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Blood Vessels: Questions and Answers for Anatomy and Physiology Students, Exams of Nursing

A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to blood vessels, covering key concepts in anatomy and physiology. It includes topics such as the structure and function of different blood vessel types, blood pressure regulation, and the mechanisms of blood flow. Designed to help students prepare for exams and deepen their understanding of the circulatory system.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/10/2025

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UPDATED 2024/2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE EXAM SOLUTION

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The innermost layer (or tunic) of the blood vessel wall is called the: - CORRECT ANSWERS tunica intima. Which layer (or tunic) of the blood vessel wall is composed of smooth muscle and elastin? - CORRECT ANSWERS Tunica media Which of the following vessels has the largest lumen and a thin tunica media? - CORRECT ANSWERS Veins Of the three groups of arteries, which has more smooth muscle, but less elastin, and delivers blood to specific organs? - CORRECT ANSWERS Muscular arteries Of the three groups of arteries, which provides the greatest resistance to flow? - CORRECT ANSWERS Arterioles To increase blood flow through the true capillaries, which of the following would occur? - CORRECT ANSWERS Precapillary sphincters would dilate. Exchange of materials (such as oxygen) between the blood and tissue cells takes place in: - CORRECT ANSWERS true capillaries. Blood pressure is lowest in which of the following vessels? - CORRECT ANSWERS Venules What special adaptation in veins prevents the backflow of blood as it travels toward the heart? - CORRECT ANSWERS Venous one-way valves Which type of blood vessel consists of only a thin tunica intima? - CORRECT ANSWERS Capillaries

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Applying norepinephrine to a blood vessel would alter which of the three sources of peripheral resistance? - CORRECT ANSWERS Vessel diameter Increasing hematocrit would alter which of the three sources of peripheral resistance? - CORRECT ANSWERS Viscosity An increase in fatty tissue in the body would affect which of the three sources of peripheral resistance? - CORRECT ANSWERS Vessel length Arteriosclerosis will alter which of the following factors, thus increasing blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS Vessel diameter If there is a decrease in blood volume, what would be the effect on blood pressure (BP)? - CORRECT ANSWERS BP would decrease. Increased salt intake could lead to an alteration in blood volume, which would do what to blood pressure (BP)? - CORRECT ANSWERS BP would increase. Sympathetic stimulation to the heart would alter heart rate, thus __________ cardiac output. - CORRECT ANSWERS increasing How would stimulation of the vagus nerve alter cardiac output (CO)? - CORRECT ANSWERS Decrease in CO caused by decreased heart rate How would increasing stroke volume (SV) alter cardiac output (CO) and blood pressure (BP)?

  • CORRECT ANSWERS Increased CO and increased BP Administering angiotensin II to your patient would __________ the patient's blood pressure.
  • CORRECT ANSWERS increase

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The maximum pressure reached in the arteries is called: - CORRECT ANSWERS systolic pressure (SP). The dicrotic notch represents the brief interruption of smooth blood flow caused by the backflow of blood that closes which valve? - CORRECT ANSWERS Aortic semilunar Which of the following pressures is usually 80 mm Hg? - CORRECT ANSWERS Diastolic pressure The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called: - CORRECT ANSWERS pulse pressure. The calculated "average" pressure in the arteries is called the: - CORRECT ANSWERS mean arterial pressure. When the pressure in the blood pressure cuff is greater than in the artery, what sounds, if any, would you hear? - CORRECT ANSWERS No sounds The first sound you hear through the stethoscope as pressure in the cuff is released is recorded as: - CORRECT ANSWERS systolic pressure. What is the correct formula for calculating mean arterial pressure (MAP)? - CORRECT ANSWERS DP + PP/ Calculate pulse pressure, given SP = 110 mm Hg and DP = 70 mm Hg. - CORRECT ANSWERS 40 mm Hg Calculate MAP, given SP = 130 mm Hg and DP = 70 mm Hg. - CORRECT ANSWERS 90 mm Hg

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The long-term mechanism for regulation of blood pressure involves regulating which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWERS Blood volume The aortic arch and the carotid sinus contain nerve endings that monitor blood pressure by the degree of stretch on the vessel wall. These sensors are called: - CORRECT ANSWERS arterial baroreceptors. A change in blood pressure that increases the impulses to the cardiovascular center results in increased impulses from which branch of the autonomic nervous system? What would be the effect on blood pressure (BP)? - CORRECT ANSWERS Parasympathetic; decreased BP A change in blood pressure that decreases the impulses to the cardiovascular center results in increased impulses from which branch of the autonomic nervous system? What would be the effect on blood pressure (BP)? - CORRECT ANSWERS Sympathetic; increased BP Increased activity of the vagus nerve would cause the heart rate to __________. - CORRECT ANSWERS decrease Increased sympathetic nerve activity at the heart would cause: - CORRECT ANSWERS an increase in both heart rate and contractility. The sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from what gland? - CORRECT ANSWERS Adrenal gland What cells in the kidney monitor blood pressure, releasing renin when blood pressure is low? - CORRECT ANSWERS Juxtaglomerular cells How does angiotensin II raise blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS Directly by increasing vasoconstriction and indirectly by stimulating aldosterone release

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An increase in plasma osmolarity stimulates release of what hormone from the posterior pituitary? - CORRECT ANSWERS Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) What regulates the flow of blood into true capillaries? - CORRECT ANSWERS Precapillary sphincters Which of the following combinations would increase blood flow in capillaries the most? - CORRECT ANSWERS Low O2 and high CO Which of the following combinations would increase blood flow in capillaries the most? - CORRECT ANSWERS Decreased nutrients and fever Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through the blood vessel wall primarily by which of the following mechanisms? - CORRECT ANSWERS Diffusion Water soluble solutes, such as amino acids, move through the blood vessel walls by which of the following mechanisms? - CORRECT ANSWERS Clefts or fenestrations Bulk fluid flow causes ____________ at the arterial end and ______________ at the venous end of the capillary. - CORRECT ANSWERS filtration; reabsorption Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary (that is, blood pressure) forces fluid _____ the capillary.

  • CORRECT ANSWERS out of Calculate the net hydrostatic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary if the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is 35 mm Hg and the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid is 1 mm Hg. - CORRECT ANSWERS 34 mm Hg The osmotic pressure of blood (that is, the plasma proteins) in the capillary forces fluid _____ the capillary. - CORRECT ANSWERS into

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If net hydrostatic pressure is higher than net osmotic pressure, will fluid enter or leave the capillary? - CORRECT ANSWERS Leave During pulmonary circulation blood leaves the: - CORRECT ANSWERS right ventricle and moves to the lungs. During systemic circulation blood leaves the: - CORRECT ANSWERS left ventricle and goes directly to the aorta. The endothelium is composed of: - CORRECT ANSWERS simple squamous epithelium. The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the:

  • CORRECT ANSWERS right atrium. Which is the correct sequence of layers in the vessel wall from outside to inside? - CORRECT ANSWERS Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna The major long-term mechanism of blood pressure control is provided by the: - CORRECT ANSWERS kidneys. The kidneys act both directly and indirectly to regulate arterial pressure and provide the major long-term mechanism of blood pressure control. Exchange of gases and nutrients occurs by diffusion between the: - CORRECT ANSWERS capillaries and tissue cells. Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally is called: - CORRECT ANSWERS circulatory shock. Reduction in lumen diameter of a blood vessel as the smooth muscle contracts is known as: - CORRECT ANSWERS vasoconstriction.

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The only vessels that provide direct access to nearly every cell in the body are the: - CORRECT ANSWERS capillaries. Which of the following regulates blood flow at the entrance to each true capillary? - CORRECT ANSWERS Precapillary sphincter Loss of vasomotor tone resulting in a huge drop in peripheral resistance is known as: - CORRECT ANSWERS vascular shock. Which of the following arteries branches to form the common hepatic artery, left gastric artery, and splenic artery? - CORRECT ANSWERS Celiac trunk Which of the following veins is the longest in the body? - CORRECT ANSWERS Great saphenous vein The great saphenous vein is the longest in the body, running from the sole of the foot up to the inguinal region (without changing names). Which of the layers of an artery wall is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and many hormones? - CORRECT ANSWERS Middle layer Which of the following types of blood vessels have the thickest tunica media of all vessels? - CORRECT ANSWERS Distributing arteries What can compete with plasminogen but cannot dissolve clots and may contribute to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques? - CORRECT ANSWERS Lipoprotein (a) The minute-to-minute blood flow through the capillary beds is determined by the: - CORRECT ANSWERS diameter of arterioles.

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The presence of ___________ stabilizes the wall of capillaries. - CORRECT ANSWERS pericytes All but which of the following blood vessels contain intercellular clefts? - CORRECT ANSWERS Arterioles The flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule is called the: - CORRECT ANSWERS microcirculation. A metarteriole is a vessel that: - CORRECT ANSWERS intermediate between the arteriole and the capillary bed. Which of the following conditions would NOT increase the chances of developing varicose veins? - CORRECT ANSWERS Running in place Up to 65% of the body's blood supply is found in: - CORRECT ANSWERS veins. All of the following are examples of sinuses, except: - CORRECT ANSWERS capillary sinuses. Most neural controls of blood pressure involve input from baroreceptors, which are sensitive to: - CORRECT ANSWERS to changes in blood pressure. An elastic lamina on both sides of the tunica media is a characteristic of: - CORRECT ANSWERS muscular arteries. Which of the following blood vessels is the most susceptible to atherosclerosis? - CORRECT ANSWERS The aorta Which of the following is the major force generating blood flow? - CORRECT ANSWERS Pumping action of the heart

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Blood enters the myocardium of the heart by coronary vessels that originate from the: - CORRECT ANSWERS aorta. T/F - The superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus empty into the left atrium. - CORRECT ANSWERS False The superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus bring blood from all over the body and empty into the right atrium. T/F - Blood pressure in capillaries is lower than in arterioles. - CORRECT ANSWERS True By the time blood reaches the capillaries, blood pressure has dropped. T/F - Hypotension is commonly called high blood pressure. - CORRECT ANSWERS False High blood pressure is called hypertension. T/F - The heart produces a hormone called atrial natriuretic peptide that causes blood volume and blood pressure to decline. - CORRECT ANSWERS True ANP antagonizes aldosterone and prods the kidneys to excrete more sodium and water from the body. T/F - Orthostatic hypotension causes blood pressure to rise by increasing effects of ADH. - CORRECT ANSWERS False Orthostatic hypotension is temporary low blood pressure when rising from a reclining or sitting position due to pooling of blood in the lower limbs, which reduces blood flow to the brain.

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T/F - Atherosclerosis begins in youth but seldom causes noticeable problems until middle to old age. - CORRECT ANSWERS True From middle to old age, atherosclerosis may precipitate a myocardial infarct or stroke. T/F - The most important factor in regulation of blood pressure is peripheral resistance. - CORRECT ANSWERS True Because peripheral resistance is the most quickly changed variable in blood pressure, it is the most important for regulation. T/F - The vertebral artery supplies the brain with blood. - CORRECT ANSWERS True Together with the internal carotid artery, the vertebral artery contributes to the Circle of Willis, an arterial anastomosis for the brain. The vessel layer that has a direct role in vasoconstriction is the: - CORRECT ANSWERS tunica media. Blood flows directly from _____ into capillary beds. - CORRECT ANSWERS arterioles The vessels that exhibit the lowest level of permeability are the: - CORRECT ANSWERS continuous capillaries. When would the capillary beds surrounding the gastrointestinal organs be open? - CORRECT ANSWERS During a meal T/F - Baroreceptors are effective in long-term regulation of blood pressure. - CORRECT ANSWERS False

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Short-term blood pressure regulation involves both neural and hormonal controls. Neural control is regulated by higher order brain centers, chemoreceptors, and baroreceptors. Long- term control of blood pressure is achieved through direct and indirect renal (kidney) control mechanisms. Which of the following is true when comparing arteries and veins? - CORRECT ANSWERS Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood to the heart. Blood flow would be increased by: - CORRECT ANSWERS increasing cardiac output. Systolic pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS Peak of aortic pressure Systolic pressure is the peak pressure achieved as the heart ejects blood into the aorta, averaging about 120 mm Hg in healthy adults. Diastolic pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS Lowest level of aortic pressure Diastolic pressure is the lowest aortic pressure, approximately 70-80 mm Hg in healthy adults. Pulse pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure Mean arterial pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS Pressure that propels blood to the tissues Which of the following acts on the kidneys to raise blood pressure? - CORRECT ANSWERS Antidiuretic hormone Hypertension is defined physiologically as a condition of sustained arterial pressure of ______ or higher. - CORRECT ANSWERS 140/ T/F - If the net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive, then fluid is reabsorbed into the blood. - CORRECT ANSWERS False

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A positive net filtration pressure (NFP) would force fluid out of the blood. A negative NFP would result in reabsorption. Which of the following would experience increased blood flow during exercise? - CORRECT ANSWERS Skin Fluids would be likely to leave or filter out of the capillary if: - CORRECT ANSWERS net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is greater than net osmotic pressure (OP). A positive net filtration pressure (NFP) would result in filtration. A negative NFP would result in reabsorption. NFP is affected by net hydrostatic pressure (HP) and net osmotic pressure (OP). If net HP is greater than net OP, filtration results. If net HP is less than net OP, reabsorption occurs. This is easier to remember if you think of HP as a filtration force and OP as a reabsorption force. Cardiogenic shock is most likely to result from: - CORRECT ANSWERS multiple heart attacks. Vascular shock occurs when blood volume is normal but vasomotor tone is suddenly lost, causing extreme vasodilation. The massive vasodilation event leads to a drastic and dangerous drop in blood pressure. Vascular shock can be triggered by anaphylaxis, septic shock, and by certain bacterial toxins. Hypovolemic shock is a result of large-scale blood loss; it is the most common form of circulatory shock. Cardiogenic shock is a result of heart failure or damage; it can result from multiple myocardial infarcts (heart attacks). Blood flows from the lungs to the _________ via the ___________. - CORRECT ANSWERS left atrium; pulmonary veins Blood from the brain is returned to the heart via the: - CORRECT ANSWERS superior vena cava. The hepatic portal system collects blood from the ______ and then routes it to the ______. - CORRECT ANSWERS GI tract; liver

UPDATED 2024/2025 ACTUAL COMPLETE EXAM SOLUTION

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Nitric oxide - CORRECT ANSWERS Metabolic control of blood flow Stretch of vascular smooth muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS Myogenic control of blood flow Sympathetic impulses - CORRECT ANSWERS Nervous system control of blood flow Angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWERS Hormonal control of blood flow