of A) mechanoreceptors in the ear. B) lamellated corpuscles. C) olfactory receptors. D) Meissner corpuscles. E) light receptors in the eye. - ANSWER C

Gustatory receptors are located A) on the surface of the tongue. B) on the skin. C) in the ear. D) in the eye. E) in the nose. - ANSWER A Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to A) be transported to the olfactory bulbs. B) respond to applied pressure. C) gate open ion channels. D) contact a specialized olfactory cell. E) bind to receptors in olfactory cilia. - ANSWER E An elongate outer segment containing membranous discs and a narrow connecting stalk that attaches the outer segment to the inner segment describes A) a photoreceptor. B) a ganglion cell. C) a horizontal cell. D) a bipolar cell. E) an amacrine cell. - ANSWER A The external ear ends at the A) cochlea. B) tympanic membrane. C) pinna. D) vestibule. E) ossicles. - ANSWER B

The auditory ossicles connect the A) tympanic membrane to the round window. B) oval window to the round window. C) tympanic membrane to the oval window. D) stapedius to the tympanic membrane. E) otitis to the media. - ANSWER C Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the A) semicircular canals. B) saccule and utricle. C) cochlea. D) organ of Corti. E) statoconia. - ANSWER B Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the A) tympanic membrane. B) round window. C) oval window. D) cochlea. E) auditory ossicles - ANSWER A The vestibular nuclei at the boundary of the pons and the medulla function in all of the following, except that they A) relay vestibular information to the cerebellum. B) send commands to motor nuclei in the brain stem and spinal cord. C) relay vestibular information to the cerebral cortex. D) send information to the vestibular complex of the inner ear. E) integrate the vestibular information arriving from each side of the head. - ANSWER D

Which of these anatomical sequences is correct? A)tympanumNmalleusNincusNstapesNoval windowNround window B)tympanumNincusNmalleusNstapesNoval windowNround window C)tympanumNmalleusNincusNstapesNround windowNoval window D)tympanumNincusNmalleusNstapesNround windowNoval window E)tympanumNincusNstapesNmalleusNoval windowNround window - ANSWER A The following is a list of the steps that occur in the production of an auditory sensation.

1. The pressure wave distorts the basilar membrane on its way to the round window.
2. Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the malleus.
3. Displacement of the stereocilia stimulates sensory neurons of the cochlear nerve.
4. Movement of the malleus causes movement of the incus and stapes.
5. Distortion of the basilar membrane forces the hair cells of the organ of Corti toward or away from the tectorial membrane.
   6. Movement of the oval window establishes pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct. The proper sequence for these steps is A) 2, 5, 4, 6, 1, 3. B) 2, 4, 1, 6, 5, 3. C) 2, 4, 6, 1, 5, 3. D) 2, 4, 6, 3, 5, 1. E) 2, 1, 4, 6, 5, 3. - ANSWER C Endocrine cells A) are a type of nerve cell. B) contain few vesicles. C) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. D) are modified connective-tissue cells. E) release their secretions directly into body fluids. - ANSWER E

Steroid hormones A) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. B) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. C) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma. D) are proteins. E) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. - ANSWER A Which of the following hormones is water soluble and therefore binds to extracellular receptors? A) insulin B) epinephrine C) cortisol D) A and B only E) A, B, and C - ANSWER D Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of A) ADH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) LH. E) oxytocin - ANSWER A The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) ADH. B) ACTH. C) MSH. D) TSH.

E) FSH - ANSWER A

The hormone oxytocin A) triggers prostate gland contraction. B) promotes uterine contractions. C) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C - ANSWER E The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is A) LH. B) FSH. C) TSH. D) ACTH. E) GH. - ANSWER A