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Nursing's Pathway to Professionalism by Lucie Kelly - Correct Answer-8 characteristics:

1. Vital to humanity and welfare of society
2. Special body of knowledge enlarges over time
3. Services involve intellectual activities
4. Education in institution of higher learning
5. Practitioners relatively independent
6. Motivated by service and importance of work
7. Code of ethics to guide practice
8. Organization support high practice standards Miller's Wheel of Professionalism 1985 - Correct Answer-Foundation and 8 spokes:
9. Competence and continuing education
10. Adherence to code of ethics
11. Participation in professional organizations
12. Publication and communication
13. Orientation toward community services
14. Theory and research development and utilization
15. Self-regulation and autonomy Accountability - Correct Answer-The hallmark of nursing practice. ANA's 2004 Nursing: Scope and Standard of Practice - Correct Answer-Includes collegiality as one of nine standards of professional performance. Essence of collegiality includes: - Correct Answer-1. Supportive and healthy work environments
16. Cooperation
17. Recognition of interdependence among members of the nursing profession External barriers to Professionalism - Correct Answer-1. conflicts with medicine have arisen as nurses are able to provide services that were formerly part of medical practice by physicians
18. The legal scope of nursing practice must be protected through lobbying and legislation.
19. Nurses must strive for cooperation with other medical disciplines.

Internal Barriers to Professionalism - Correct Answer-1. Nursing's power and influence is fragmented by dissension, including difference in educational levels and proliferation of organizations that compete for nurses' membership.

2. Nursing's roots in altruism - when a nurse feels guilty for expecting good pay for work. Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) Nightingale's Definition of Nursing - Correct Answer-1. Contains many concepts that remain contemporary
3. Includes importance of observational skills, unique body of knowledge, understanding that patient must be put in best condition possible that nature allows.
4. Also includes concepts about the impact of the patients' immediate environment, nutrition, hygiene, comfort
5. Nursing schools should be affiliated with a teaching hospital 5.Students should be selected to create a diverse student body Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) Early twentieth-century definitions of Nursing - Correct Answer-1.Many were basic and spare. 2.Virginia Henderson's definitions represented the emergence of contemporary nursing. Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) Post WWII - definition of nursing - Correct Answer-WWII helped advance technologies available for nursing, influencing nursing and requiring changed definitions. Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) Peplau's definition of nursing - Correct Answer-Defined nursing in interpersonal terms, reinforcing the idea of the patient as an active collaborator in his or her care Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) Orem's definition - Correct Answer-Orem's definition hinges on the belief that nurses should do for a person only those things the person cannot do without assistance, emphasizing patient's active role. Example: Assisting a disoriented patient with a bath

Evolution of Definitions of Nursing (Nightingale, Early 20th Century, Post- WWII, Peplau, Orem, & Henderson) International Council of Nurses (ICN) adopted Henderson's definition 1960 - Correct Answer-This definition has been widely accepted in the United States and worldwide Many believe it remains the most comprehensive and appropriate definition of nursing in existence The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery ( or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. American Nurses Association (ANA) definition of nursing - Correct Answer-"Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations." Includes 6 essential features of contemporary nursing practice. Professional nursing socialization - Correct Answer-Absorbing and assimilating the culture of nursing: its rites, rituals, and valued behaviors Formal and informal nursing socialization includes: - Correct Answer-Formal

1. Classroom lectures
2. Assignments
3. Lab experiences
4. New vocabulary Informal This includes unplanned observations, participating in a student nurse association, and hearing nurses discuss patient care. Informal experiences are often the most powerful Cohen's Model of Basic Student Socialization Cohen developed a model in 1981 based on developmental theory and studies of beginning nursing students' attitudes. - Correct Answer-Four stages to be experienced in sequence Stage 1: Unilateral dependence - reliant on external authority and limited questioning or critical analysis Stage 2: Negativity/independence- Cognitive rebellion and diminished reliance on external authority Stage 3: Dependence/mutuality - Reasoned appraisal and begins integration of facts and opinions following objective testing

Stage 4: Interdependence - Collaborative decision making and commitment to professional role and self concept now includes professional role identity Benner's Stages of Nursing Proficiency developed in 1984 to explore how nurses make the transition to become expert practitioners Student Socialization - Correct Answer-Stage 1: Novice Stage 2: Advanced beginner period Stage 3: Competent practitioner Stage 4: Proficient practitioner Stage 5: Expert practitioner Several issues contribute to "reality shock" for new nurses. These include: - Correct Answer-Nursing shortages Difficult working conditions Nursing staff retention Older, more chronically ill patients Absence of positive reinforcement Lack of frequent communication Lack of preceptorship Kramer 1974 discusses causes of reality shock - Correct Answer-Lack of support Gap between ideals and actual work setting Inability to implement desired nursing care Systems developed by Von Bertalanffy - Correct Answer-Systems theory is defined as a set of interrelated parts that come together to form a whole that performs a function As a common framework, a system allows scientists and scholars to organize and communicate findings, making it easier to build on the work of others. Components of Systems - Correct Answer-1. Input is the raw material that enters a system and is transformed by it

2. Throughput consists of the processes a system uses to convert raw materials (input) into a form that can be used.
3. Output is the end result or product of the system.
4. Evaluation is measuring the success or failure of the output and, consequently, the system's effectiveness
5. Feedback is the process of communicating what is found in evaluation of the system to determine whether or not the end result of the system has been achieved Open Systems - Correct Answer-1, An open system promotes exchange of matter, energy, and information with other systems and the
6. A larger environment (such as outside the hospital) is called the "suprasystem."
7. A closed system does not interact with other systems or the environment

4.Synergy occurs when all subsystems work together to create a result that is not achievable independently Application of the Systems Model to Nursing - Correct Answer-Nurses work within systems every day. All these are open systems interacting with one another and the environment. If nurses are to work effectively in such complex systems, they need to have an understanding of how systems operate. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Basic needs must be at least partially satisfied before higher-order needs become relevant. Individuals meet their needs in different ways. Nurse must determine a person's perceptions of his/her needs to provide individualized care. - Correct Answer-Level 1: basic physiologic needs for survival - Oxygen, rest, activity, shelter, and sexual expression Level 2: safety and security needs -Include physical and psychological needs Level 3:needs for love and belonging - Social and intimate relationships Level 4: self-esteem needs - Need for self-worth, self-respect, and self-reliance Level 5: self-actualization - Realization of one's maximum or optimal potential Homeostasis - Correct Answer-Homeostasis is dynamic balance within and between systems. It is the nature of people to change, grow, and develop. Adaptation based on a person's changing needs is important for nurses to remember. When a person's needs are not met, homeostasis is threatened. Adaptation may or may not be successful Environment and Suprasystem - Correct Answer-Environment includes all circumstances, influences, and conditions that surround and affect individuals, families, and groups. Beginning with Florence Nightingale, nurses have always been aware of the influence of environment on people. These include:

1. Public health: safety of food, water, air, cosmetics, medications, workplaces
2. Family, cultural, social, and community systems

3. Founded the first training school for nurses that would later be a model for early nursing education Health - Definition - Correct Answer-Health is a continuum as opposed to an absolute state Health varies from day to day. Illness is not an absolute state; it also can vary from day to day. Health definition by Parsons 1959 - Correct Answer-Health is "the state of optimum capacity of an individual for the effective performance of roles and tasks." Health definition by World Health Organization (WHO) 1947 - Correct Answer-Health is "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Health definition by Dunn 1961 - Correct Answer-Health is a continuum with high-level wellness at one end and death at the other. Health Beliefs and Health Behavior A National Health Initiative: Healthy People 2020 Perceived self-efficacy": High belief in one's self-efficacy leads to efforts to change, whereas low perceived self-efficacy leads to a fatalistic lack of change. (Bandura, 1997) Locus of control: People tend to be influenced by either an internal or external view of control - Correct Answer-1. National initiative to improve the health of our nation
4. Grew out of the 1979 surgeon general's report on health promotion and disease prevention
5. Twenty-six leading health indicators (LHIs) organized into 12 topic areas that focus on quality of life and health across the lifespan
6. Powerful idea: provide health objectives in a format that enables diverse groups to combine efforts and work as a team Nurses and Health Beliefs Models There are many models of health beliefs - Correct Answer-Nurses should recognize the following
7. Health affects the entire person.
8. Individuals' health beliefs are powerful and influence how they respond to efforts to change
9. Individuals may lack knowledge or motivation to change
10. Increased knowledge does not always change behavior.
11. Various models can be used to assess readiness to change.
12. Change is often incremental and very slow

7. The burden of action is mutually shared by patient, health care providers, and public health programs Holistic Nursing Eight factors contribute to a holistic approach to nursing. - Correct Answer-1. Nursing is an open system that freely interacts with external and internal forces.
8. Nursing is the provision of health care services to assist people in maintaining health, avoiding disease, and restoring wellness or achieving a peaceful death.
9. Nursing involves collaborating with patients and families.
10. Nursing is integrally involved at points along the health-illness continuum.
11. Nursing care is provided regardless of diagnosis, differences, or other factors.
12. Nursing requires concern, compassion, respect, and warmth.
13. Nursing links theory and research to answer difficult questions.
14. An advantage of holistic nursing: focusing on the interrelationship of all parts of a whole person Beliefs - Correct Answer-Belief represents the intellectual acceptance of something as true or correct. Also it can be described as a conviction Belief system: organized beliefs that serve as a guide for thinking and decision making Three categories of beliefs a. Descriptive or existential beliefs: those which can be shown to be true or false b. Evaluative beliefs: There is a judgment about good or bad c. Prescriptive (encouraged) and proscriptive (prohibited) beliefs: Certain actions are judged to be desirable or undesirable Values - Correct Answer-Values are freely chosen principles, ideals, or standards held by an individual or group that give meaning and direction to life. Most observable human behaviors are manifestations or consequences of human values. Rokeach (1973) made several assertions about the nature of human values. a. Each person has a relatively small number of values. b. All human beings possess basically the same values to differing degrees. c. People organize their values into systems. d. People develop values in response to society and individual personality traits. A value is an abstract representation of what is right, worthwhile, or desirable Values define ideal modes of conduct and reflect what the individual or group endorses and tries to emulate. Values, like beliefs, are relatively stable and resistant to change.

Philosophies and Their Relationship to Nursing Care - Correct Answer-Philosophy is defined as the study of the principles underlying conduct, thought, and the nature of the universe; a search for meaning in the universe. Nursing philosophies and theories often derive from or build on concepts identified by other philosophers. Nurses' personal philosophies interact with their philosophies of nursing and influence their professional behaviors. Nurses' personal and professional philosophies both develop as their professional practice matures. Branches of Philosophy - Correct Answer-Epistemology Study of the theory of knowledge itself Logic Study of proper and improper methods of reasoning Aesthetics Study of beauty and the reasoning behind judgments about beauty Ethics Study of standards of conduct Politics Study of the regulation and control of people as they live in society Metaphysics Study of the ultimate nature of existence, reality, human experience, and the universe Philosophies of Nursing - Correct Answer-Philosophies of nursing are statements of beliefs that are used as bases for thinking and acting. They are based on:

1. Beliefs about nursing
2. Expressions of values The nursing profession combines two sources of nursing philosophy.
3. Individual philosophies: developed by each nurse
4. Collective philosophies: developed by schools of nursing and hospitals Florence Nightingale - Correct Answer-Lady with the Lamp Florence Nightingale in Crimea War [mid-1800] Privileged & social position Nurses' training program in Germany at 30yrs.

Cared for British soldiers in Turkey Founder of first training school of nurses at St. Thomas' Hospital in London 1860 Publisher for hospital reform ENVIRONMENTAL control Civil War Nurses 1861 - 1873 - Correct Answer-North

1. Mary Ann Bickerdyke "mother" -alternative treatments with plant and herbs -set up field hospitals and making cleanliness a priority in Illinois
2. Clara Barton "Angel of the Battlefield" -Founder of American Red Cross -independent campaign to help troops, own system of distribution
3. Dorothea Dix -advocate for the mentally ill in prewar years -Superintendent of Women Nurses created month long training program for women who wanted to help South
4. Sallie Thompkins -started her own hospital -commissioned as "captain of calvary" only woman to hold rank so she could run hospital
5. Phoebe Pember -one of first women to be Matron of hospitals Post-Civil War Nurses - Correct Answer-Movement toward formal education MD's trained nurses Nightingale's school at St Thomas' Hospital in London became model Linda Richards- The first trained nurse in the United States graduated in 1873 and later became the supervisor of the Boston Training School Mary Mahoney, first African-American professionally educated nurse School for Male Nurses at the NYC Training School 1886 Schools were stratified into black/white/male/female in late 18 century Professionalization thru Organizations - Correct Answer-1893 Chicago World's Fair (pivotal point) Gathering, Speakers Reading of Nightingale's paper pleading scientific training for nurses Precursor National League for Nursing (NLN) was formed to address issues in nursing education

1901 World Exposition in Buffalo, NY State regulation 1908 National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses Breaking down discriminatory practices Dissolved 1951 Social Justice: The Henry Street Settlement - Correct Answer-Early 1900's influx of immigrants to US Health conditions serious Infectious diseases Lillian Wald obtained financial assistance from private sources Considered the founder of public health nursing Beginning of Public Health nursing practice Jessie Sleet Scales community nursing in NY with Lillian Ward Spanish-American War - Correct Answer-1898 US declared war on Spain World-wide epidemic typhoid fever Development of Army Nurse Corps Navy Nurse Corps 1900 - 1950 - Correct Answer-1900: publication: American Journal of Nursing Most useful facts every month Progressive 1917: both WW1 & Flu outbreak 1920: Goldmark Report Study of nursing education 1923: ALL states required examinations Exams were given, but not standardized 1925: Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) Mary Breckenridge demonstrated that nurses could play a significant role in providing primary rural health care 1933: During Great Depression: Nurses could provide care to those who could not afford care 1943-1948: WWII increased the need for nurses 1946: Hill-Burton Act 1950: NLN assumed responsibility for administering the first nationwide State Board Test Pool Examination 1950 - Today - Correct Answer-1955-1975: Vietnam War Mobile hospitals Emergency procedures: Trachs & Chest Tubes 1965: Social Security Act Care for sick in hospitals

1960: specialty care/clinical specialization Shortage of PCPs , increase public for improved access to health care, & NP 1980's: HIV & universal precautions Medical tech, life support & right to die 2001: World Trade Center - Disaster management / drills 2005: Hurricane Katrina Increased preparedness 2010: Obamacare (26 yr old dependents, lifetime limits bans, no denying children/teen from pre-exiting) Social Context of Nursing: Gender - Correct Answer-Mid-1800s: Women's social roles Stereotype: Women were intellectually inferior to men, and hence women were not called on to make decisions or think for themselves. 11, 12, and 13th century: men as nurses under military and religious orders Stereotype: Men supply strength or control of patients when needed (psychiatric nursing). Social Context: Image of Nursing - Correct Answer-Media depiction of nurses Nursing caps and other forms of identification First names versus last names. Gordon (2005), in an informal survey of approximately 30 lay people, found that the respondents did not think it would be odd for nurses to refer to themselves more formally. Nurse Ratched in "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" 2014 Gallup: Nurses were rated the highest among a number of professions and occupations on honesty and ethics. Woodhull Study on Nursing and the Media - Correct Answer-Nurses and the nursing profession are essentially invisible to the media and, consequently, to the American public 1997 Theory - Correct Answer-Body of knowledge shapes and is shaped by how nurses see the world Definition: group of related concepts, definitions, and statements from which to describe, explain or predict outcomes GROUP OF CONCEPTS AND PROPOSITIONS THAT DESCRIBE LINKAGES BETWEEN CONCEPTS Abstract ideas Nursing is built by theory

Used in reasoning, critical thinking, and decision making Supports excellence in practice Philosophies of Nursing - Correct Answer-Broad, general view of nursing that clarifies values Answers broad disciplinary questions: What is the profession of nursing? What do nurses do? Florence Nightingale - Correct Answer-ENVIRONMENT Beginning of our profession "Notes on Nursing: "What it is and What it is not" Distinction between work of nursing and work of physicians Identifying health rather than illness Observation and documentation Principles of cleanliness How environment affects health and recovery from illness Clean air, water with adequate ventilation, beds in sunlight Hospital noise Rest is important, insomnia is a serious problem Protecting patients Change in environment equals change in health/recovery Virginia Henderson - Correct Answer-HELP AND PARTNER WITH PATIENT Clarify nursing as a profession emphasized the need to define nursing "unique function of the nurse... is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge" Fundamental elements of nursing through holistic needs: Physical Psychological Emotional Sociological Spiritual Developmental Jean Watson - Correct Answer-"The Philosophy and Science of Caring " CARING Emphasized the caring aspects of nursing Human science 10 carative factors not curative Concepts of Caring Human to human relations

Nurse and patient change together through transpersonal caring Spiritual matters Harmony resulting from body, mind, and soul Patient is primarily responsible for own recovery Conceptual Models - Correct Answer-Conceptual frameworks Theoretical work that provides organizational structures for critical thinking about the processes of nursing Comprehensive, holistic perspectives of nursing Describing the relationships of specific concepts Less abstracts More formalized than philosophies Orem - Correct Answer-Orem - Self Care Model SELF CARE - PERSONAL CONTROL "Nursing: Concepts of Practice" Self-care theory, theory of self-care deficit & theory of nursing systems Self-care capacities of the patient Designing nursing actions to meet the patient's self-care needs Ordinary people in contemporary society want to be in control of their lives Patient's baseline ability to provide adequate self-care is assessed by the nurse to determine the extent to which the patient is limited in providing his or her own effective care Supportive education King - Correct Answer-NURSING/PATIENT GOAL SETTING King - Interacting System Framework & Theory of Goal Attainment "A theory for Nursing: system , concepts, process" Complex theory focused on people, their interpersonal relationships, and social contexts Mutual goal setting Transactions between a group Provides a view of people from the perspective of their interactions or communication with others Steps of the process describe the type of action the nurse is taking Non-linear Roy - Correct Answer-ADAPTATION TO CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT=HEALTH Roy - Adaptation Model "Introduction to Nursing: An Adaptation Model" Education, research, and nursing practice Biopsychosocial adaptive system Humanistic disciple that emphasizes the person's adaptive or coping abilities Altering the environment Modification to promote adaptation in the patient Nursing promotes the patient's adaptation and coping, with progress toward integration as the goal

Based on assessments nurses develop nursing diagnoses to guide goal setting and interventions aimed at promoting adaptation Nurse modifies the environment to facilitate patient adaptation Theories - Correct Answer-Grand theory is a broad conceptualization of nursing phenomena Middle-range theory is narrower in focus and makes connections between grand theories and nursing practice Less abstract than models Detailed outcomes Peplau Theory - Correct Answer-"Interpersonal Relations in Nursing" INTERPERSONAL THERAPEUTIC RELATIONSHIP - 6 ROLES All nursing is based on the interpersonal process and the nurse-patient relationship Therapeutic interpersonal relationship: survival of the patient patient understanding of his/her health problems Psychiatric nursing Principles of personal growth 6 roles of the nurse: counselor, resource, teacher, technical expert, surrogate, and leader Orlando Nursing Process Theory - Correct Answer-Effective nursing practice "The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship: Function, Process, and Principles" Goals for nurses Good patient outcomes through nursing observation Determine and meet patients' immediate needs and to improve their situation by relieving distress or discomfort Individualized care plans Bottom line more quickly when observing, listening to, and confirming with patients Saves time and energy for the nurse and the patient Leininger's Theory - Correct Answer-Leininger's Theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality CULTURAL CARE Different cultures have varying behaviors and needs Stimulated the formation of the Transcultural Nursing Society, transcultural nursing conferences, & Journal of Transpersonal Caring Not just simply being aware of culture differences but planning care based on knowledge that is culturally defined, classified, and tested Culturally congruent therapeutic decisions Increasingly relevant re: global migration and increasing diversity

Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1936) - Correct Answer-General Systems Theory A common framework for studying several similar disciplines would allow scientists and scholars to organize and communicate findings, making it easier to build on the work of others COMPONENTS OF SYSTEMS - Correct Answer-Input Material that enters a system Example: School of Nursing System: Students, faculty, ideas, desire to learn, and knowledge Through-put Processes a system uses to convert material Example: Processes. Learning experiences Output End result or product of the system Example: Well educated graduates Evaluation Measures the success or failure of the output Example: NCLEX-RN and pass rates Feedback Information given back to determine whether the end result has been achieved Example: High pass rates = achieved purpose Low pass rates, the system may require changes CARL ROGERS - Correct Answer-Adaptation and Human Needs On becoming a Person A person's needs change as the person changes. Concept of adaptation People admitted in hospitals and removed from their usual environments commonly become anxious DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH - Correct Answer-WHO - "A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Smuts 1926 - Holism Emphasized the harmony between people and nature Parsons 1956 -Optimum ability to perform his or her roles and tasks effectively

Dunn 1961 - A continuum with high-level wellness at one end and death at the other Pender et al 2006 -Health promotion (approach behaviors) and disease prevention (avoidance behaviors) Healthy People 2020 - Correct Answer-Addresses a small set of health issues that are significant threats to the health and the public Public Health 2030 - Correct Answer-Addresses public health challenges like chronic disease and obesity, climate change, and cuts in spending at the state and federal levels Health Beliefs - Correct Answer-Choices and habits that promote or diminish health Rosenstock's Health Beliefs Model - Correct Answer-"why some people change their health behaviors while others do not." An evaluation of how effective the health maintenance behavior might be The presence of a trigger event that precipitates the health maintenance behavior A continuum Albert Bandura (1977) - Correct Answer-Self-efficacy Belief in oneself as having the ability to modify behavior Four components for effective lifestyle change: Information Skill development Skill enhancement through guided practice and feedback Creating social supports for change Holistic nursing care nourishes the whole person - the body, mind, and spirit. - Correct Answer-Eight factors contribute to holistic approach to nursing

1. Nursing is an open system
2. Nursing is the provision of health care services
3. Nursing involves collaborating with patients and their families
4. Nursing is integrally involved with people
5. Care is provided regardless of diagnosis, differences, age, beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors 6.Nurses require advanced knowledge and skills
6. Nursing requires concern, compassion, respect, and warmth
7. Nursing links theory and research ANA Nursing's Social Policy Statement: The Essence of the Profession - Correct Answer-It sets forth several underlying values and assumptions: Humans manifest an essential unity of mind, body, and spirit. Human experience is contextually and culturally defined.

Health and illness are human experiences. The presence of illness does not preclude health, nor does optimal health preclude illness. The interaction between the nurse and patient occurs within the context of the values and beliefs of the patient and the nurse. Public policy and the health care delivery system influence the health and well-being of society and professional nursing. Metaparadigm - Correct Answer-Refers to the most abstract aspect of the structure of nursing knowledge The metaparadigm of nursing consists of the major concepts of the discipline—person, environment, health, and nursing. A philosophy - Correct Answer-Is a set of beliefs about the nature of how the world works. A nursing philosophy puts together some or all concepts of the metaparadigm. Propositions - Correct Answer-Propositions are statements that describe linkages between concepts and are more prescriptive; that is, they propose an outcome that is testable in practice and research. TESTABLE OUTCOME PHILOSOPHY - Correct Answer-Broad general view that clarifies values and answers broad questions for nursing Conceptual Models of Nursing - Correct Answer-Conceptual models provide organizational structures for critical thinking about the processes of nursing Models are less abstract and more formalized than the philosophies. Models are more abstract than theories of nursing. Grand-to-Middle Range Theories - Correct Answer-Grand theory is a broad conceptualization of nursing phenomena. Middle-range theory is narrower in focus and makes connections between grand theories and nursing practice. Theories are less abstract than models and usually propose specific outcomes. King's Interacting Systems Framework and Theory of Goal Attainment - Correct Answer-The theory emphasized The importance of goal setting and goal attainment by the nurse and the patient The goal of nursing is gaining or regaining health. Middle Range Theories of Nursing - Correct Answer-Middle-range theories are neither overly broad nor narrow in scope.

They incorporate a limited number of concepts and focus on a specific aspect of nursing. They typically merge practice and research Orlando's Nurisng Process Theory - Correct Answer-IDENTIFYING INDIVIDUAL PATIENT NEEDS The theory is about how nurses process their observations of patient behavior and about how they react to patients based on inferences from patients' behavior. It saves time and energy for both patient and nurse. Dobratz Theory of Psychological Adaptation in Death and Dying - Correct Answer-Notes that death and dying is a social phenomenon that involves a wide range of human responses across a variety of settings Swanson's Caring Theory - Correct Answer-Based on couples experiencing miscarriages Mishel's Uncertainty in Illness Theory - Correct Answer-Studied men with prostate cancer who were watchfully waiting for advancing their disease rather than seeking aggressive therapies Jezewski's Cultural Brokering Theory - Correct Answer-Based on qualitative research on politically and economically powerless or those who were vulnerable as a function of advanced disease Using Theory: Theory-Based Practice - Correct Answer-Nursing as a profession is strengthened when nursing knowledge is built on sound theory. Theory is a useful tool for reasoning, critical thinking, and decision making Theory-based practice occurs When nurses intentionally structure their practice around a particular nursing theory They use it to guide them as they use the nursing process to assess plan diagnose intervene evaluate nursing care Benefits of Theory-Based Practice It shapes theoretical orientation to practice It facilitates the transmission of nursing knowledge. It contributes to professional autonomy. It is a nursing-based guide for practice, education, and research It helps develop analytical skills, challenges thinking, and clarifies values and assumptions.