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Blood Borne Pathogens: Module 4 questions
with solved solutions
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Blood Borne Pathogens - ANSWER>>Infectious microorganisms found in human blood. Hepatitis B (HBV) - ANSWER>>Liver infection transmitted through blood and fluids. Hepatitis C (HCV) - ANSWER>>Chronic liver infection spread via blood contact. HIV - ANSWER>>Virus causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Needle Stick Risk - ANSWER>>Infection risk from contaminated needles. HIV Infection Risk - ANSWER>>0.3% risk without gloves after needle stick. HCV Infection Risk - ANSWER>>3% risk without gloves after needle stick. HBV Infection Risk - ANSWER>>Up to 30% risk for non-immune workers. Glove Use - ANSWER>>Reduces infection risk by 50%. Immunization Availability - ANSWER>>Vaccines available for Hep. A and B only. Antigen Presence - ANSWER>>Indicates actual virus in infectious state. Antibody Presence - ANSWER>>Indicates recovery and immunity from infection. Anti-HBs - ANSWER>>Antibody against Hepatitis B surface antigen. Hepatitis Definition - ANSWER>>Inflammation of the liver, often viral. Bilirubin Buildup - ANSWER>>Causes jaundice due to liver dysfunction. Jaundice Symptoms - ANSWER>>Yellow skin and sclera due to bilirubin.
Hepatitis Virus Strains - ANSWER>>Five main strains: A, B, C, D, E. HAV Transmission - ANSWER>>Spread via contaminated food and water. Hepatitis A (HAV) - ANSWER>>Virus transmitted through fecal contamination. HAV Incubation Period - ANSWER>>Ranges from 15 to 50 days. Anti-HAV IgM - ANSWER>>Indicates recent Hepatitis A infection. Anti-HAV IgG - ANSWER>>Indicates past infection of Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A Vaccine - ANSWER>>Recommended for travelers to poor sanitation. Hepatitis B Virus - ANSWER>>Stable virus resistant to heat and disinfectants. HBV Antigens - ANSWER>>HBSAg, HBcAg, and HBeAg present in HBV. HBV Transmission - ANSWER>>Direct entry into bloodstream is most efficient. Asymptomatic HBV Infections - ANSWER>>60-70% of infections show no symptoms. Chronic Carriers - ANSWER>>Individuals who remain infected without symptoms. Hepatitis Symptoms - ANSWER>>Include jaundice, dark urine, and pale stool. B antigens - ANSWER>>Substances on HBV that trigger immune response. Symptomatic Infections - ANSWER>>Symptoms appear 2 weeks to 6 months post- exposure. Incubation period - ANSWER>>Average duration is 3 months for HBV. Viral replication - ANSWER>>Causes liver inflammation and various symptoms.
Routine practices - ANSWER>>Universal precautions to prevent HBV transmission. Hepatitis C - ANSWER>>Accounts for ≈ 20% of acute hepatitis cases. Chronic carriers - ANSWER>>More than half of infected individuals remain carriers. Acute episode - ANSWER>>Patient does not become a carrier after infection. Viral reservoir - ANSWER>>Hiding place of virus within infected cells. Blood exposure activities - ANSWER>>Includes shared needles and sexual activities. Infectivity duration - ANSWER>>Body fluids infectious for 6-7 years in carriers. Preventative immunization - ANSWER>>Vaccine series of 3 shots for HBV. Cirrhosis - ANSWER>>Liver scarring often from chronic hepatitis. Antiviral Medication - ANSWER>>Daily pills to treat chronic viral infections. Ribavirin - ANSWER>>Old antiviral treatment, less commonly prescribed. Sexual Transmission - ANSWER>>Inefficient virus spread through sexual contact. Mother to Baby Transmission - ANSWER>>Rare transmission of virus during childbirth. Hepatitis D (HDV) - ANSWER>>Defective virus needing HBV for replication. Fulminant Hepatitis - ANSWER>>Severe liver inflammation, often life-threatening. Immunization against HBV - ANSWER>>Best protection against Hepatitis D infection. Hepatitis E - ANSWER>>Fecal-oral transmission, serious for pregnant women.
Mortality Rate in Hepatitis E - ANSWER>>20% in pregnant females, higher than HAV. HAV - ANSWER>>Naked virus causing liver inflammation. HBV - ANSWER>>Enveloped virus, can cause chronic liver damage. HCV - ANSWER>>Enveloped virus, often asymptomatic in carriers. Transmission Routes - ANSWER>>Different methods of virus spread between hepatitis types. Vaccine Availability - ANSWER>>HAV and HBV have effective vaccines; HCV does not. AIDS - ANSWER>>Stage of HIV with opportunistic infections present. Reverse Transcriptase - ANSWER>>Enzyme converting viral RNA to DNA. gp120 - ANSWER>>Glycoprotein binding HIV to host cells. T-helper Lymphocytes - ANSWER>>Main target cells for HIV infection. Viral Dormancy - ANSWER>>Period where HIV DNA remains inactive in host. Viral Replication - ANSWER>>Process of producing new virus particles in host. Disinfection for HIV - ANSWER>>Standard methods effective against HIV contamination. HIV Culture - ANSWER>>Difficult to perform, not routinely done. Infective Dose - ANSWER>>Amount of virus needed to cause infection. CD4 Cells - ANSWER>>Helper cells crucial for immune system function.
Candida Yeast Infection - ANSWER>>Fungal infection prevalent in immunocompromised individuals. Herpes Reactivation - ANSWER>>Reactivation of herpes virus in AIDS patients. False Positives - ANSWER>>Incorrect positive test results for HIV antibodies. Immune Dysfunction - ANSWER>>Imbalance of CD4 and CD8 cells leading to susceptibility. Clinical Symptoms of AIDS - ANSWER>>Manifestations due to loss of CD4 cells. Nevirapine - ANSWER>>An antiretroviral drug used in HIV treatment. Multi-drug regime - ANSWER>>Combination of 3 or 4 drugs to prevent resistance. Opportunistic infections - ANSWER>>Infections occurring due to weakened immune system. HIV transmission - ANSWER>>Spread of HIV through body fluids containing lymphocytes. Most infectious fluid - ANSWER>>Blood is the most infectious body fluid for HIV. Infective dose - ANSWER>>Larger amount of virus needed compared to HBV. Routes of infection - ANSWER>>Ways HIV can enter a new host's body. Needle sharing - ANSWER>>Common transmission method among intravenous drug users. Mother-to-child transmission - ANSWER>>HIV can be transmitted during birth or breastfeeding. Casual contact - ANSWER>>Touching or kissing does not transmit HIV.
Accidental needle stick - ANSWER>>Most common risk for healthcare workers to contract HIV. Significant exposure - ANSWER>>Contact with patient blood on broken skin or mucous membranes. First response protocol - ANSWER>>Remove infective material and wash exposed area immediately. Prophylactic therapy - ANSWER>>Preventive treatment started after potential HIV exposure. Emerging infections - ANSWER>>New infections that can spread rapidly due to mutations. SARS-CoV-2 - ANSWER>>Virus responsible for COVID-19, identified in 2003. Zika virus - ANSWER>>Emerging infection recognized in 2016. Personal protective equipment - ANSWER>>Essential gear for healthcare workers to prevent infection. N95 respirator - ANSWER>>Mask required for healthcare workers during patient care. Hand hygiene - ANSWER>>Critical practice to prevent infection spread. Blood testing protocol - ANSWER>>Testing healthcare worker for HBV, HCV, and HIV after exposure. HBIG administration - ANSWER>>Hepatitis B immune globulin given after HBV exposure. Patient transport guidelines - ANSWER>>Specific protocols for moving patients to minimize infection risk.
