Cellular Biology: Membranes, Proteins, Transport, and Signaling, Exams of Theory of Formal Languages for Automata

Download Cellular Biology: Membranes, Proteins, Transport, and Signaling and more Exams Theory of Formal Languages for Automata in PDF only on Docsity! BMS 300 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS FOR 2024. 1. Dipole Moment - Correct answer Partial negative and partial positive charge 2. What causes surface tension? - Correct answer Hydrogen bonding 3. Hydrophilic - Correct answer "water loving" 4. Hydrophobic - Correct answer "water fearing" 5. Hydration Shell - Correct answer Water surrounding the ions 6. Diffusion - Correct answer Movement of ions from high to low concentrations 7. Osmosis - Correct answer Diffusion of water 8. Amphipathic - Correct answer "both loving" 9. Characteristics of the head group - Correct answer Hydrophilic, charged, phosphodiestor bonds 10.Characteristics of the tail - Correct answer Hydrophobic, uncharged, ester bonds. 11.Characteristics of proteins - Correct answer Made up of amino acids, have polypeptides, includes enzymes, structural elements, and Trans membrane proteins 12.Characteristics of Trans membrane Proteins - Correct answer Has a lumen that is a hydrophilic pathway, allows movement of ions, and has R-groups. Hydrophobic interacts with lipid bilayer and hydrophilic interacts with pathway/lumen 13.Characteristics of prokaryotes - Correct answer Arches and bacteria. Single celled, no membrane bound "organs", free floating DNA (circular) 14.Eukaryotes - Correct answer Fungus plants and animals. Multi-cell, organelles, nucleus (DNA compacted) 15.What is contained in the nucleus? - Correct answer DNA 16.Nuclear pores - Correct answer Transport of molecules. It is selective to protein and RNA 17.What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum rough? - Correct answer Ribosomes 18.What does glycosylation mean? - Correct answer it has sugars on it 19.Where does final processing occur? - Correct answer Golgi apparatus 20.Ribosome - Correct answer where proteins are made 21.Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Correct answer Folding, glycosylating, and packaging of proteins 22.Tran’s membrane proteins - Correct answer Cross the membrane and are on both the inside and outside of the cell 23.Lysosome proteins - Correct answer Destined for delivery to the lysosome 24.Secreted proteins - Correct answer Destined to leave the cell 25.What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for? - Correct answer fat processing 26.Characteristics of the mitochondria - Correct answer it is ATP. Is double layered, and is passed down from the mom only 27.What is the lysosome similar to? - Correct answer a garbage disposal 28.Characteristics of long transport - Correct answer Polymer: microtubules. Monomer: tubulin. Motor protein (vesicle transporting ATPase): kinesis is positive directed and dynein is negative directed 29.Characteristics of local transport - Correct answer Polymer: filamentous actin. Monomer: globular actin. Motor protein (vesicle transporting ATPase): myosin. 30.Central Dogma - Correct answer DNA ---replication---> DNA ---transcription---> RNA ---translation---> protein 31.What part of the central dogma occurs in the nucleus? - Correct answer Replication and Transcription 32.What part of the central dogma occurs in the cytoplasm? - Correct answer Translation 33.What part of the central dogma is semi-conservative? - Correct answer Replication 68.Hemi desmosomes - Correct answer Use keratin filaments, protein plaque, and integrin to anchor the cell to the basal lamina 69.What does apical mean? - Correct answer faces the lumen (open space) 70.What does basilar mean? - Correct answer faces the basal lamina (usually near the blood) 71.What is all connective tissue derived from? - Correct answer Mesenchyme 72.What do fibrocystic/fibroblasts create? - Correct answer Connective tissue proper (dermis, tendons, and ligaments) 73.What do chrondroblasts create? - Correct answer Cartilage (fibrocartilage, hyaline, elastin) 74.What do osteocytes create? - Correct answer Bone 75.What do hematopoietic stem cells create? - Correct answer Blood 76.Diaphysis - Correct answer the middle/long section of the bone 77.Epiphysis - Correct answer the top/bottom part of the bone. 78.Medullary Space - Correct answer Hollow center part of the bone. It is hallow so that the bone is not too heavy 79.What is the medullary space filled with? - Correct answer Yellow bone marrow 80.What does the medullary space allow - Correct answer Fat storage 81.Osteocytes - Correct answer "Bone builder." Secretes collagen and hydroxyapatite 82.Collagen - Correct answer Prevents sheer/lateral forces (sideways forces) 83.Hydroxyapatite - Correct answer Prevents compression forces 84.Osteoblasts - Correct answer "Bone builder" They are mature osteocytes 85.Osteoclasts - Correct answer "Bone breaker." Secrete acid which breaks down bone 86.What stimulates osteoclast activity? - Correct answer Low calcium concentrations 87.Signaling Types - Correct answer Autocuing, Paracrine, Endocrine, and Exocrine 88.Autocuing Signaling - Correct answer "Self." Cell secreting hormone contains hormone receptor 89.Paracrine Signaling - Correct answer "Neighbor." Hormone binds to neighboring cell 90.Endocrine Signaling - Correct answer "Bloods." Hormone travels through blood and enters another cell 91.Exocrine Signaling - Correct answer "Ducts." Hormone travels through a duct and leaves the cell 92.Protein Peptide Hormone Characteristics - Correct answer Hydrophilic, G-protein coupled receptor (Tran’s membrane receptor), fast, secondary messenger (for signal amplification). Adenylyl cycles --> ATP --> camp 93.Steroid Hormone Characteristics - Correct answer Cholesterol based. Hydrophobic. Cytoplasmic receptor (binds intracellular). Acts a transcription factor. Slow. 94.What does the hypothalamus release? - Correct answer Hormones 95.Where the ligand gated channels are (for Na or Cal) aka stretch activated channels located? - Correct answer Dendrite 96.Where are the potassium (K+) channels located? - Correct answer Soma/cell body 97.What channels are located on the axon? - Correct answer Voltage gated sodium (Na+) and voltage gated potassium (K+) 98.Where are the voltage gated calcium (Ca2+) channels located? - Correct answer on the axon terminal (output region) 99. In the nervous system where is the nucleus located? - Correct answer Cell body 100. What channels are responsible for the input region? - Correct answer Ligand gated (stretch activated channels) 101. What channels are responsible for the conductible region? - Correct answer Voltage gated potassium (K+) and voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels 102. Where does the action potential occur? - Correct answer in the conductible region 103. What channels are responsible for the output region? - Correct answer Voltage gated calcium (Ca2+) channels 104. Where does neurotransmitter release occur? - Correct answer in the output region 105. Characteristics of fast axoplasmic transport - Correct answer Fast (200- 400 mm/day). Has membrane bound proteins? Hydrophobic proteins in vesicles (kinesis/microtubules). 106. Characteristics of slow axoplasmic transport - Correct answer Slow (0.5-2 mm/day). Hydrophilic cytoplasmic proteins (captains, kinesis, microtubules). Move in fits and starts which cause slower movement 107. Glial cells in the CNS - Correct answer Astrocyte and oligodendrocyte 108. Astrocyte - Correct answer Maintain extracellular neurotransmitter and ion concentration 109. Oligodendrocyte - Correct answer Myelin ate axons in CNS 110. Glial cells in the PNS - Correct answer Schwann cells 111. Schwann cells - Correct answer Myeliantes axons in the PNS. Can re- grow after being damaged 112. What is the purpose of the myelin sheath? - Correct answer Protection and to make the action potential faster (insulation) 113. IPSP - Correct answer Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials. Has ligand gated chloride (Cal-) channels? 114. EPSP - Correct answer excitatory post-synaptic potentials. Has ligand gated sodium (Na+) channels? 115. Where does summation of the PSPs occur? - Correct answer Trigger zone 116. Temporal summation - Correct answer EPSP arrive at the trigger zone at the same time 117. Spatial summation - Correct answer EPSP arrive at the trigger zone at the same space 118. What happens when threshold is reached? - Correct answer an action potential fires 148. Interferon - Correct answer virtually infected cells will release interferon onto neighboring cells to slow down endocytosis and exocytosis, as well as, transcription and translation 149. What causes inflammation? - Correct answer Neutrophils, Mast Cells, Monocytes 150. Neutrophils - Correct answer Secrete bleach and peroxide (which are nonspecific responses) 151. Mast Cells - Correct answer Secrete histamine. Binds endothelial cells (making them more permeable to water). Binds smooth muscle on arteriole (to increase hydrostatic pressure) 152. Monocytes - Correct answer Mature into macrophages. Link the innate to the adaptive immune system 153. Histamine - Correct answer Binds smooth muscle. Increase blood flow. Vasodilator 154. Plasma B-cells - Correct answer Secrete antibody to neutralize or opsonize bacteria 155. Memory B-cells - Correct answer create a specific antibody for next exposure 156. T-helper CD-4 cells - Correct answer Interact with MHCII (which is only on the professional antigen presenting cells). 157. Cytotoxic T-killer CD-8 cells - Correct answer Interact with MHC I (which is on all cells expect red blood cells) 158. P-Wave - Correct answer Influx of Na+ into the atrium 159. QRS Complex - Correct answer Influx of Na+ into ventricle. Wave of depolarization through contractile cardiomyocytes from apex to base of the heart. 160. T-Wave - Correct answer Repolarization of muscle (via voltage gated K+ channels) 161. Artery - Correct answer Take blood away from the heart 162. Vein - Correct answer Bring blood toward the heart 163. Endocardium - Correct answer Endothelial cells line all interior surfaces 164. Myocardium - Correct answer Muscle layer made of cardiomyocytes 165. Pericardium - Correct answer Visceral directly touches heart. 166. Pericarditis - Correct answer Inflammation/swelling of pericardium. Increase in fluid leads to an increase of pressure in the heart. 167. Sterling's Law - Correct answer an increase in end diastolic volume will lead to an increase in stroke volume 168. Coronary Blood Flow - Correct answer Blood flow to the myocardium. Occurs during diastole 169. Flow of Electrical Signal through Conductible System - Correct answer SA node --> AV node --> Bundle of his --> left and right bundle branches --> Purkinje fibers 170. Hemoglobin - Correct answer two alpha chains, two beta chains, iron in porphyria ring, oxygen binding site. 171. Conductible cardiomyocytes - Correct answer Set rate and rhythm (pacemaker). Role is to deliver depolarizing potentials to contractile cardiomyocytes 172. Contractile cardiomyocytes - Correct answer Generate force through muscle contraction. 173. Blood flow through the heart - Correct answer Vena Cava --> right atrium --> artioventricular valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery (to lungs) --> pulmonary vein (from lungs) --> left atrium --> atrioventricular valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta 174. Effect of radius on resistance - Correct answer if radius gets smaller flow decreases so resistance is greater 175. Ohm's Law - Correct answer Change in pressure = resistance x flow 176. Type I pneumocystis - Correct answer Line alveoli and responsible for gas exchange 177. Type II pneumocystis - Correct answer Produce surfactant which reduces surface tension 178. Boyle's Law - Correct answer P1V1 = P2V2 179. Dalton's Law - Correct answer Total pressure of a gas is the sum of the partial pressures of the gas 180. What causes contractions? - Correct answer Histamine (secreted by mast cells) binds to smooth muscle in proneniole 181. What causes relaxation? - Correct answer Epinephrine binds to a beta 2 adrenergic receptor 182. What is the diaphragm made of? - Correct answer skeletal muscle 183. What innervates the diaphragm? - Correct answer Lower motor neurons 184. Carbonic anhydrase - Correct answer Enzyme that catalyzes the forward and reverse reaction of: CO2 + H2O <-----> H+ + HCO3- 185. What causes a rightward shift? - Correct answer Enhanced unloading of O2 in the tissues. Decrease in pH (Bohr Effect). Increase in temperature. Increase in pressure of CO2 (which causes the Bohr Effect). 186. What causes a leftward shift? - Correct answer Increase in ph. Decrease in temperature. Decrease in pressure of CO2. 187. Glomerulus - Correct answer where the arterioles deliver blood entering the renal artery to 188. Vasa Recta - Correct answer Blood vessel that is an extension of the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron. Required for maintain juxtamedullary gradient 189. Par tubular capillary - Correct answer Blood vessel in the proximal convoluted tubule. 190. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus - Correct answer Controls renin (cells embedded in afferent arterioles that monitor the endothelial cells) and blood pressure. 191. Juxtaglomerular Cells - Correct answer Release renin. 192. What controls the corticomedullary gradient? - Correct answer Juxtamedular nephron 193. Process of Digestion - Correct answer Pyloric Sphincter --> Duodenum --> Jejunum --> Ileum