BIOS 256 ANATOMY IV EXAMS, Exams of Nursing

Download BIOS 256 ANATOMY IV EXAMS and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 | P a g e BIOS 256 ANATOMY IV EXAMS WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS BY EXPERTS |FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS |ALREADY GRADED A+ |NEWEST |LATEST UPDATE | GUARANTEED PASS Which of the following regions of the large intestine is a muscular tube that expands to store accumulated material prior to defecation, and terminates at the anal canal? Transverse colon Cecum Ileum Rectum rectum The liver stores, concentrates, and releases bile into the duodenum. true or false false While the liver creates the bile, it is stored and concentrated within the gallbladder Parietal cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce HCL and release intrinsic factor parietal cells - secrete hydrogen and chloride ions , + intrinsic factor to help with absorption of b12 chief cells - secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase G cells - (enteroendocrine cells ) - release gastrin for gastrin motility also the only endocrine cells of the stomach Which of the following structures are anatomically part of each tooth? Check all that apply. Root Gingivae Pulp Enamel 2 | P a g e root , pulp, enamel The enzyme pepsin is formed from pepsinogen through the action of hydrochloric acid - HCL Salivary __________ breaks the chemical bond between two glucose molecules; it breaks down the long polysaccharide starch molecule into smaller and smaller pieces until only glucose results. amylase Place the following proteolytic enzymes in order of their processing of proteins in digestion. Trypsin is formed Trypsinogen, chymotypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase released from pancreas Enteropeptidase released from lumenal epithelium of small intestine Chymotrypsin is formed 1. Trypsinogen, chymotypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase released from pancreas 2.Enteropeptidase released from lumenal epithelium of small intestine 3.Trypsin is formed 4.Chymotrypsin is formed All enzymes that digest protein are released as inactive enzymes and must be activated because the enzymes would destroy the proteins within the cells that produce them. true or false true Which of these is an organ of the gastrointestinal tract as opposed to an accessory organ? Pancreas Stomach Liver Salivary glands 5 | P a g e mesentery - refers to the double layer of peritoneum that supports, suspends and stabilizes the intraperitoneal GI tract organs Match each macromolecule below with the monomer(s) to which it is broken down by chemical digestion. 1. Proteins 2. Nucleic acids 3. Fats 4. Carbohydrates 1. Amino acids 2. nucleotides 3. monoglycerides and fatty acids 4. monosaccharides Match the region of the small intestine with one of its functions. Performs most chemical digestion and absorption Receives bile and pancreatic juice Controls entry of material into large intestine a. jejunum b. duodenum c. ileum true or false 1. The esophagus extends from the nasopharynx to the stomach. false - the esophagus starts inferiorly to the larynx The esophagus is about 25 meters long. true or false false true or false The esophagus lies anterior to the trachea false the esophagus lies posterior to the trachea 6 | P a g e true or false The muscularis of the esophagus is different from other parts of the digestive tract because the superior part of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle. true true or false The esophagus contains both an upper and a lower esophageal sphincter that regulates the movement of materials into and out of the esophagus. true the upper 2/3 has skeletal muscle while the lower 1/3 and further on through the alimentary canal has smooth muscle true or false The esophagus contains numerous mucous glands that produce a thick, lubricating mucus that coats the inner surface of the esophagus. true Tongue An accessory digestive organ composed of skeletal muscle covered in mucous membrane, and with the associated muscles forms the floor of the oral cavity The extrinsic muscles of the tongue... Move the tongue side to side, in and out for chewing, forming a bolus, and forcing it to the back of the mouth for swallowing The intrinsic muscles of the tongue... Alter the size and shape of the tongue for speech and swallowing Lingual Frenulum A fold of mucous membrane of the tongue that aids in limiting movement of the tongue posteriorly Lingual Lipase Secreted by the lingual glands in the lamina propria, activated by the acidic pH of the stomach acts on triglycerides and converts them to simpler fatty acids and diglycerides Major external regions of a tooth (Top to bottom) Crown, root, and neck 7 | P a g e Dentin Calcified connective tissue that forms the majority of the tooth and is covered by enamel in the crown Deciduous teeth Baby teeth that fall out, 20 in total Permanent teeth 32 teeth that are an adults permanent set of teeth Mastication Chewing, mechanical digestion and breakdown of food in the mouth Oropharynx and the laryngopharynx Muscular contractions helps propel food into the esophagus and then into the stomach Esophagus functions to... Secrete mucus and transport food into the stomach, no digestive enzymes are produced and no absorption occurs Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) Regulates movement of food from the laryngopharynx into the esophagus Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) Regulates movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach Deglutition Swallowing, involves the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, has 3 stages Voluntary stage (Deglutition) 1st, Bolus is passed into the oropharynx Pharyngeal stage (Deglutition) 2nd, involuntary passage of the bolus through the pharynx into the esophagus Esophageal stage (Deglutition) 3rd, involuntary passage of the bolus through the esophagus into the stomach Peristalsis Coordinated contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis Stomach functions 10 | P a g e Goblet cells Secrete mucus in the small intestine Intestinal glands Secrete intestinal juice in the small intestine Paneth cells Secrete lysozyme (bactericidal enzyme) and helps regulate microbial population in the small intestine S cells (Small Intestine) Secrete secretin, a hormone that helps regulate secretions in the stomach, pancreas and liver CCK cells (Small Intestine) Secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), a hormone that stimulates the release of bile from the pancreas and gallbladder K cells Secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), a hormone that stimulates insulin production Duodenal glans/Brunner's glands Secrete an alkaline mucus that helps neutralize gastric acid in chyme, located in small intestine Segmentation Localized mixing contractions that mix chyme with digestive juices and bring particles of food into contact with the mucosa for absorption Migrating motility complex (MMC) A type of peristalsis that occurs in the small intestine that pushes chyme toward the ileocecal sphincter, contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis Brush Border enzymes Maltase, sucrase, lactase, enterokinase, peptidases (aminopeptidase, dipeptidase), Nucleosidases and phosphatases Fat-soluble vitamins absorbed in the small intestine A, D, E, and K via simple diffusion Large intestine functions Complete absorption, production of certain vitamins, formation of feces, and expulsion of feces from body Regions of the large intestine 11 | P a g e Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal Ileocecal sphincter A valve that connects the ileum of the small intestine to the cecum of the large intestine Internal anal sphincter Involuntary, smooth muscle External anal sphincter Voluntary, skeletal muscle Gastroileal reflex Intensifies peristalsis in the ileum and forces any chyme into the cecum immediately after a meal, gastrin relaxes the ileocecal sphincter Haustral churning The haustra remain relaxed and become distended and once distension reaches a certain point the walls contract and squeeze the contents into the next haustrum Mass peristalsis A strong peristaltic wave from the middle of the transverse colon and drives the contents into the rectum Gastrocolic reflex Increases peristalsis after a meal Defecation reflex Stimulated by distension in the rectal wall, receptors send SN impulses to sacral spinal cord, motor impulses respond back via parasympathetic nerves which causes a contraction of the longitudinal rectal muscles and increases pressure within it and opens the internal anal sphincter. Defecation will occur if the external anal sphincter (voluntary) is relaxed Bacteria in the large intestine produce Vitamins B and K Cephalic phase Preparation phase, the smell sight, thought, or initial taste of food activates neural centers, salivary glands and gastric glands are stimulated Gastric phase Once food reaches the stomach, neural regulation uses stretch receptors and chemoreceptors, hormonal regulation uses gastrin Intestinal phase 12 | P a g e Once food enters the small intestine, neural regulation uses the enterogastric reflex, hormonal regulation uses CCK and secretin Ghrelin Hormone that increases appetite Glucagon-like peptide (GLP) Stimulate the release of insulin 3 fates of food molecules absorbed by GI tract Supply energy, serve as building blocks, and stored for future use Metabolism All chemical reactions that occur in the body Catabolism/Catabolic reactions Exergonic reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones and release energy Anabolism/Anabolic reactions Endergonic reactions that combine simpler molecules to form more complex ones ATP consists of An adenine molecule, a ribose molecule, and three phospate groups bonded to one another Oxidation reactions Are the removal of electrons (hydrogen) and results in a decrease in potential energy, Lactic acid -- >Pyruvic acid Reduction reactions Are the additon of electrons (hydrogen) and results in an increase of potential energy, Pyruvic acid -- >Lactic acid NAD is ________and NADH+ H is ________ Oxidized, reduced Substrate-level phosphorylation Generates ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP, occurs in the cytosol Oxidative phosphorylation Passes electrons through a series of electron acceptors (electron transport chain), occurs in the mitochondrial membrane Glucose 15 | P a g e Synthesis of glycogen (glycogenesis), release of glucose into the bloodstream, synthesis of nucleic acids, and glycolysis Role of pyruvic acid Production of lactic acid, production of alanine, Gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from noncarb sourses) Role of acetyl CoA Entry into the krebs cycle, and synthesis of lipids Absorptive state Ingested nutrients are entering the bloodstream, and glucose is readily available for ATP production, directly after a meal Postabsorptive state Absorption of nutrients from the GI tract is complete, and energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body, about 4 hours after a meal Reactions in the absorptive state Catabolism of glucose, amino acids and a few dietary lipids, protein synthesis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, transport of triglycerides from liver to adipose tissue Reactions in the postabsorptive state Glycogenolysis in liver and muscle, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and catabolism of proteins, fatty acids, lactic acid, amino acids and ketone bodies Protein breakdown is stimulated by Cortisol Factors that affect metabolic rate Hormones, exercise, nervous system, body temperature, ingestion of food, age, gender, climate, sleep, and nutrition Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Metabolic rate when the body is quiet, resting and fasting Total metabolic rate (TMR) The total energy expenditure by the body per unit of time Leptin A hormone produced by adipose cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite Fat soluble vitamins 16 | P a g e A,D,E, and K Water soluble vitamins B, niacin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, and C Minerals Inorganic elements that are used to help regulate enzymatic reactions in the body List of minerals Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium, Iron, Iodide, manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc, fluoride, selenium, chromium what are male gametes? Sperm What are female gametes? Secondary oocytes Embryonic period? From fertilization through the eighth week of development Fetal period? Begins at week 9 and continues on until birth Describe the first trimester? The first trimester is from conception to 13 weeks. This period is very critical to babies health due to the extensive oran-system development, and baby is most vulnerable to teratogens. Describe the second trimester? 14 weeks to 27 weeks. Baby begins to develop human like features Describe the third trimester? 28 weeks to 40 weeks. Rapid fetal growth, fetus doubles in weight. Cleavage of zygote Mitotic division after fertilization Day 1: two-cell stage Day 2: four-cell stage Day 3: eight-cell stage Day 4: morula Day 5: blastocyst Day 6: Implantation in uterine wall FIGURE 29.5 17 | P a g e What factors stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus? Increased blood osmolarity(more solutes) Decreased blood volume Decreased blood pressure Dry mouth What does a decreased blood pressure stimulate in the kidneys? Stimulates the release of renin, which increases angiotensin II formation, leading to increased thirst, increased water intake, and increased blood volume, and increased blood pressure What are the two main solutes in extracellular fluid and in urine? Na+ and Cl- ADH function ADH responds to increased osmolarity, by inserting aquaporins in late DCT and collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to water and allows for more water to be reabsorbed, decreasing blood osmolarity, increasing blood volume, increasing blood pressure What are the two most important hormones in renal reabsorption and urine regulation? Aldosterone and ANP When is RAAS activated? Decreased blood pressure or Na+ deficiency in plasma, this causes an increase in renin release which activates the RAAS system. This increases Na+ reabsorption and water reabsorption in the late DCT and collecting ducts Functions of ANP ANP responds to increased blood volume and increased stretch of atria of the heart, promoting natriuresis (elevated excretion of Na+ into urine). Where sodium goes, water follows, therefore there is also a loss of water, and a decrease in blood volume. What are the most abundant cation and anion of ECF? Na+ and Cl- What are the most abundant cation and anion of the ICF? K+, proteins, and phosphates 3 buffer systems in the body (1) the carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer system, (2) the phosphate buffer system, and (3) the protein buffer system. Exhalation of CO2 as a buffer system 20 | P a g e secreted by chorion (trophoblast) of the embryo and stimulates the secretory activity of the corpus luteum to continue Menstrual cycle 1. menstrual phase: menstruation lasting about first 5 days 2. preovulatory phase: maturation of follicle 3. ovulation: release of secondary oocyte (LH surge brings about ovulation) 4. Postovulatory phase Vasectomy bilateral surgical removal of a part the vas deferens Stages of labor Dilation Expulsion Placental Prolatctin Milk production from glandular cells in breast Corpus luteum function produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin, until it degenerates into the corpus albicans Placenta A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply. Formed about week 9, and continues the secretion of progesterone and estrogen to sustain pregnancy Labor chemicals and hormones involved Estrogen levels rise from the secretion of the placenta. This causes anterior pituitary gland of the fetus to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH stimulates the production of DHEA which is converted into estrogen. High levels of estrogen cause oxytocin to cause uterine contractions and relaxin to increase flexibility of the pubic symphysis. Contractions continue until birth of the baby. Saliva 99.5% water, 0.5% solutes, and digestive enzymes. comes from salivary glands. 4 reactions in cellular respirations 1. glycolysis: one glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules 2.Formation of acetyl CoA: prepares pyruvic acid for the krebs cycle 3. Krebs cycle: oxidizing acetyl CoA into CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH 4. Electron transport chain Aerobic respirations 21 | P a g e when oxygen is present, all 4 normal reactions occur Anaerobic respirations When oxygen is not present, pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid Functions of the kidneys Excretion of wastes Regulation of blood ionic composition Regulation of blood pH Regulation of blood volume Regulation of blood pressure(renin, increased renin, increased BP) Maintenance of blood osmolarity Production of hormones (calcitriol and erythropoietin) Regulation of blood glucose level What makes up the filtration membrane? Fenestrations Basement membrane Filtration slits between pedicals of podocytes Embryoblast inner cell mass of the blastocyst Trophoblast outer superficial layer of cells that eventually develops into the chorionic sac that surrounds the fetus, the site of nutrient and waste exchange the two layers that the trophoblast develops into syncytiotrophoblast: secrete enzymes allowing the blastocyst to penetrate the uterine lining. cytotrophoblast Two distinct parts of the placenta 1. fetal portion formed by the chorionic villi of the chorion 2. maternal portion formed by the decidua basilis of the endometrium Function of the placenta 1. allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse into the fetal circulation, and CO2 and waste to diffuse from the fetus to the mother 2. Protective barrier 3. Stores nutrients to be released into fetal circulation as needed what are alleles 22 | P a g e alternative forms of a gene that codes for the trait and are at the same location on homologous chromosomes What are autosomes the first 22 pairs of chromosomes what is the 23rd pair of chromosomes called sex chromosomes Nephroptsosis Floating kidneys, the kidney slips from its normal position The Nephron Functional unit of the kidney, site of filtration, secretion and reabsortion Glomerular filtration Water and most solutes in blood plasma move accross the wall of the glomerular capillaries and are filtered and move through the glomerular capsule and into the renal tubule Tubular reabsorption The filtered fluid moves along the renal tubule and collecting ducts and tubule cells reabsorb water and many useful solutes, these flow back through the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta Tubular secretion Filtered fluid flows through the renal tubes and collecting ducts the renal tubule and duct cells secrete materials such as wastes, drugs, excess ions into fluid Edema Loss of plasma proteins in urine, a abnormally high volume of interstitial fluid Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) The amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute Myogenic mechanism Decreases GFR, an increase in stretching of smooth muscle in afferent arteriole walls (increase BP), causes the stretched smooth muscle fibers to contract and narrrow lumen of afferent arterioles Tubuloglomerular feedback Decreases GFR, increase deliever of Na and Cl due to high BP causes a decreased release of Nitric oxide (NO) and a contriction of afferent arterioles Neural regulation of GFR 25 | P a g e Accessory digestive organs Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Functions of the digestive system Ingestion, secretion, motility, digestion, absorption, and defecation Layers of the GI tract (Deep to superficial) Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa Mucosa Mucous membrane composed of a layer of epithelium, a layer of areolar connective tissue called the lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae Specialized cells of the mucosa Enteroendocrine cells that secrete hormones, MALT cells for immune defense. Submucosa Areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis and contains glands, blood, lymphatic vessels and tissue, and the submucosal plexus (ENS) Muscularis Skeletal muscle layer in the mouth, pharynx, superior and middle parts of the esophagus and the external anal sphincter, two sheets of smooth muscle in the rest of the tract, contains the myenteric plexus (ENS) Serosa A serous membrane composed of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium, forms a portion of the peritoneum (visceral peritoneum) Adventitia The single outer layer of areolar connective tissue that surrounds the esophagus (lacks a serosa) Myenteric plexus (ENS) Motor neurons control the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers of the muscularis, controls GI tract motility or the frequency and strength of contractions Submucosal plexus (ENS) Control the secretions of the organs in the GI tract Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves in the GI tract cause... A decrease in GI tract secretion and motility by inhibiting the ENS neurons Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves in the GI tract cause... 26 | P a g e An increase in GI secretion and motility by increasing activity of the ENS neurons The Gastrointestinal Reflex pathways regulate GI secretion and motility in response to stimuli present in the GI tract lumen Peritoneum A serous membrane, contains a layer of simple squamous epithelium and an underlying supportive layer of areolar connective tissue, divided into the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum Lines the wall of the abdominal cavity Visceral peritoneum Covers some organs in the cavity and functions as their serosa The folds of the peritoneum function to... Bind organs to one another and to the abdominal wall Greater Omentum Longest of the peritoneal folds, fatty apron of the small intestine Falciform Ligament A fold in the visceral peritoneum that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm Lesser Omentum A fold in the visceral peritoneum (serosa) that connects the stomach and duodenum to the liver, contains pathways for the hepatic portal vein, common hepatic artery, common bile duct, and some lympth nodes Mesentery A massive fold in the visceral peritoneum that binds the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall, between the folds are blood and lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes Mesocolon Two separate folds that bind the transverse colon and the sigmoid colon of the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall, carries blood and lymphatic vessels and works with the mesentery to hold the intestines in place Parotid glands Salivary gland located inferior and anterior to the ears and secretes saliva via the parotid dict Submandibular glands 27 | P a g e Salivary gland located on the floor of the mouth, medial and partly inferior to the mandible, secrete saliva via the submandibular ducts Sublingual gland Salivary gland located beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular gland, secretes saliva via the lesser sublingual ducts on the floor of the mouth Salivary amylase An enzyme secreted by the salivary glands, activated by Cl ions, that starts the breakdown of starch in the mouth, stomach acids inactivate it Salivation is controlled by the ANS Parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands causes... Continuous secretion of saliva and keeps the mucous membrane moist and lubricated Sympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands causes... Salivary glands to stop secreting saliva to conserve water, causes dryness of mouth GI tract the tube open at both ends for the transit of food during processing; mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine Accessory Structures of the digestive system teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas 6 digestive processes ingestion, secretion, propulsion, digestion (mechanical & chemical), absorption, defecation Layers of the GI tract 1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa Mucosa The innermost layer of the human digestive tract; in some parts of the digestive system, it contains mucus-secreting cells and glands that secrete digestive enzymes Submucosa A layer of the human digestive system that contains nerves, blood vessels, lymph nodes, and plexus of Meissner 30 | P a g e throat; passageway for food to the esophagus Esophagus A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach; outer layer is adventitia rather than serosa due to structural differences deglutition swallowing deglutition center in the medulla oblongata and lower pons of the brain stem Functions of the stomach mixing and holding area for food, begins digestion of proteins, continues digestion of triglycerides, converts a bolus to a liquid (chyme), absorbs some substances glands that make up gastric glands of stomach mucosa 1. mucous neck cells--secrete mucous 2. zymogenic (chief) cells--secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase 3. parietal (oxyntic) cells--secrete HCl 4. enteroendocrine cells--hormone producing 5. G cells--secrete gastrin chemical digestion in stomach pepsin digests proteins into peptides; gastric lipase splits molecules into fatty acids and monoglycerides gastric emptying the process by which food (chyme) leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine; carbohydrates leave first, then proteins, then fats Pancreas contains pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans) that secrete hormones; acini secretes a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest starch (pancreatic amylase); digest proteins (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase); digest fats (pancreatic lipase); digest nucleic acids (ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease); contains sodium bicarbonate that converts the acid of stomach contents to a pH of 7.1-8.2 hepatic cells (hepatocytes) cells in liver that produce bile that is transported by a duct system to the gallbladder for concentration and temporary storage 31 | P a g e blood supply to liver receives blood from hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein; blood leaves through hepatic vein functions of liver and gallbladder 1. Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism 2. Processing of drugs and hormones 3. Bilirubin excretion 4. Bile salt synthesis 5. Storage 6. Phagocytosis 7. Vitamin D activation Bile A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles Sections of small intestine duodenum, jejunum, ileum mucosa of small intestine innermost layer of small intestine; contains villi to maximize surface area; contains lacteal (lymphatic capillary); contains absorptive cells, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells; absorptive cells contains microvilli that forms brush border submucosa of small intestine 1. in duodenum- duodenal (Brunner's) glands that secrete an alkaline mucous that helps neutralize gastric acid in chyme 2. in ileum- Peyer's patches that are lymphatic nodules Segmentation localized contraction in areas containing food Peristalsis Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system. Digestion of Carbohydrates in small intestine broken down into monosaccharides Starches broken down into maltose, maltotriose, and alpha-dextrin by pancreatic amylase alpha-dextrins broken down into glucose by alphadestrinase 32 | P a g e Maltose broken down into glucose by maltase Sucrose broken down into glucose and fructose by sucrase Lactose broken down into glucose and galactose by lactase digestion of proteins in small intestine converted to peptides then amino acids by trypsin and chymotryspin digestion of lipids in small intestine pancreatic lipase breaks down into fatty acids and monoglycerides emulsification Breakdown of large fat globules into smaller, digestible particles. Digestion of Nucleic Acids in Small Intestine broken down into nucleotides absorption of monosaccharides absorbed into blood capillaries Absorption of Amino Acids, Dipeptides & Tripeptides absorbed into blood capillaries in the villus by active transport processes Absorption of Lipids 1. dietary lipids are absorbed by simple diffusion 2. monoglycerides forms chylomicrons that are taken in by the lacteal of villus, then goes to cardiovascular system, then to liver or adipose tissue 3. Plasma lipids are insoluble in body fluids so they combine with proteins to form lipoproteins absorption of electrolytes absorbed through active transport mechanisms Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K; absorbed by simple diffusion water soluble vitamins B and C; absorbed by simple diffusion absorption of water