BIS 2B Midterm 2 Exam Review With 100% Correct Answers 2023, Exams of Nursing

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BIS 2B Midterm 2 Exam Review With 100% Correct Answers 2023 Mendel - Correct Answer-Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884) blending model - Correct Answer-Blending model: Offspring are a blend of both parents (i.e. in modern terms, alleles would blend together to form a completely new allele) The characteristics of the blended offspring are passed on to the next generation Variation is washed out over time particulate model - Correct Answer-Offspring are a combination of both parents The characteristics of both parents are passed on to the next generation as separate entities Variation is maintained over time law of independent assortment - Correct Answer-Alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation. law of segregation - Correct Answer-The two copies of a gene separate when an individual makes gametes. 1. Before Meisosis 1, each homologous chromosome replicates 2. At the end, the copies are seperated into two seperate daughter cells 3. at the end of Meisos II, there are 4 hapoid daughter cells with one chromosome each (one allele for each gene) law of dominance - Correct Answer-dominant allele masks recessive one character - Correct Answer-as a heritable feature for which variants exist ie flower color trait - Correct Answer-as a particular variant for the character that exists ie purple and white flowers diploid - Correct Answer-2 sets of chromosomes haploid - Correct Answer-An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes. wild-type - Correct Answer-allele, genotype, phenotype that is the most common form of expression dominant - Correct Answer-Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait. recessive - Correct Answer-An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present allele - Correct Answer-different forms of a gene for each variation of a trait of an organism. gene - Correct Answer-A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait locus` - Correct Answer-the specific location or position of a gene, DNA sequence, on a chromosome. heterozygous - Correct Answer-An organism that has two different alleles for a trait homozygous - Correct Answer-An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait hemizygous - Correct Answer-A chromosome in a diploid organism when only one copy is present, ie males and the X chromosome from their mothers controlled cross - Correct Answer-true breeding dominant+ recessive--> F1 generation (heterozygotes) Cross-fertilization of two true-breeding plants with different trait -heterozygous F1 self pollinate--> F2 generation, 3:1 ratio of dominant:recessive monohybrid cross - Correct Answer-A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait dihybrid cross - Correct Answer-A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene test cross - Correct Answer-used to find if dominant phenotype hetero or homozygous: cross with recessive individual and analyze results probability - Correct Answer-look at probability of alleles and multiply by each other multiple allele trait - Correct Answer-Multiple allele trait is a trait that has more than two alleles or gene options. Blood type is an example: the genes are A, B, and O. Any one person can only carry two of these genes since we are diploid. incomplete dominance - Correct Answer-A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits. population - Correct Answer-summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding. genotype frequency - Correct Answer-frequency of genotypes in population allele frequency - Correct Answer-proportion of alleles in population evolutionary change - Correct Answer-change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. hardy weinberg principle - Correct Answer-Allelic and genotypic frequencies in large populations reach an equilibrium after one generation of random mating, and remain unchanged thereafter, assuming: 1. no mutations 2. no interpopulation gene flow 3. large population size (no genetic drift) 4. random mating 5. no selection hardy weinberg equilibrium - Correct Answer-equilibrium reached when the HW principle has been achieved random mating - Correct Answer-no selective mating in which animals chose mate depending on phenotype nonrandom mating - Correct Answer-Mating among individuals on the basis of their phenotypic similarities or differences, rather than mating on a random basis inbreeding - Correct Answer-continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the derived characteristics of a kind of organism mutation - Correct Answer-any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA • adds new alleles to a population • ultimate source of genetic variation in populations gene flow - Correct Answer-movement of genes between populations resulting from the migration/dispersal of individuals or the movement of gametes (e.g. in pollen) between populations • can add new alleles to the gene pool or change allele frequencies genetic drift - Correct Answer-process by which allele frequencies within a population change by chance alone as a result of (gamete) sampling error from generation to generation Harmful alleles may increase in frequency, and rare advantageous alleles may be lost. adaptive evolution - Correct Answer-evolution that results in a better match between organisms and their environment discrete traits - Correct Answer-controlled by allelic variation at one or two loci quantitative traits - Correct Answer-traits determined by allelic variation at many gene loci stabilizing selection - Correct Answer-• occurs when the two extremes of a trait are selected against Example: • plant that is too short may not be able to compete for light with other plants but • plant that is too tall may suffer wind damage in windy environments directional selection - Correct Answer-• occurs when one extreme of the phenotypic distribution of a trait is selected against disruptive selection - Correct Answer-occurs when selection acts against individuals in the middle of the trait distribution • result is a bimodal, or two-peaked, curve sexual selection - Correct Answer-form of nonrandom mating that favors traits that increase the chances of reproduction. antagonistic interactions - Correct Answer-predation, herbivory, parasitism, all benefit one species and not the other mutualism - Correct Answer-both species benefit competition - Correct Answer-neither benefits commensalism - Correct Answer-one benefits, the other neutral ammensalism - Correct Answer-one does not benefit, the other neutral coevolution - Correct Answer-• evolution of an adaptation in one species can lead to evolution of a reciprocal adaptation in species with which it interacts, a process called "reciprocal adaptation" coevolutionary arms race - Correct Answer-a series of reciprocal adaptations oligophagous - Correct Answer-specialists on one or few, often taxonomically related, taxa polyphagous - Correct Answer-feed on many unrelated plant species microparasite - Correct Answer-maller than hosts; live and reproduce inside host, many pathogens ectoparasite - Correct Answer-live outside host interspecific - Correct Answer-interactions among individuals of two or more species that share a limited resource intraspecific - Correct Answer-competition for resources within species competitive exclusion - Correct Answer-occurs when one of the species prevents all individuals of a second species from using a resource and the inferior competitor goes locally extinct resource partitioning - Correct Answer-competing species evolve ways to divide up or "partition" the common limiting resource so all species coexist interference competition - Correct Answer-a competitor interferes with another competitor's access to a resource exploitation competition - Correct Answer-limiting resource is available to all competitors but one competitor is more efficient in using a resource than another