BMS 300 FINAL EXAM Questions with 100% verified Answers Latest Updates 2024., Exams of Nursing

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diffusion limits correct answers distance from oxygen or nutrition source arteries correct answers lead away from the heart (ox) veins correct answers carry blood to the heart (deox); return vessels capillaries correct answers where oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and metabolites are exchanged; cap bed=exchange tubes fish cardiovascular system: atrium correct answers recieves blood from the systematic vasculature; sends deox blood to the gills fish cardiovascular system: ventrical correct answers pumps blood to the gill and the system vascular fish cardiovascular system: gill structure correct answers erythrocyte; endothelia cell; blood vessel fish cardiovascular system: gill capillaries correct answers drawn together to form vesicles that deliver oxygen rich blood to the tissues order of the mammalian heart correct answers oxygen poor blood get pumped through inferior and superior vena cava, then into RA, through tricuspid valve or R. atrioventricular valve into the RV and out through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to lungs, from lungs oxygen rich blood enters the heart through the pulmonary vein into the LA; then goes through bicuspid valve or L. atrioventricular valve into the LV and out of the heart through the aorta valve into the aorta to carry oxygen rich blood to tissues what kind of system is the mammalian heart? correct answers closed endothelia cells correct answers cells of the pulmonary capillaries; continuous layer within pericardium correct answers coninuous outer layer of mesothelial cells; attached to body wall; attached to basil lamina contraction left side correct answers contraction of the atremyocardium; contraction of the ventricular myocardium; cant change volume of heart, pressure increases, force generated on the blood in the ventricle; as ventricle contracts, AV valve shuts and aorta valve open; muscle more thick than right side; low pressure return from lungs diastole correct answers period of ventricular filling (atrial contraction, isovolumetric ventricular relaxation)

isometric relaxation correct answers short 30-60 seconds; sarcomeres smaller cardia output correct answers 4.3 L/min ejection phase correct answers blood leaves the ventricle across the aortic valve afterload correct answers pressure on the ventricular myocardium after a contraction begins For the left ventricle, pressure in the aorta during ventricular ejection determines the afterload. Afterload ^ mean arterial pressure ) cardiac cycle correct answers diastole; artial myocardium contraction; ventricular myocardium contraction; period of isometric contraction; afterload; ejection; isovolumetric relaxation blood supply to the myocardium correct answers through the coronary arteries-> arterioles-> capillaries (exchange bed) - > coronary sinus - > right atrium; require a capillary bed to deliver oxygen and nutrients; blood flow to the myocardial capillary beds occurs during distaole structure of cardiomyocyte correct answers uninuclear and branched cardiomyocyte: desmosomes correct answers desmosomes (mechanically linked); gap junction ( link by electrical synapse); cytoplasmic (protein plaque); cadherons cardiomyocyte: Dihydropurine receptor correct answers v-g calcium channel; sense positive charge and the gate opens; allows calcium in ( calcium induced, causes the RYR to open.. Calcium released) cardiomyocytes: conductile correct answers deliver action potentials to the contractile cardiomyocytes cardiomyocytes: contractile correct answers generates forces; contracts; 98% of CMC in heart; calcium binds to troponin C... calcium induced, calcium released sinoarticle vessle correct answers cluster of contractile CMC, pacemaker sinalatrial node (SA) and atrioventricular node correct answers collection of conductile CMC flow of conductile CMC correct answers sinoatrial node AV node bundle of his

left and right bundles Purkinje fibers Purkinje fibers correct answers delivery to contractile cells SA node correct answers to artrium AV node correct answers to ventricle ramp potential correct answers "generator"; results from Na+ influx through HCN channels (HCN) correct answers from opening a set of channels called HCN channels (hyperpolerization Cyclic Nucleotide gate channels) How many HCN channels open dictates heart rate; more binding with 4 binding sites more likely channels open and sodium comes in leads to depolarization calcium v-g channels open, potassium channels open... process starts over electrocardiogram correct answers measuring currents moving into and out of contractile CMC; measures the movement of ions as the action potential progresses T wave correct answers efflux of potassium from ventricular CMC; ventricular relaxation p wave correct answers innflux of sodium and calcium; atrail contraction lidocain correct answers sodium channels blocks Automic Nervous System correct answers modulation of heart rate; sympathetic and parasympathetic sympathetic correct answers fight or flight; makes heart go fast parasympathetic correct answers rest and digest; slows heart rate down anatomy of autonomics correct answers cells body in the CNS through a preganglionic autonomic neuron to branch and release acetylcholine to the peripheral ganglion through a post galglionic neuron to either smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands Story of sympathetic to Node correct answers output region (sympathetic post ganglionic neuron) norephanenphrine is released and the conductile CMC in the SA or AV nodes reacts by GPCR and that bind to the alpha in the complex which transform GDP to GTP and the GTP goes by the adenylalcyclase and that releases ATP, cAMP, and inorganic phosphorus, the this cAMP in the HCM channels allows for ramp potential to occur resulting from sodium influx... therefore increase in cyclic A leads to an increase in protein kinase A which phosphorates and opens calcium pump and makes heart rate faster three primary factors affecting stroke volume correct answers ventricular contractility, end- diastolic volume, afterload

ventricular contractility correct answers the amount of force produced by the contracting ventricles end-diastolic volume correct answers the amount of blood in the ventricles at the onset of ventricle contraction vasculature correct answers system as a series of wires or tubes; ^P=Flow x Resistance ( Flow of blood through the system depends on resistance and pressure) resistance in vasculature correct answers stems from turbulence on walls, the smaller the r , the closer the walls are the ^er the resistance pousielle's law correct answers relate to flow is vessels to resistance and radius; F=^Pr^4pi/8viscosityvessel length (Changing the radius by 1 influences the flow to the 4th power Go from 1 cm to 2 cm and increase flow by 16 times) changes in pressure/ flow in vessels correct answers pressure very high in aorta; pressure drops through smaller vessels because radius is smaller therefore more resistance causes pressure to drop somatic correct answers voluntary; conscious sensation and voluntary movement ex skeletal muscle; regulates body functions, motor function and perception of sensory stimuli visceral correct answers involuntary; unconscious sensation and involuntary movement; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular tissue; maintains homeostasis; controlling the involuntary functions of organ (digestion, breathing, metabolism, or blood pressure) autonomic correct answers sympathetic and parasympathetic characteristics of ANS correct answers two neuron pathway, sensory signals from viscera and skin send signals to autonomic neurons in brain and spinal cord; a preganglionic neuron cell body is located within the CNS (brain stem or spinal cord); preganglionic fibers (efferent fibers) synapse with a ganglionic neuron located in the PNS; a postganglionic fiber terminates on the effector organ (heart stomach...) parasympathetic nodes receptors and NT correct answers vagus; SA node and AV node; preganglionic cell body in CNS; preganglionic NT= Ach; receptor = nicotinic; post ganglionic in PNS, near organ; postganglionic NT=Ach; receptor = muscarinic sympathetic nodes receptors and NT correct answers SA and AV node; ventricular myocardium; preganglionic cell body= CNS NT=ach receptor= nicotinic; synapse with postganglionic in sympathetic chain ganglia (PNS) NT=NE receptor = alpha and beta

parasympathetic function correct answers returns the body functions to normal after they have been altered by sympathetic stimulation in times of danger, the sympathetic system.., then the parasympathetic system correct answers prepares the body for violent activity; reverses these changes when the danger is over Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neuron (NT and receptor) correct answers nt= acetylcholine rec=nicotinic parasympathetic postganglionic neuron (NT and Receptor) correct answers NT= Acetylcholine rec = muscarinin sympathetic preganglionic neuron ( NT and Receptor) correct answers NT= acetylcholine rec= nicotinic sympathetic postganglionic neuron (NT and receptor) correct answers NT= norepinephrine Rec= adrenergic GPCR steps correct answers (G-protein coupled receptor) ligans binds to receptor, which changes its conformation (shape), triggering the following chain of events: receptor binds to G- protein and triggers the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit, alpha subunit dissociates from beta/ gamma subunits, alpha subunit binds and activates a target molecule- usually an enzyme like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase c, GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP- GTPase activating protein (GAP) regulates the rate of this hydrolysis, alpha subunit dissociates from target and re- gains its binding affinity for beta/gamma and thus becomes inactivated plasma correct answers the liquid component of the blood; mostly water, some proteins and ions; 90% water, 10% proteins (minerals, proteins, waste products from the breakdown of proteins, hormones and antibodies) Erythrocytes correct answers red blood cells, these carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body leukocytes correct answers white blood cells, help fight infections and aid in the immune process (lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils) thrombocytes correct answers platelets; blood clotting (seratonin [clotting factor], not cells, just fragments=formed elements buffy coat correct answers formed elements: complete cells and cell fragments; granulocytes (non-specific immunity), B and T lymphocytes (specific immunity), monocytes/macrophages (both), Platelets (not cells, just fragments hematocrit/packed cell volume correct answers number of erythrocytes in the blood,

components of blood correct answers plasma 55%, buffy coat<1%, hematocrit/ packed cell volume/ formed elements/erythrocytes 45% blood cells and bone marrow correct answers blood cells made in bone marrow, the bone marrow is the spongy material in the center of the bones that produces all types of blood cells QRS wave correct answers ventricular contraction (artial relaxation hidden in this curve) PR/PQ interval correct answers time between atrial and ventricular contraction (SA to AV node) heart correct answers muscular pump atria correct answers collecting area for blood ventricles correct answers thick muscular walls for pumping right heart correct answers vena cava (vein-> to heart), superior (drains head) inferior (drains thorax, abdomen, lower limbs); right A (receiving area); through AV valve (tricuspid); into R V; out Pulmonary artery (artery-away from heart); to lungs left heart correct answers pulmonary vein (vein-to heart); LA; through AV valve (bicuspid, mitral), into LV, out aorta (artery-away from heart); to body tissues correct answers endothelium, endocardium, myocardium, pericardium endothelium correct answers layer of epithelial cells, forms continuous layer endocardium correct answers inner layer myocardium correct answers muscle valves correct answers pressure within any chamber must be high enough to open valves; AV valves- flobby, open and close easily; semilunar valves (arteries leaving the heart)- springy, open and closing hard blood destined for the lungs leaves the__________ in the____________. correct answers right heart, pulmonary artery aorta correct answers major arteries leaving the left ventricle pressure return from the lungs is correct answers low as left ventricle contracts, which valves shut correct answers AV and aortic pressure return to R atrium correct answers low

systole correct answers contraction phase of cardiac cycle (isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection) preload correct answers volume of blood at the end of filling end systolic volume correct answers volume after contraction end diastolic volume correct answers volume after filling stroke volume correct answers how much blood is pumped per heart beat cardiac output correct answers how much blood flows over times layer of tissues out to in for heart correct answers basial liamina, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium coronary arteries branch into the__________ _____________ ____. correct answers myocardial capillary bed all CMC are linked by correct answers gap junctions How does norepinephrine change the ramp potential in the SA node? correct answers it binds to a GPCR, activating Ga-s, which in turn leads to the synthesis of more cAMP by adenylyl cyclase. HCN channels now have a higher probability of being open. For the Left heart, the valve that is open during diastole is the__________. correct answers AV valve All valves in the heart are close during________________. correct answers Isovolumetric contraction Layers of the pericardium correct answers Fibrous p (outer), Parietal p, space, visceral p. sounds of the heart comes from correct answers closing of the AV and semilunar valves pressure to the lungs and to system vasculature correct answers high Contractile CMC AP correct answers VG Na+ senses depolarization and opens, letting a lot of Na+ in Depolarization reaches VG Ca2+ channels (DHP!) Calcium must rush in before DHP opens (Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release) This depolarization lasts a long time so heart doesn't contract again too soon VG K+ channels open to reduce membrane potential back to rest conductile CMC AP correct answers Hyperpolarization Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Channel Cells autorhythmic

Depolarize again after each AP and this leads to next "beat" Opens in response to hyperpolarization and binding of cyclic AMP cAMP influenced by sympathetic nervous system VG Ca2+ channel VG K+ channel for repolarization increase of end diastole volume = _________ __________ _________ correct answers increased systole volume stroke volume= ________-__________ correct answers End diastole volume; end systole volume increase of venous return = ____________ ___________ _________ __________. correct answers increase end diastole volume channels of the conductile correct answers HCM (Na+), vg Ca2+, vg K+ channels of the contractile correct answers VG Na+, VG Ca2+ (DHP), vg K+ Cardiac tamponade is pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle (_____________) and the outer covering sac of the heart (______________). correct answers Myocardiocyte; pericardium They are extensions of the sacrolemma into the muscle fiber They allow propagation of an action potential deep into the muscle fiber They contain dihydropyridine receptors (DHP) within the membrane correct answers t-tubles The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases __________ which binds to __________. This causes tropomyosin to change conformation, exposing the _______________. Now the myosin head can attach to the actin, and begin the cross-bridge cycle. correct answers calcium; troponin C; myosin binding site In the sympathetic autonomic nervous system, the preganglionic neurotransmitter is ________________, and the postganglionic neurotransmitter is ___________________. In the parasympathetic branch, the preganglionic neurotransmitter is the same as it is in the sympathetic branch, but the postganglionic neurotransmitter is different. It is _______________________. correct answers Acetylcholine; Norepinephrine; Acetylcholine The vagus nerve, part of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, synapses onto the SA node of the heart. The SA node acts as the heart's pacemaker center. Increasing the rate of action potentials travelling down the vagus nerve would do which of the following? correct answers Decreases the heart rate Made of alpha-actinin and forms the border of each sarcomere correct answers z lines Tugged on by thick filaments to pull Z-lines together correct answers actin

Pulls Z-lines together by tugging on thin filaments correct answers myosin Covers myosin binding sites when calcium is not present correct answers tropomyosine binds calcium correct answers troponin After death, bodies remain rigid for hours. This rigidity is due to a lack of ________, which allows the release of myosin from actin, and the lack of _______ movement from the sarcomere back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. correct answers ATP; Calcium A contractile cardiomyocyte in the ventricular myocardium is most lilely to recieve its blood supply during ____________, when the aortic valve is __________. correct answers ventricular diastole; closed At intercalated disks within the myocardium, conductile cells pass positive charge along a cytoplasmic bridge (through __________) to ____________ cells, causing systole. correct answers Gap junctions, contractile As pressure builds in the aorta, the aortic valve will ________, causing blood to flow into the ____________. correct answers close; coronary and systemic circulation During isovolumteric contraction of the left ventricle... correct answers The blood in the ventricle is at its end diastolic volume (EDV) somatic nervous system correct answers regulates body functions; can be affected by our will (motor functions of skeletal muscle, perception of sensory stimuli) Autonomic nervous system correct answers maintains homeostasis, control involuntary functions of the organs (digestion, breathing, metabolism, or blood pressure) which side of the heart has the most over all pressure? correct answers left ^ venous return = ^___________+^____________ correct answers EDV;SV ^ sympathetic activity= ^______________+^________________ correct answers contractility; SV ^ arterial Pressure (afterload)= ^__________ correct answers SV ^ activity of sympathetic nerves of heart: signal goes to ____________+____________ and it ^______________,______________,____________ correct answers Ventricular myocardium; SA node; SV; HR; cardiac output decrease of activity of parasympathetic nerves of heart: signal goes to _____________ and it increases _______________ and ____________ correct answers SA node; HR; cardiac output

change in pressure= _______x_______ correct answers flow; resistance cardiac output= _____________x___________ correct answers SV;HR Ejection fraction= __________/_________ correct answers SV;EDV blood flow=______________/______________ correct answers (change in pressure *pi r^4)/(8 * vessel length viscosity) the greatest pressure drop in the cardiovascular system occurs across the correct answers arterioles parasympathetic intervation is confined to _____________ CMC cells correct answers conductile GIRK channels correct answers takes loose Beta and Gamma and binds; decrease membrane resistance; opens K+ channels; needs more Na+ to depolarize the cell G-alpha I correct answers down rates activity; reduces cAMP and reduces cites bound therefore takes longer to reach threshold and decreases heart rate if you doubled the radius the area is larger and more affected than _______________ correct answers circumfrance ventricle is the source of _____________ correct answers pressure smooth muscle receives/ enervates from _______ correct answers ANS sympathetic efferent correct answers releases nor; "contract!", alpha receptors Arteriolar correct answers smooth muscle contraction reduces the diameter of the arteriole flow most of the blood flow through the left coronary artery occurs during correct answers during the isovolumetric relaxation and filling phase In blood, which of the following are capable of mRNA editing? correct answers T lymphocytes If the resistance vessels of the vascular bed supplying the skin doubled in radius during exercise, how would the blood flow through the dermis change (presuming other factors such as pressure gradients and blood viscosity remained constant)? correct answers Sixteen times as much HCN channels are directly sensitive to ____________________ and ____________________. When open, they allow for ____________________. correct answers hyperpolarization, cyclic nucleotides, Na+ influx

During which wave(s) on the ECG do ventricular cardiomyocytes exhibit high permeability to potassium and low permeability to calcium? correct answers t wave increased arterial blood pressure in the systemic vasculature due too correct answers Increase in resistance of arterioles Reduced diameter of arterioles Increase in cardiac output Increased heart rate An increase in heart rate can be due to: correct answers release of norepinephrine from the sympathetic system, which increases the slope of the ramp potential, which increases the rate at which it reaches threshhold You're an ER doctor, and your patient has an end systolic volume of 55 mL, a heart rate of 62 beats per minute, and a cadiac output of 1500 mL/min. What is his end diastolic volume? correct answers About 80 mL Which of the following would directly increase afterload? correct answers Systemic hypertension (increased blood pressure) DHP channels allow for calcium influx upon depolarization of the cardiomyocyte. This influx chemically stimulates the RyR, which subsequently permits calcium efflux from the sarcoplasmic reitculum. This process is called correct answers Calcium induced calcium release Because cardiomyocytes are anchored together by ________________, when an action potential passes from one cell to another through ___________________, the heart is able to beat as a synctium (both electrically- and physically-coupled together). correct answers desmosomes, gap junctions What is the ionic flow represented by the QRS complex? correct answers Calcium flows into contractile cardiomyocytes of the ventricles erythrocytes structure correct answers Biconcave Lots of surface area Short diffusion path for oxygen Bags of hemoglobin Lots of binding sites for oxygen erythrocyte creation correct answers EPO (Erythropoietin); Hormone from kidney Kidney monitors oxygen saturation ↓ Oxygen saturation → EPO secretion Red Bone Marrow EPO binds to proerythrocytes erythrocyte evolution correct answers Hematopoietic stem cell → proerythrocyte→ normoblast (ejects nucleus)→ reticulocyte (little bits ER)→ erythrocyte

hemoglobin structure correct answers 2 α subunits, 2 β subunit; Each subunit has a heme group; Fe++ (iron) (slightly +, binds O2); Porphyrin ring sickle cell anemia correct answers Point mutation (one amino acid change) in β subunit of Hb 1 copy of mutant gene → beneficial against malaria 2 copies of mutant gene → detrimental turnover correct answers Erythrocytes die off quickly (no nucleus) (90-120 days); Red pulp of spleen (Site of RBC turnover; Capillaries very leaky; Lots of macrophages) Recognized as "old" by macrophage due to oxidized glycoproteins Heme group processing correct answers Porphyrin ring cannot be broken down When builds up → toxic Liver processes porphyrin ring → bilirubin/biliverdin Excreted in bile; Fe++ is re-used Newborn Jaundice correct answers Fetus and newborns have different Hb than adults High RBC turnover when first born Can overwhelm liver with phorphyrin rings Build up of bilirubin/biliberin in tissues treatment = UV light tissues associated with immune functions correct answers White pulp of spleen; Tonsils; Peyer's Patches; Lymph nodes; Thymus; white pulp of spleen correct answers Leaky capillary beds Germinal centers - immune cells Monitors blood for bacterial infection tonsils and peyer's patches correct answers Germinal centers M cells Tonsils - pharynx Monitors pathogens in air, water, food Peyer's patches Monitors pathogens in water & food Peyer's patches correct answers aggregations of lymphoid tissue that are usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine covered by a special epithelium that contains specialized cells called microfold cells (M cells) T cells, B-cells and memory cells are stimulated upon encountering antigen in Peyer's patch

M cells correct answers which sample antigen directly from the lumen and deliver it to antigen- presenting cells (located in a unique pocket-like structure on their basolateral side) lymph nodes correct answers Throughout Body Germinal Centers Sites where mature B lymphocytes proliferate Monitors Lymph Fluid thymus correct answers Above heart Site of T cell maturation Nurse cells select for T cells that do NOT recognize self If they sense that a T cell recognizes self → apoptosis of that T cell Glitches in this → autoimmune disorder generation of lymph correct answers Capillary beds (naturally a bit leaky, Water and ions out, No large plasma proteins)

1. Hydrostatic pressure
2. Osmotic pressure Hydrostatic > Osmotic → Net flow OUT of capillaries; Fluid accumulates in tissue and diffuses into surrounding lymph capillaries, One way valves, Skeletal muscle = pump; Filters through lymph nodes, Afferent vs. efferent vessels; Accumulates in a series of ducts until finally re-entering venous blood (subclavian vein) osmotic pressure correct answers Generated by large plasma proteins Pulls fluid BACK IN hydrostatic pressure correct answers Generated by pumping of heart Moves fluid OUT two branches of immune system correct answers specific and non specific non-specific correct answers Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils specific correct answers humoral and cellular humoral correct answers B-lymphocytes, secrete antibodies into humors (fluids) cellular correct answers T-lymphocytes, look for signals presented on cells and exocytose macrophages correct answers Bridge between specific and non-specific Gobble up whatever is available, present to other cells

dendritic cell correct answers like macrophages that are on patrol Professional Antigen Presenting Cells correct answers Use Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II (MHC II) Present antigen to mediate cellular immunity, specifically through CD4 cells Include B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells T-helper cells (CD4) correct answers Release interleukins to tell other cells to divide Look for MHC II on Professional APC's T-killer cells (CD8) correct answers Release perforins to cause cell death Look for MHC I, which is expressed on any cell with a nucleus t cells are _____________and____________immunity correct answers Cell-mediated immunity Antibody-mediated immunity b cells correct answers Antibody-mediated immunity Lead to production of antibodies