CALT Exam Study Guide Questions 2023 Latest Exam Update.., Exams of English Language

Download CALT Exam Study Guide Questions 2023 Latest Exam Update.. and more Exams English Language in PDF only on Docsity! CALT Exam Study Guide Questions 2023 Latest Exam Update.. 1) Strephosymbolia - answer means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia. 2) phonetics - answer the study of speech sounds in spoken language 3) phonological awareness - answer the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels 4) phonemic awareness - answer awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words 5) phonics - answer instruction that connects sounds and letters 6) synthetic phonics - answer explicitly teaches individual grapheme- phoneme correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words 7) alphabetic principle - answer the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters 8) consonant - answer blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed 9) vowel - answer open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract 10) phonology - answer the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language 11) fluency - answer reading with rapidity and automaticity 12) prosody - answer the rhythmic flow of oral reading 13) pragmatics - answer set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by 14) syntax - answer sentence structure, grammar, usage 15) semantics - answer content of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us - meaning 16) phoneme - answer smallest unit of sound in a syllable 17) spelling - answer sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme to phoneme 18) orthography - answer the spelling of written language 37) Most of the basic color words - answer Anglo-Saxon 38) The names of farm, forest and ocean animals - answer Anglo-Saxon 39) Outer body parts - answer Anglo-Saxon 40) Short, common everyday words: the, run, and, play, work - answer Anglo-Saxon 41) Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high - answer Anglo-Saxon 42) Words with ck: pick, duck, sack - answer Anglo-Saxon 43) Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook - answer Anglo-Saxon 44) Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash - answer Anglo-Saxon 45) Words with tw: twin, twilight, between - answer Anglo-Saxon 46) Words with wr: write, wring, wrist - answer Anglo-Saxon 47) Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap - answer Anglo- Saxon 48) One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match - answer Anglo- Saxon 49) One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge - answer Anglo- Saxon 50) Short words with th: this, these, bath - answer Anglo-Saxon 51) Words with wh: why, while, when - answer Anglo-Saxon 52) Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot - answer Anglo-Saxon 53) One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words - answer Anglo- Saxon 54) Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow - answer Anglo-Saxon 55) Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen - answer Anglo-Saxon 56) Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind - answer Anglo-Saxon 57) Most pronouns: he, she, us - answer Anglo-Saxon 58) Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle - answer Anglo-Saxon 59) Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin - answer Anglo-Saxon 60) Words with ng - answer Anglo-Saxon 61) Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate - answer Latin 62) Words with ct: act, direct, conduct - answer Latin 63) Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt - answer Latin 64) Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation - answer Latin 65) Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious - answer Latin 66) Words with sion: erosion, collision - answer Latin 67) Words with ssion: passion, expression - answer Latin 89) decoding and encoding - answer refer to applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning 90) recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, and blending sounds into a words - answer decoding 91) Effective handwriting instruction - answer includes teaching the correct pencil grip and formation of each letter 92) McGuffey Readers - answer Formal reading instruction was based on "phonics" used at the beginning of the 20th Century 93) Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method ) - answer Thought that children would make more rapid progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance. Used from 1930s - 1960s. 94) Rudolph Flesch - answer Started the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s) 95) NICHD - answer Began looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as a "national health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading. (1965) 96) "Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall - answer This book caught the attention of professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis. Children are not learning to read since the look and say method came about. (1967) 97) Basal Reading Programs - answer These programs begin to drive reading instruction. 70% of American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs. (1960s to mid 80s) 98) Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith - answer Developed the Top- Down approach to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature . Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out. (1980s) 99) G. Reid Lyon - answer Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985) 100) National Reading Panel Report - answer Produced scientifically based research that demonstrated that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder their enjoyment of reading." (2000) 101) Percentage of students in special ed who can't read - answer 85% (NICHD) 102) Five critical components of reading instruction - answer phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency (identifying words accurately and fluently); vocabulary and comprehension strategies (constructing meaning once words are identified) 103) I M F - answer initial, medial, final 104) Middle - answer means very center 105) Medial - answer means between initial and final 106) V - answer vowel 107) C - answer consonant 108) Paired equivalent sounds - answer /ch//j/ /f//v/ /p//b/ /sh//zh/ /t//d/ /k//g/ /s//z/ /th//th/ 109) How are our decks aligned and why?*** - answer Alignment of multiple responses - according to frequency and reliability of sounds 110) Digraph - answer two letters that come together to make one sound 111) Trigraph - answer three letters that come together to make one sound 112) Quadrigraph - answer four letters that come together to make one sound 113) Diphthong - answer two vowels sounds blended togther in the same syllable 132) Suffix - answer a letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to change the meaning or usage 133) Prefix - answer letter or group of letters added to the beignning of a base word to change the meaning 134) c and g - answer make a soft sound when followed by i ,e or y 135) age (ij) - answer French ending 136) ate (it) or (at) - answer French ending 137) ice (is) - answer French ending 138) ine (in) or (en) - answer French ending 139) ise (is) - answer French ending 140) ive (iv) - answer French ending 141) ain (in) - answer French ending 142) esque (esk) - answer French ending 143) ile (il) - answer French ending 144) ique (ik) - answer French ending 145) ite (it) - answer French ending 146) current research regarding the brain and developmental dyslexia concludes that - answer a "glitch" may have taken place during fetal development 147) an individual with dyslexia might experience delays in social development as demonstrated by - answer lack of good judgment, inability to stick with a game, erratic emotional behavior 148) a student who learns better from a lecture/class discussion rather that the printed page is - answer a poor visual learner 149) Multisensory strategies (VAKT) - answer most students will learn and retain info better if instruction is given in this manner 150) intelligence test - answer identifies intelligence and cognitive strengths and weaknesses. Includes measures of verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory and processing speed (WISC-IV); verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning and short-term memory (Stanford-Binet). Examples: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), Stanford-Binet 151) achievement test - answer designed to measure students' specific knowledge and skills (basic academic skills - are they performing at level?). Woodcock Johnson, WRAT) 152) norm-referenced test - answer assessment that (provides a detailed analysis of a student's strengths and weaknesses.) Compares a person's score against the scores of people who have already taken the test, the "norming group," a national sample of similar students (any test with research on). (WISC-IV, DIBELS) 153) criterion-referenced test - answer assessment that (measures knowledge attained and knowledge yet to be acquired in a domain.) tells how well students are performing on specific goals or standards (do they meet the criteria?). 154) standardized tests - answer any tests that are administered and scored in a pre-specified, standard manner; each test-taker is asked the same questions and/or given the same tasks, provided the same information before and during the test, has the same amount of time to take the test. All tests are also scored in the same manner. These tests can be either norm-referenced or criterion-referenced, and either an achievement or an aptitude test. 155) curriculum-based measurement - answer assessment that measures (knowledge that has been taught.) a student's performance in a local curriculum. The CBM is a quick probe into student achievement that provides current, week-by-week information on the progress a child is making. 170) If a student is making A's and B's in the classroom but is a slow reader, the teacher should give what type of assessment - answer informal 171) The Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Education Battery - answer an academic achievement and norm-referenced test 172) Grade equivalent scores - answer not a dependable representation of progress 173) An individual Education Plan (IEP) for a student identified with a learning disability does not include - answer a prescription for a specific intervention (correct) 174) A brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional testing or alternative instruction is known as - answer informal screening 175) The Conner's Rating Scales - answer used to measure Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 176) acuity - answer keenness of thought or vision (zero in on it and see what's going on) 177) active listening - answer giving one's full attention to the speaker and making eye contact with him or her 178) structured instruction - answer instruction that follows ordered procedures 179) direct instruction - answer instruction in which concepts are explicitly taught 180) diagnostic teaching - answer teaching that is informed by a continual assessment of student needs 181) prescriptive teaching - answer individualized teaching based on needs 182) systematic and cumulative instruction - answer teaching with a logical order of introduction of concepts that progress from easiest to more difficult 183) explicit instruction - answer direct, purposeful instruction 184) VAKT - answer Visual , Auditory, Kinesthetic/ Tactile (Grace Fernald) 185) Top-Down Theory - answer led by Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith 186) **strong meaning-based position 187) **Goodman calls reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game" 188) **rather than read every word, good readers select out on the essential textual information 189) **only focus on individual words/sounds when text does not make sense, and the reader needs to go back and reread 190) **this is Whole Language characteristic 191) Bottom-Up Theory - answer emphasis on the subprocesses of the reading act and its contention that many of these subprocesses, such as letter and word identification, must become automatic in order for readers to be fluent. (Alphabetic Phonics) 192) Interactive Theory - answer readers simultaneously initiate word identification and predict meaning----these are reciprocal events 193) analytical approach - answer whole to part (Top-Down) put the whole word on the board/discover what's the same, how it can be broken down into component parts 194) synthetic approach - answer part (letters) to whole words (bottom up) 195) Socratic technique - answer Using carefully planned questions, the student is led to discover the new concept 196) linguistics-based beginning reading approach - answer Learning to recognize word families (bat, cat, hat, ) 197) To teach syllable division, Mr. Smart first taught his students to recognize closed or (VC) syllables. He then showed the class words such as napkin, impact, and mascot and discussed accent. Later, he demonstrated how the words could be divided into two syllables. Finally he gave the students syllables and asked them to construct words. - answer synthetic and analytic instruction 214) Isabelle Liberman (1973-1984) - answer Did research on phonological awareness that linguistic information is stored in its phonological form (all word recognition requires letter-sound access). Also studied phonological processing deficits affecting the ability to make use of letter-sound associations as an effect of rapid retrieval problems. Discovered tapping exercises. 215) Hugh Catts (1986) - answer Speech language pathologist working at the University of Kansas. Did remedial work for programs to improve phonological awareness. 216) Keith Stanovich (1980) - answer Researched the process of phonics and the need to attach sound to symbol. Readers with poor word recognition are more reliant on context than good readers (comprehension work). 217) Bonita Blachman - answer professor at Syracuse University. Has done much research in the field of phonology and reading.Created Elkonian cards (kids who couldn't read couldn't segment sounds as well). 218) Free morpheme - answer can stand alone as words and do not have to be combined with other morphemes. 219) Free morpheme: function words - answer prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, articles 220) Free morpheme: content words - answer nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs 221) Free morpheme: compounds - answer generally composed of Anglo-Saxon words, combinations of two free morphemes 222) Bound morphemes - answer work as meaningful units only in combination with other morphemes (suffixes, bound roots [Latin], and prefixes). 223) Inflections - answer bound morphemes that show possession, gender, or number (noun - s, a, es); tense, voice, or mood (verb - ed, en, could have been); and comparison (adjective - er, est). 224) Derivational suffixes - answer morphemes, added to roots or bases to form new words that usually change the grammatical category of a word. 225) Greek-derived morphemes - answer not necessarily assigned specific roles as prefixes, suffixes, or roots and may combine with other bound morphemes of equal importance in flexible order. 226) Derivational complexity - answer characterizes the number and type of changes that have been made int he base word or root when it is combined with other morphemes. Types of phonological change are: syllable regrouping, vowel alternation, consonant alternation, and stress alternation. 227) Principals of ALTA Code of Ethics - answer standards of personal conduct, standards of professional conduct, conflict of interest, confidentiality 228) Developmental auditory imperception - answer disorder related to dyslexia 229) dysphasia - answer disorder related to dyslexia 230) Specific developmental dyslexia - answer disorder related to dyslexia 231) developmental dysgraphia - answer disorder related to dyslexia 232) developmental spelling disability - answer disorder related to dyslexia 233) Ability - answer test designed to measure either general intelligence or mental apptitude in a particular area. 234) Academic Achievement Test - answer standardized test designed to efficiently measure the amount of knowledge and or skill a person has acquired, usually as a result of classroom instruction. Such testing produces a statistical profile used as a measurement to evaluate student learning in comparison with a standard or norm. 235) Accent - answer stress on one syllable in a word or on one or more words in a phrase or sentence. It is spoken louder, longer, and/or in a higher tone. The mouth opens wider while saying it. 252) Stage 2 - answer Confirmation and Fluency - Decoding Skills, fluency, additional strategies 253) Stage 3 - answer Reading for learning the new - expand vocabularies, build background adn world knowledge, develop strategic habits 254) Stage 4 - answer Multiple viewpoints - analyze text critically, understand multiple points of view 255) Stage 5 - answer Constrution and Reconstruction - construct understanding based on analysis and synthesis. 256) Cognition - answer Ability to think, reason, and solve problems. Skills are usually measured by an individual test of intelligence. Requires being able to generalize from past experience and use that knowledge to respond to new situations. 257) Cognitive Assessment - answer The process of systematically gathering test scores and related data in order to make a judgment about an individual's ability to perform various mental activities involved in the processing, acquisition, retention, conceptualization, and organization of sensory, perceptual, verbal, spatial and psychomotor information. 258) Components of Reading Instruction - answer Phonemic Awareness, Phonics, Vocabulary Development, Reading Fluency including oral reading skills, and reading comprehension strategies 259) Composite Score - answer A score that combines several scores according to a speficied formula. 260) Comprehension - answer Making sense of what we read. It is dependent on good word recognition, fluency, vocabulary, wordly knowledge,and language ability 261) Consonant - answer One of a class of speech sounds in which sounds moving through the vocal tract is constricted or pbstructed by the lips, tongue or teeth during articulation 262) Criterion referenced test - answer results can be used to determine student's progress toward mastry of content area. 263) CTOPP - answer Screening test includes phonological awareness, phonological memory, rapid naming. Norms given in percentiles, standard scores, age and grade equivalents 264) Curriculum referenced test - answer comprehensive end-of-year exams, reflecting the specific subject matter outlined in the curriculum. 265) Derivative - answer A word made from a base word by the addition of one or more affixes 266) Derived score - answer a score to which raw scroes are converted by numerical transformation (percentile ranks or standard scores) 267) Diagnostic teaching - answer individualized teaching based on continual assessment of student's needs. Content should be mastered to the level of automaticity 268) Diagnostic test - answer test used to identify the nature and source of an individual's educational, psychological, or medical difficulties or disabilities in order to facilitate correction or remediation. 269) Dr. Rudolf Berlin - answer 1887 - ophthalmologist - introduced the term dyslexia 270) Dr. W. Pringle Morgan - answer 1896 - wrote first article in medical literature on "word blindness" in children 271) Dyslexia - answer a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin, characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision or effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede the growth of vocabulary. 272) Expressive language - answer the ability to organize thoughts and express them verbally to convey meaning to others 273) Fluency - answer the ability to translate print to speech with rapidity and automaticity that allows the reader to focus on meaning