C180 Intro to Psychology Questions and Answers.docx C180 Introduction to Psychology Study, Exams of Nursing

Download C180 Intro to Psychology Questions and Answers.docx C180 Introduction to Psychology Study and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! C180 Introduction to Psychology Study Guide Psychology - ✔scientific study of the mind and behavior Mind - ✔the nonphysical manifestation of the brain's activity Behavior - ✔The outwardly observable acts of a person, either alone or in a group. Structuralism - ✔a school of psychology concerned with analyzing the mind by looking at its smallest and simplest components and seeing how they fit together to form complete experiences. consciousness - ✔the state of being aware of self and the world. introspection - ✔the technique of observing interior mental events as or immediately after they occur Functionalism - ✔A school of thought in psychology that sought to understand how the mind helps individuals adapt to the world around them and function effectively in it. natural selection - ✔the theory that some individual organisms in every species, from ants to oak trees, possess characteristics that enable them to survive and reproduce more fruitfully than others. adaptation - ✔inborn characteristics that help an organism survive and produce many offspring. Gesalt psychologists - ✔psychologists who focus on the macro psychology of the behavior of the whole rather than the micro view of the parts Gestalt Laws: Similarity - ✔items that are similar, our brains group together Gestalt laws of pragnanz - ✔reality is organized into the simplest form possible Gestalt Laws: Proximity - ✔objects that are close to one another are grouped together. Gestalt Laws: Continuity - ✔lines are seen as following the smoothest path. Gestalt Laws: Closure - ✔objects grouped together are seen as a whole. unconscious - ✔the condition of being unaware of the outside world and unable to bring oneself into awareness at will. defensive mechanisms - ✔unconscious psychological strategies that protect a person from anxiety based on unacceptable thoughts or feelings. psychodynamic theory - ✔A psychological theory that specifies that mental events are engaged in continual push-and-pull interactions among conscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings; the goal is enlightenment on how such interactions affect behavior. humanistic psychology - ✔a school of thought in psychology that assumes people have positive values, free will, and deep inner creativity. cognitive psychology - ✔a school of thought in psychology that attempts to characterize mental events that allow information to be stored and operated on internally. According to psycho-dynamic psychology, depression is a result of - ✔suppressed aggressive drives Who was a key figure of the behaviorist school of psychological thought? - ✔B.F. Skinner Who was a key figure in the development of psychoanalysis? - ✔Sigmund Freud Which level of need must be met before the need for belongingness and love can be satisfied, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs? - ✔Physiological Suppose there is a positive correlation between age and life satisfaction.What conclusion does the correlation support? - ✔As age increases, the level of life satisfaction also increases. How can psychological researchers reduce the impact of their own biases? - ✔By collecting all the data from experiments before running the statistics Phineas Gage was involved in a serious railway construction accident in 1848. A steel rod went through his left cheek and exited through the top of his head. After he recovered, people who knew him noticed that his personality and behavior were different. Eventually, descriptions of Gage before and after the accident provided evidence that the frontal lobe is involved in executive functioning.Which research method does the study of Gage represent? - ✔Case study Which principle should be established in any psychological study? - ✔Participants should be protected from needless harm. Which part of the brain is responsible for memory? - ✔hippocampus What does the cerebellum influence? - ✔Balance and fine motor movement A person makes a donation to a charity because it feels good. The person also receives a thank-you gift and positive attention from peers.What explains this person's decision to donate? - ✔Social exchange theory Loto has been approached by a member of his social club to volunteer one day a week at the local food bank, a charity that the club has decided to support. Loto is busy with his home and family but realizes that helping will increase his feelings of giving to the community and enhance how members of the club may view him. He decides to make the time in his schedule for this volunteer effort. What is this an example of, in terms of altruism? - ✔Social exchange theory A group of individuals who are moderately opposed to the death penalty meet to discuss the issue. After two hours of discussion, most find themselves more strongly opposed to the death penalty than they were before the meeting.Which concept is this scenario an example of? - ✔Group polarization A company's research department is under strong pressure to solve an urgent problem with one of the company's products. In their urgency, the department's executives decide to focus on one possible solution and refuse to consider alternatives.Which dynamic does this scenario best illustrate? - ✔Groupthink Which term arose from research seeking to understand why a group of strangers are unlikely to help another person in a moment of need? - ✔Bystander effect Attraction includes three psychological determinants. Physical attractiveness and repeated contact are two. What is the third determinant? - ✔Similarity A patient regularly hears two voices conversing with each other and reports that the voices are being controlled by the CIA. The patient's speech has grown increasingly irrelevant to the situation. The patient bathes infrequently and demonstrates a reduced range of emotional expressiveness.Which mental disorder is the patient most likely suffering from? - ✔Schizophrenia A patient reports experiencing intense periods of discomfort over the past month. These incidents developed abruptly and generally persist for approximately 15 minutes. The patient notes an accelerated heart rate, shortness of breath, dizziness, intense chest pain, and a fear of dying during such episodes. The patient was examined by a physician, who determined that a heart attack was not the cause of these symptoms. The patient now experiences persistent concern about having additional episodes.Which mental disorder is the patient most likely suffering from? - ✔panic disorder Which disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder? - ✔Social phobia Which disorder is classified as an anxiety disorder? - ✔Post-traumatic stress disorder What kind of disorder is is bipolar disorder? - ✔Mood disorder Which type of therapy is based on the belief that an individual's interpretation of events is what causes unhappiness, rather than unhappiness being caused by the actual events? - ✔Rational-emotive therapy A therapist seeks to increase a client's self-awareness and self-acceptance, also known as person-centered therapy based on Carl Roger's theory.Which theoretical orientation is this? - ✔Humanistic Using Aaron Beck's theory, a therapist focuses on how patterns of thinking influence the feelings a client experiences in reaction to an event in the client's life. The therapist seeks to help the client understand how the emotional response results from the client's interpretation of the event.Which theoretical orientation is this? - ✔Cognitive A therapist is helping clients become more aware of patterns of irrational negative thinking. The therapist is encouraging the clients to replace negative thoughts with a more balanced perspective and asks them to practice this new approach between treatment sessions.Which theoretical orientation does this approach represent? - ✔Cognitive-behavioral Which therapeutic approach is effectively a laboratory for improving social relationships? - ✔Group therapy Which type of therapeutic drug is bipolar disorder commonly treated with? - ✔Mood stabilizer What is most commonly treated with antipsychotic medications? - ✔Schizophrenia Which type of therapeutic drug is Xanax? - ✔Antianxiety Which type of therapeutic drug is Prozac? - ✔Antidepression Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ✔(level 1) Physiological Needs-{water, food, air} (level 2) Safety and Security {shelter & protection} , (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection {sense of belonging & love}, (level 4) Self Esteem {feeling appreciated by others}, (level 5) Cognitive Needs- {understand the world}, (level 6) Aesthetic Needs- {harmony & order}, (level 7) Self-Actualization Needs- {be all that you are capable of becoming} Psychologist Carl Rogers developed a therapy based on the _____ approach. - ✔humanistic evolutionary psychology - ✔a school of thought in psychology that assumes that certain cognitive strategies and goals are so important that natural selection has built them into human brains. Structuralism - ✔Uses introspection to discover the elements of the mind and rules for combining them Wundt founded the first psychology laboratory, 1879 Functionalism - ✔Studies why thoughts, feelings, and behavior occur and how they are adaptive. James' Principles of Psychology, 1890 Gestalt psychology - ✔Focus on overall patterns of thoughts or experience; "the whole is more than the sum of its parts." Wertheimer's paper on perceived movement, 1912 Psychodynamic theory - ✔Conflicts among conscious and unconscious forces underlie many thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Freud publishes The Ego and the Id, 1927 Behaviorism - ✔Behavior is the appropriate focus of psychology, and it can be understood by studying stimuli, responses, and the consequences of responses. Watson's paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, 1913; Skinner's The Behavior of Organisms, 1938 Humanistic psychology - ✔Belief that people have positive values, free will, and deep inner creativity; inspired the positive psychology movement. Maslow's Motivation and Personality, 1954 Cognitive psychology - ✔Mental events correspond to information that is stored and processed, analogous to information processing in a computer. Neisser's book Cognitive Psychology which gives this school of thought its name, 1967 Cognitive neuroscience - ✔The structure of the mind can be understood by learning how mental events arise from brain function. First issue of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience appears, 1989 Feminist and multicultural psychology - ✔Working with the whole person through inclusivity that honors, gender, orientation, race, class, religion, etc. APA & CPA convention walk-out, 1972 Which school of thought in psychology describes the rules governing how specific sensations are combined into mental structures? - ✔Structuralism Which theorist proposed a theory of how both conscious and unconscious thoughts and feelings affect behavior? - ✔Sigmund Freud Keela is a psychologist who helps people analyze their skills and knowledge and figure out how to build on those skills to become more marketable. What type of psychology does Keela practice? - ✔School and career psychology descriptive research - ✔the type of research that attempts to describe the characteristics or trends of a population or phenomenon without influencing it in any way. naturalistic observation - ✔a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without disturbing the subjects. second type of descriptive research, which are scientific studies that focus on a single participant, examining his or her psychological characteristics (at any or all of the levels of analysis) in detail - ✔Case studies involve asking a group of people a set of questions about a given activity and gathering information about their reactions to and perceptions of it. - ✔surveys positive correlation - ✔A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction. negative correlation - ✔as one variable increases, the other decreases independent variable - ✔aspect of a situation that is deliberately and independently varied while another aspect is measured. dependent variable - ✔aspect of a situation that is measured as the values of an independent variable are changed, the value of dependent variable depends on the value of the independent variable. confunding variable - ✔a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment experimental group - ✔receives the complete procedure that defines an experiment. control group - ✔the measured variable that is expected to be influenced by the experimental manipulation. operational definition - ✔a precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measured variable aggression (operational definition) - ✔number of presses of a button that administers shock to another student; number of seconds taken to honk the horn at the car ahead after a stoplight turns green. employee satisfaction (operational definition) - ✔number of days per month an employee shows up to work on time; rating of job satisfaction from 1-9. Decision making skills (operational definition) - ✔number of groups able to correctly solve a group performance task; number of seconds in which a person solves a problem. depression (operational definition) - ✔number of negative words used in a creative story; number of appointments made with psychotherapist. ethical guidelines needed for psychological research? - ✔1)trust and positive rapport are created between researcher and recipient. 2) rights of both are considered and mutually beneficial. 3) experimenter treats the participant with concern and respect. 4) Before research begins, participant is given all information relevant to his/her decision to participate. Given possibility of physical danger or psychological stress. 5) the participant is given a chance to have questions- free choice about participating 6) after experiment is over, any deception is made public, and necessity for it is explained. 7) debrief the participant 8) experimenter provides information about he/she can be contacted. Institutional Review Board - ✔a committee of at least five members whose goal it is to determine the cost-benefit ratio of research conducted within an institution. what are the various research methods in the field of psychology? - ✔1) descriptive research 2) correlational research 3) experimental research descriptive research - ✔research designed to provide a snapshot of the current state of affairs correlational research - ✔research designed to discover relationships among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge. experimental research - ✔research in which there is a random assignment of research participants into two groups. This is followed by a manipulation of a given experience for one group while the other is not manipulated. One group is the experimental group that receives the manipulation. The other group is the control group that does not. The two groups are then compared to determine the influence of the manipulation. population - ✔representative of all the people that the researcher wishes to know about. sample - ✔people chosen to participate in the research independent variable - ✔causing variable that is created (manipulated) by the experimenter. What does a correlational research design examine? - ✔To discover relationships among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge. i.e. weight in comparison to height scatter plot - ✔a visual image of the relationship between two variables linear relationship - ✔when the association between the variables on the scatter plot can be easily approximated with a straight line nonlinear relationships - ✔cannot be described with a straight line independent relationship - ✔no relationship at all between the two variables. What are the differences in the interpretations of correlational and experimental designs? - ✔experiment isolates and manipulates the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable. correlation identifies variables and looks for a relationship between them. cell body - ✔soma; which contains the nucleus of the cell and keeps the cell alive. Dendrites - ✔a branching, treelike fiber, which collects information from other cells and sends the information to the soma. axon - ✔a long, segmented fiber, which transmits information away from the cell body toward other neurons or to the muscles and glands. myelin sheath - ✔layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon of a neuron that both acts as an insulator and allows faster transmission of the electrical signal. neurotransmitter - ✔chemical that relays signals across the synapses between neurons. examples of neurotransmitters - ✔norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine top-down processing - ✔information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations selective attention/inattentional blindness - ✔the ability to focus on some sensory inputs while tuning out others. Who worked in classical conditioning? - ✔Pavlov Classical conditioning - ✔learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a specific behavior. reflex - ✔automatic, unlearned response unconditioned stimulus - ✔something (such as good) that triggers a natural occurring response. Unconditioned response - ✔the naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned stimulus - ✔neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a response similar to the response to the unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response - ✔an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus. extinction - ✔reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. generalization - ✔tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus. operant conditioning - ✔learning that occurs on the bases of the consequences of behavior and can involve the learning of new behaviors. reinforcer - ✔any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior Positive reinforcement - ✔refers to a situation where a behavior is increased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior. negative punishment - ✔refers to a situation where a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior. primary reinforcer - ✔stimuli that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by the organism (food, water, and relief from pain) secondary reinforcer - ✔a neutral event that has become associated with a primary reinforcer through classical conditioning. (money) fixed-ratio - ✔behavior is reinforced after a specific number of responses. variable-ratio - ✔behavior is reinforced after an average, but unpredictable, number of responses. fixed interval - ✔behavior is reinforced for the first response after a specific amount of time has passed. variable-interval - ✔behavior that is reinforced for the first response after an average, but unpredictable, amount of time has passed.