BSNC 1000 Perfusion Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024, Exams of Advanced Education

Download BSNC 1000 Perfusion Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024 and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!

BSNC 1000 Perfusion Exam Questions

With 100% Correct Answers 2024

Radius - Correct Answer-Biggest affect on blood flow through a vessel Activation of Sympathetic NS - Correct Answer-- Decreases vessel diameter

• Increases CO
• Increases TPR Perfusion - Correct Answer-The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries. Arterial System - Correct Answer-Distributes blood and regulates pressure Capillary beds - Correct Answer-Transfer of materials between circulation and tissues Venous System - Correct Answer-Returns blood to heart volume reservoir

Scope of Perfusion - Correct Answer-Optimal - Impaired - No Perfusion Ischemia (cell injury) - Correct Answer-Impaired perfusion Infarction (cell death) - Correct Answer-No Perfusion Blood Pressure - Correct Answer-Force of blood against the walls of blood vessels Systolic Pressure - Correct Answer-BP during systole

• ventricles contract Diastolic Pressure - Correct Answer-BP during diastole
• ventricles relax Pulse Pressure - Correct Answer-Systole - Diastole (normal = 40-45 mmHg) MAP = - Correct Answer-CO x TPR

MAP ≈ - Correct Answer-Diastolic Pressure - 1/3(Partial Pressure) Blood Volume Influenced By: - Correct Answer--sodium ingestion and excretion -renin/aldosterone Vasoconstriction Influenced By: - Correct Answer-- Autonomic NS

• Kidney renin/angiotensin
• Adrenal medulla hormones Cardiac Output Influenced By: - Correct Answer-- BPM
• Volume of blood Peripheral Resistance Influenced By: - Correct Answer-- Vasoconstriction
• Vasodilation
• Local Factors (pH, hypoxia)
• Sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle of vessel walls
• Blood viscosity
• Vessel radius

Vasodilation Influenced By: - Correct Answer-- Autonomic NS

• Kidney: vasodilators
• Hormonal factors Peripheral Resistance - Correct Answer-Force that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system Blood Viscosity Decreases Because: - Correct Answer-- Anemia: Load that the heart works against is lower so TPR decreases
• Hypoproteinemia: Plasma proteins go down so blood is thinner so TPR decreases What influences blood flow? - Correct Answer-- Viscosity of blood (Increase = decrease in flow)
• Velocity of blood
• Vessel Radius
• Vessel Elasticity What influences Viscocity? - Correct Answer-- RBCs
• Hydration

• Proteins What is the vessel radius mostly controlled by? - Correct Answer-Sympathetic NS What controls do the regulation of BP and flow involve? - Correct Answer-- Local
• Neural
• Hormonal RAAS - Correct Answer-Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone- System Neurological Control - Correct Answer-- BP rises
• Arteries stretched
• Baroreceptors increase firing rate
• Vasodilation
• Reduced heart rate
• BP decreases
• Baroreceptors sense decrease in BP
• Signal brain for vasoconstriction
• BP rises

Hormonal Control (RAAS) - Correct Answer-- Low BP

• Angiotensinogen (hormone from liver)
• Kidneys release: Renin (enzyme that breaks down angiotensinogen)
• Angiotensin I forms
• ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
• Angiotensin II forms = vaosconstrictor + causes release of aldosterone Aldosterone - Correct Answer-- Promotes Na and Water retention in kidneys
• Increases blood volume and pressure
• Increases CO epinephrine and norepinephrine - Correct Answer-- Constrict most blood vessels, increasing BP
• Dilate blood vessels in skeletal and cardiac muscle Why older adults are at risk for impaired perfusion? - Correct Answer-- Arterial stiffening = increases myocardium work load
• CO decreases due to decreased strength/stroke volume

• less mobility
• medications
• high salt
• decreased baroreceptor sensitivity
• Elevated serum lipids High Systolic Pressure - Correct Answer-Resistance the heart has to pump against is high High Diastolic Pressure - Correct Answer-High resistance of small arteries Hypertension - Correct Answer-- High blood pressure 140/90 or more
• Due to imbalance between CO/TPR At risk for Hypertension - Correct Answer-- Males
• Elderly
• African ancestry Primary Hypertension - Correct Answer-- 95% of cases
• Unknown cause

• Sodium
• Lack of exercise
• Obesity
• Stress Secondary Hypertension - Correct Answer-- Known cause
• Kidney disease
• Tumours
• Atherosclerosis Stage 1 Hypertension - Correct Answer-140- 90- Stage 2 Hypertension - Correct Answer-> 160

100 Stage 3 Hypertension - Correct Answer-> 180 110 Complications of Hypertension - Correct Answer-- Kidneys (Renal insufficiency)

• Brain (Stroke/Hypertensive Encephalopathy)
• Eyes (Hypertensive Retinopathy)
• Heart (Cardiac Hypertrophy)
• Nephrosclerosis Assessments: - Correct Answer-- Client history
• Examination
• Diagnostic tests Normal BMI - Correct Answer-18.5-24.9 kg/m Symptoms of Impaired Perfusion - Correct Answer-- Chest pain
• Shortness of breath
• Cough
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Leg cramping/pain
• Numbness/tingling
• Cold hands/feet
• Headache

Signs of Impaired Perfusion - Correct Answer-- Edema

• Shortness of breath
• Cough
• Fainting
• Weight gain
• Cyanosis
• Tenting skin turgor
• Cool skin
• Diaphoresis (sweating)
• Long cap refill
• Clubbing
• Varicose veins
• Confusion
• Anxiety
• Decreased urine output
• Increased heart rate
• Hypotension (< 90/60)
• Hypertension S1 Sound - Correct Answer-Beginning of systole

Mitral and Tricuspid valves close S2 Sound - Correct Answer-Aortic and pulmonic valves close Narrowing of what is an early sign of hypertension? - Correct Answer-Fundus What causes target organ damage? - Correct Answer-- Remodeling (smaller arteries/veins/capillaries)

• Atherosclerosis (injury to endothelial layer of arteries - forming plaque)
• Rarefaction Rarefaction - Correct Answer-Decrease density of blood vessels Target Organ Damage? - Correct Answer-- Stroke
• Dementia
• Retinopathy
• Atherosclerosis
• Renal failure

• Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
• Angina Primary Prevention - Hypertension - Correct Answer-- Diet
• Exercise
• No Smoking Secondary Prevention - Hypertension - Correct Answer-- BP screening (18+, once every 2 year, well-child visits)
• Lipid screening Collaborative Interventions - Hypertension - Correct Answer-- Nutrition therapy
• Activity, exercise, positioning
• Smoking cessation
• Pharmacotherapy How does alcohol increase BP? - Correct Answer-- Activates SNS
• Releases angiotensin II = RAAS
• Impairs baroreceptor reflexes
• should have <2 drinks/day

How much sodium should we intake? - Correct Answer- 1500-2000mg per day How often should you monitor BP in prehypertensive clients? - Correct Answer-once a year Waist circumference: - Correct Answer-Men < 102 cm Women < 88 cm where is plaque found? - Correct Answer-Media Why would increased epinephrine/norepinephrine levels cause hypertension? - Correct Answer-- Increases vasoconstriction which increases TPR which increases MAP

• Increases heart rate and myocardial contraction which increases CO which increases MAP Neurological Control of BP - Correct Answer-- BP rises
• Arteries stretched
• Baroreceptors increase firing rate
• Vasodilation

• Reduced heart rate
• BP decreases
• Baroreceptors sense decrease in BP
• Signal brain for vasoconstriction
• BP rises Central Perfusion - Correct Answer-- Generated by CO
• Propels blood to various organs and returns to heart Tissue Perfusion - Correct Answer-- Vol. of blood that flows through target tissues
• Determined by central perfusion Relationship between BP and perfusion - Correct Answer- High BP = Low Perfusion Low BP = Low Perfusion Pathophysiology of Hypertension: - Correct Answer-- When MAP is consistently elevated
• MAP = CO + TPR
• Hypertension = CO or TPR or both are consistently elevated

• BP elevated by hormonal or neurological control Methods to assess perfusion - Correct Answer-- Interview
• Inspect
• Auscultate
• Palpale pulses
• Measure HR
• Measure BP, cap refill, height/weight Blood Pressure Cuff Theory - Correct Answer-- Cuff stops arterial blood flow when inflated
• Korotkoff sounds are created by pulsing blood flow through compressed artery
• Blood flow is silent when artery isn't compressed Factors that impact BP - Correct Answer-- Drugs
• Caffeine
• Exercise
• Time of Day
• White Coat Syndrome Target Damage: Kidney - Correct Answer-Nephrosclerosis

Target Damage: Eyes - Correct Answer-Retinopathy Target Damage: Heart/Blood Vessels - Correct Answer-- Aneurysm

• Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
• Atherosclerosis Target Damage: Brain - Correct Answer-Hemorrhagic Stroke Strategies to lower BP - Correct Answer-- Limit alcohol
• Limit Na intake
• Weight loss
• Meds
• Monitoring Bradycardia - Correct Answer-< 60 bpm Tachycardia - Correct Answer-> 100 bpm