Motivation Theories: McGregor's X & Y and Maslow's Hierarchy, Slides of Fundamentals of E-Commerce

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TOPIC-Theories of Motivation

Class- GENERIC (Sem-VIth) Mentor name- Ritu kankra Department-commerce Class Timing- 9:45-11:

The idea that a manager’s attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by Douglas McGregor , a management professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the 1950 s and 1960 s. In his 1960 book, , McGregor proposed two theories by which managers The Human Side of Enterprise perceive and address employee motivation. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as Theory X and Theory Y management.

Most people are not ambitious, have little desire for responsibility, and prefer to be directed. Most people have little aptitude for creativity in solving organizational problems. Motivation occurs only at the physiological and security levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Most people are self-centered. As a result, they must be closely controlled and often coerced to achieve organizational objectives. Most people resist change. Most people are gullible and unintelligent.

Essentially, Theory X assumes that the primary

source of employee motivation is monetary,

with security as a strong second. Under

Theory X, one can take a hard or soft

approach to getting results.

Theory Y

Theory Y managers have an optimistic, positive opinion of their people, and they use a decentralized, participative management style. This encourages a more collaborative , trust-based relationship between managers and their team members.

Happy to work on their own initiative. More involved in decision making. Self-motivated to complete their tasks. Enjoy taking ownership of their work. Seek and accept responsibility, and need little direction. View work as fulfilling and challenging. Solve problems creatively and imaginatively.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

The basic physiological needs are probably fairly apparent—these include the things that are vital to our survival. Some examples of physiological needs include: ◦ Food ◦ Water ◦ Breathing ◦ Homeostasis In addition to the basic requirements of nutrition, air and temperature regulation, the physiological needs also include such things as shelter and clothing. Maslow also included sexual reproduction in this level of the hierarchy of needs since it is essential to the survival and propagation of the species.

As we move up to the second level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the requirements start to become a bit more complex. At this level, the needs for security and safety become primary. People want control and order in their lives, so this need for safety and security contributes largely to behaviors at this level. Some of the basic security and safety needs include: ◦ Financial security ◦ Heath and wellness ◦ Safety against accidents and injury

Finding a job, obtaining health insurance and health care, contributing money to a savings account, and moving into a safer neighborhood are all examples of actions motivated by the security and safety needs. Together, the safety and physiological levels of the hierarchy make up what is often referred to as the basic needs.

The social needs in Maslow’s hierarchy include such things as love, acceptance, and belonging. At this level, the need for emotional relationships drives human behavior. Some of the things that satisfy this need include: Friendships Romantic attachments Family Social groups Community groups Churches and religious organizations

In order to avoid problems such as loneliness, depression, and anxiety, it is important for people to feel loved and accepted by other people. Personal relationships with friends, family, and lovers play an important role, as does involvement in other groups that might include religious groups, sports teams, book clubs, and other group activities.

At the fourth level in Maslow’s hierarchy is the need for appreciation and respect. When the needs at the bottom three levels have been satisfied, the esteem needs begin to play a more prominent role in motivating behavior. At this point, it becomes increasingly important to gain the respect and appreciation of others. People have a need to accomplish things and then have their efforts recognized.