CALT Exam Study Guide Questions: A Comprehensive Guide to Language and Reading, Exams of Nursing

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Strephosymbolia - answer means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for

dyslexia.

phonetics - answer the study of speech sounds in spoken language

phonological awareness - answer the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken

language at the sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels

phonemic awareness - answer awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in

spoken words

phonics - answer instruction that connects sounds and letters

synthetic phonics - answer explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme

correspondences before they are blended to form syllables or whole words

alphabetic principle - answer the understanding that spoken sounds are

represented in print by written letters

consonant - answer blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech

sounds with air flow that is constricted or obstructed

vowel - answer open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds

produced by the passage of air through an open vocal tract

phonology - answer the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken

language

fluency - answer reading with rapidity and automaticity

prosody - answer the rhythmic flow of oral reading

pragmatics - answer set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of

language, rules we communicate by

syntax - answer sentence structure, grammar, usage

semantics - answer content of language, used to express knowledge of the world

around us - meaning

phoneme - answer smallest unit of sound in a syllable

spelling - answer sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme

to phoneme

orthography - answer the spelling of written language

orthographic memory - answer memory of letter patterns and word spellings

metalinguistics - answer awareness of language as an entity

guided discovery - answer a method of leading students to new learning through

questioning

Heuristic - answer means to discover by demonstration

grapheme - answer a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech

sound

decoding - answer word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken down

to determine a word

blending - answer fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into meaningful

units

reading - answer symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme

morpheme - answer the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suffix, prefix,

root or stem such as awe, dis, in, inter, or word part such as cat, man. etc. Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling ability greatly depend on knowledge of word structure at the level of morphemes.

morphology - answer the study of word formation patterns, meaningful units

that make words

fricative - answer a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening

between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z /

nasal sound - answer a sound produced by forcing air out through th nose / n / /

m /

continuant sound - answer a sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f /

stop consonant sound - answer a sound obstructed / they must be clipped off / b

/ / d /

aspiration - answer puff of air

Norman Invasion - answer 1066 A.D., had a great effect on English language,

William the Conqueror, French spoken by upper class brought words like furniture, painter, tailor, beef, pork, mutton, Brought monks who added w and u, also the dot for the i and tail for the j. Alphabet complete at 26 letters

Number words one to a thousand - answer Anglo-Saxon

Most of the basic color words - answer Anglo-Saxon

The names of farm, forest and ocean animals - answer Anglo-Saxon

Outer body parts - answer Anglo-Saxon

Short, common everyday words: the, run, and, play, work - answer Anglo-Saxon

Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high - answer Anglo-Saxon

Words with ck: pick, duck, sack - answer Anglo-Saxon

Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook - answer Anglo-Saxon

Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash - answer Anglo-

Saxon

Words with tw: twin, twilight, between - answer Anglo-Saxon

Words with wr: write, wring, wrist - answer Anglo-Saxon

Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap - answer Anglo-Saxon

One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match - answer Anglo-Saxon

One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge - answer Anglo-Saxon

Short words with th: this, these, bath - answer Anglo-Saxon

Words with wh: why, while, when - answer Anglo-Saxon

Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot - answer Anglo-Saxon

One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words - answer Anglo-Saxon

Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow - answer Anglo-Saxon

Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen - answer Anglo-Saxon

Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind - answer Anglo-Saxon

Most pronouns: he, she, us - answer Anglo-Saxon

Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle - answer Anglo-Saxon

Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin - answer Anglo-Saxon

Words with ng - answer Anglo-Saxon

Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate - answer Latin

Words with ct: act, direct, conduct - answer Latin

Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt - answer Latin

Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation - answer Latin

Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious - answer Latin

Words with sion: erosion, collision - answer Latin

Words with ssion: passion, expression - answer Latin

Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy -

answer Latin

Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual - answer Latin

Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate - answer Latin

Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor - answer Latin

Words with ular: regular, popular - answer Latin

Words with j: joint, journal - answer Latin

Words that are legal terms: justice, legal, judge - answer Latin

Words with the soft c before e and i: cent, census, city - answer Latin

Words with sc pronounced /s/: science, irascible, scissors - answer Latin

Medical , technical and scientific words - answer Greek

Words with ph: phrase, graph, phone - answer Greek

Words with ch pronounced /k/: choir, ache, orchid - answer Greek

Long words with the letter k: kilometer, kinescope - answer Greek

Long words or short, unfamiliar words with th: thermos, athlete - answer Greek

Words with medial y: cycle, gymnastics, thyme - answer Greek

Words related to Olympics: marathon, discus, meter - answer Greek

Words related to theater: comedy, tragedy, orchestra - answer Greek

Words with rh: rhyme, rhombus - answer Greek

Words with ology: biology, theology, astrology - answer Greek

Words with silent initial p: pseudonym, psychology - answer Greek

Rapid letter naming - answer key to automatic word recognition

decoding and encoding - answer refer to applying the skills of analytic and

synthetic learning recognition of the visual symbol, symbol/sound correspondence, and blending

sounds into a words - answer decoding

Effective handwriting instruction - answer includes teaching the correct pencil

grip and formation of each letter

McGuffey Readers - answer Formal reading instruction was based on "phonics"

used at the beginning of the 20th Century

Dick & Jane ( "Look/Say" Method ) - answer Thought that children would make

more rapid progress reading if they identified whole words at a glance. Used from 1930s - 1960s.

Rudolph Flesch - answer Started the issue of the great debate to the publics

attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s)

NICHD - answer Began looking at the issue as the deemed the inability to read as

a "national health issue" and began to fund research in the area of reading. (1965)

"Learning to Read: The Great Debate" Jean Chall - answer This book caught the

attention of professionals and the government that our nation is in a reading crisis. Children are not learning to read since the look and say method came about. (1967)

Basal Reading Programs - answer These programs begin to drive reading

instruction. 70% of American Schools bought one or more of the best selling programs. (1960s to mid 80s)

Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith - answer Developed the Top-Down approach

to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature. Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out. (1980s)

G. Reid Lyon - answer Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985)

National Reading Panel Report - answer Produced scientifically based research

that demonstrated that approximately 40% of the population "have reading problems severe enough to hinder their enjoyment of reading." (2000)

Percentage of students in special ed who can't read - answer 85% (NICHD)

Five critical components of reading instruction - answer phonemic awareness,

phonics, fluency (identifying words accurately and fluently); vocabulary and comprehension strategies (constructing meaning once words are identified)

I M F - answer initial, medial, final

Middle - answer means very center

Medial - answer means between initial and final

V - answer vowel

C - answer consonant

Paired equivalent sounds - answer /ch//j/ /f//v/ /p//b/ /sh//zh/ /t//d/ /k//g/

/s//z/ /th//th/

How are our decks aligned and why?*** - answer Alignment of multiple

responses - according to frequency and reliability of sounds

Digraph - answer two letters that come together to make one sound

Trigraph - answer three letters that come together to make one sound

Quadrigraph - answer four letters that come together to make one sound

Diphthong - answer two vowels sounds blended togther in the same syllable

Combinations - answer two letters than come together to make an unexpected

sound

Code marks - answer breve, macron, dieresis, circumflex, tilde, cedilla, tittle,

schwa: (u) in an unaccented syllable = marks in dictionary

Digraph - answer two letters that come together to make one sound

Trigraph - answer three letters that come together to make one sound

Quadrigraph - answer four letters that come together to make one sound

Diphthong - answer two adjacent vowels that blend smoothly together

Combinations - answer pattern of letters which occurs frequently together

closed - answer a syllable that ends in one or more consonants. The vowel is

usually short

open - answer a syllable that ends in a vowel

Vowel consonant e - answer syllable witha long vowel sounds that end with a

consonant followed by a silent e

Vowel team - answer syllable with two adjacent vowels

R controlled - answer syllable with a vowel r combination

F.S.S. final stable syllable*** - answer a non phonetic syllable with occurs

frequently in the final position of English words.

V - answer vowel in an open unaccented syllable, i is short, a is obscure, e o and

u are half long.

When is Vr not a combination? - answer Vr r = Vr merry - when followed by two

rr's, except for ur ( hurry), Vr v = Vr fire, very when followed by an e or vowel y

Base word - answer plain old English word

Root - answer a word without affixes or endings

Affix - answer a letter or letters added to the beginning or ending of a baseword

or root that creates a derivative with a meaning or grammatical form that is different than the baseword or root

Suffix - answer a letter or group of letters added to the end of a base word to

change the meaning or usage

Prefix - answer letter or group of letters added to the beignning of a base word

to change the meaning

c and g - answer make a soft sound when followed by i ,e or y

age (ij) - answer French ending

ate (it) or (at) - answer French ending

ice (is) - answer French ending

ine (in) or (en) - answer French ending

ise (is) - answer French ending

ive (iv) - answer French ending

ain (in) - answer French ending

esque (esk) - answer French ending

ile (il) - answer French ending

ique (ik) - answer French ending

ite (it) - answer French ending

current research regarding the brain and developmental dyslexia concludes that -

answer a "glitch" may have taken place during fetal development

an individual with dyslexia might experience delays in social development as

demonstrated by - answer lack of good judgment, inability to stick with a game,

erratic emotional behavior a student who learns better from a lecture/class discussion rather that the printed

page is - answer a poor visual learner

Multisensory strategies (VAKT) - answer most students will learn and retain info

better if instruction is given in this manner

intelligence test - answer identifies intelligence and cognitive strengths and

weaknesses. Includes measures of verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning,

working memory and processing speed (WISC-IV); verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning and short-term memory (Stanford-Binet). Examples: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV), Stanford-Binet

achievement test - answer designed to measure students' specific knowledge

and skills (basic academic skills - are they performing at level?). Woodcock Johnson, WRAT)

norm-referenced test - answer assessment that (provides a detailed analysis of a

student's strengths and weaknesses.) Compares a person's score against the scores of people who have already taken the test, the "norming group," a national sample of similar students (any test with research on). (WISC-IV, DIBELS)

criterion-referenced test - answer assessment that (measures knowledge

attained and knowledge yet to be acquired in a domain.) tells how well students are performing on specific goals or standards (do they meet the criteria?).

standardized tests - answer any tests that are administered and scored in a pre-

specified, standard manner; each test-taker is asked the same questions and/or given the same tasks, provided the same information before and during the test, has the same amount of time to take the test. All tests are also scored in the same manner. These tests can be either norm-referenced or criterion-referenced, and either an achievement or an aptitude test.

curriculum-based measurement - answer assessment that measures (knowledge

that has been taught.) a student's performance in a local curriculum. The CBM is a quick probe into student achievement that provides current, week-by-week information on the progress a child is making.

behavior rating scales - answer completed by parents and sometimes teachers

and used to check for symptoms of ADHD; measure and compare a child's behavior to that of other children the same age. Examples: Connor's Rating Scale, Child Behavior Checklist, Behavior Evaluation Scale, Burk's Behavior Rating Scale

screening - answer brief assessment that identifies students who may need

additional or alternate forms of instruction (benchmark).

progress monitoring - answer periodic assessment that measures progress in

response to specific instruction and/or intervention.

diagnostic measure - answer assessment that provides a detailed analysis of a

student's strengths and weaknesses

outcome measure - answer assessment that classifies a student in terms of

achievement or improvement or grade-level performance based on targeted outcomes

formal assessment - answer standardized assessment that must be administered

and scored according to prescribed procedures. Used to compare overall achievement to that of others of the same age and grade, or to identify comparable strengths and weaknesses (state assessments).

informal assessment - answer (assessments that are not standardized) a process

for gathering information used to make educational decisions using means other than assessments; can include projects, presentations, experiments, demonstrations, performances, portfolios, observations, etc. (spelling tests, etc.).

pseudowords - answer nonsense words that are phonetically regular

formative data - answer data that provide information about knowledge to be

applied to short-term goals. Collected during instruction through instructional activities, homework; used to adjust instructional practices in an effort to maximize student learning.

summative data - answer data that provide information about knowledge to be

applied to long-term, comprehensive goals. Data collected at the end of a chapter, unit, or course, after instruction has taken place; used to make curriculum decisions, direct future instruction, and improve instructional practices.

DIBELS - answer Dynamic Indicators of Basic Literacy Skills

TPRI - answer Texas Primary Reading Inventory: a screening tool for early literacy

skills

PALS - answer Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening: comprehensive

assessment of a child's early literacy fundamentals that are predictive of future reading success

WRAT - answer Wide Range Achievement Test: brief achievement test measuring

reading recognition, spelling, arithmetic computation If a student is making A's and B's in the classroom but is a slow reader, the teacher

should give what type of assessment - answer informal

The Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Education Battery - answer an academic

achievement and norm-referenced test

Grade equivalent scores - answer not a dependable representation of progress

An individual Education Plan (IEP) for a student identified with a learning disability

does not include - answer a prescription for a specific intervention (correct)

A brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional testing or

alternative instruction is known as - answer informal screening

The Conner's Rating Scales - answer used to measure Attention Deficit

Hyperactivity Disorder

acuity - answer keenness of thought or vision (zero in on it and see what's going

on)

active listening - answer giving one's full attention to the speaker and making eye

contact with him or her

structured instruction - answer instruction that follows ordered procedures

direct instruction - answer instruction in which concepts are explicitly taught

diagnostic teaching - answer teaching that is informed by a continual assessment

of student needs

prescriptive teaching - answer individualized teaching based on needs

systematic and cumulative instruction - answer teaching with a logical order of

introduction of concepts that progress from easiest to more difficult

explicit instruction - answer direct, purposeful instruction

VAKT - answer Visual , Auditory, Kinesthetic/ Tactile (Grace Fernald)

Top-Down Theory - answer led by Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith

**strong meaning-based position **Goodman calls reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game" **rather than read every word, good readers select out on the essential textual information **only focus on individual words/sounds when text does not make sense, and the reader needs to go back and reread **this is Whole Language characteristic

Bottom-Up Theory - answer emphasis on the subprocesses of the reading act

and its contention that many of these subprocesses, such as letter and word identification, must become automatic in order for readers to be fluent. (Alphabetic Phonics)

Interactive Theory - answer readers simultaneously initiate word identification

and predict meaning----these are reciprocal events

analytical approach - answer whole to part (Top-Down) put the whole word on

the board/discover what's the same, how it can be broken down into component parts

synthetic approach - answer part (letters) to whole words (bottom up)

Socratic technique - answer Using carefully planned questions, the student is led

to discover the new concept

linguistics-based beginning reading approach - answer Learning to recognize

word families (bat, cat, hat, ) To teach syllable division, Mr. Smart first taught his students to recognize closed or (VC) syllables. He then showed the class words such as napkin, impact, and mascot and discussed accent. Later, he demonstrated how the words could be divided into two syllables. Finally he gave the students syllables and asked them to

construct words. - answer synthetic and analytic instruction

Controlled reading and spelling vocabulary are characteristics of - answer

decodable text, linguistic programs, an MSL program Repeating prior information in a multisensory structured language program is

essential to ensure what - answer automaticity

ALTA - answer Academic Language Therapy Association

IMSLEC - answer International Multisensory Structured Education Council

MSL - answer Multisensory Structured Language

MSLE - answer Multisensory Structured Language Education

NICHD - answer National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

Which prominent names are closely associated with research on phonological

awareness (Montessori/Clay/Liberman*** - answer Isabelle Liberman

Scientifically based research - answer is replicated and longitudinal

Research by NICHD indicates that of the students with specific learning disabilities

receiving special education services - answer 70 - 80% have deficit in reading

According to the National Reading Panel Report (2000), what represents the

strongest indication of a reading disability - answer a deficit in phonology

D. Berlin (1887) - answer Coined the term "dys" -- meaning difficult, "lexia" --

meaning pertaining to words.

James Hinshelwood (1917) - answer "word blindness" -- ophthalmologist from

Scotland that discovered that the left hemisphere of the brain affected word storage

Samuel Orton (1920-1950) - answer Neuropsychiatrist from Columbia University

in New York who first recognized dyslexia students in America. He discovered that approximately 10% of students will not learn using the whole words method. Also coined the term "strephosymbolia" (twisted words), which replaced the former term word blindness.

Dr. Madonald Critchley (1964) - answer Established term "developmental

dyslexia" at the World Federation of Neurology meeting at the Scottish Rite Hospital.

Marianne Frosig (1960) - answer Did visual tracking research. Findings show

there is no relationship between dyslexia and vision acuity.

Isabelle Liberman (1973-1984) - answer Did research on phonological awareness

that linguistic information is stored in its phonological form (all word recognition requires letter-sound access). Also studied phonological processing deficits affecting the ability to make use of letter-sound associations as an effect of rapid retrieval problems. Discovered tapping exercises.

Hugh Catts (1986) - answer Speech language pathologist working at the

University of Kansas. Did remedial work for programs to improve phonological awareness.

Keith Stanovich (1980) - answer Researched the process of phonics and the need

to attach sound to symbol. Readers with poor word recognition are more reliant on context than good readers (comprehension work).

Bonita Blachman - answer professor at Syracuse University. Has done much

research in the field of phonology and reading.Created Elkonian cards (kids who couldn't read couldn't segment sounds as well).

Free morpheme - answer can stand alone as words and do not have to be

combined with other morphemes.

Free morpheme: function words - answer prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns,

auxiliary verbs, articles

Free morpheme: content words - answer nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Free morpheme: compounds - answer generally composed of Anglo-Saxon

words, combinations of two free morphemes

Bound morphemes - answer work as meaningful units only in combination with

other morphemes (suffixes, bound roots [Latin], and prefixes).

Inflections - answer bound morphemes that show possession, gender, or number

(noun - s, a, es); tense, voice, or mood (verb - ed, en, could have been); and comparison (adjective - er, est).

Derivational suffixes - answer morphemes, added to roots or bases to form new

words that usually change the grammatical category of a word.

Greek-derived morphemes - answer not necessarily assigned specific roles as

prefixes, suffixes, or roots and may combine with other bound morphemes of equal importance in flexible order.

Derivational complexity - answer characterizes the number and type of changes

that have been made int he base word or root when it is combined with other morphemes. Types of phonological change are: syllable regrouping, vowel alternation, consonant alternation, and stress alternation.

Principals of ALTA Code of Ethics - answer standards of personal conduct,

standards of professional conduct, conflict of interest, confidentiality

Developmental auditory imperception - answer disorder related to dyslexia

dysphasia - answer disorder related to dyslexia

Specific developmental dyslexia - answer disorder related to dyslexia

developmental dysgraphia - answer disorder related to dyslexia

developmental spelling disability - answer disorder related to dyslexia