CANS EXAM 2025 LATEST ACTUAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED, Exams of Nursing

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CANS EXAM 2025 LATEST ACTUAL

EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND

100% CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED

ANSWERS) | ALREADY GRADED A+

Characteristics of a profession Correct Answer - Professional preparation and commitment distinguish an occupation from a profession

• Profession requires a duty to serve
• Autonomy to make decisions
• Service/altruism
• Specialized knowledge
• Autonomy/ethics ANA's Hallmark of nursing Correct Answer Individual accountability and responsibility Code of Ethics for Nurses Correct Answer - Values and commitments
• Duty and Loyalty
• Aspects of duties beyond individual patient encounters
• Reminds nurses and the public of nurses' obligations and responsibilities to patients and others Barriers to recognizing nursing as a profession Correct Answer - Varying levels of preparatory education
• "women's work" - gender issues
• religion and military bring values of unquestioning obedience

• nurses able to provide duties that were formerly a physician's duties
• Legality of nursing protected by lobbying and legislation Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations in Nursing Correct Answer The theory is based on the premise that the relationship between patient and nurse is the focus of attention, rather than the patient only as the unit of attention (Forchuk, 1993, p. 7). Goals of therapeutic interpersonal relationship Survival of the patient Patient's understanding of health problems and learning from these problems as s/he develops new behavior patterns Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality Correct Answer Transcultural nursing Planning care based on knowledge that is culturally defined, classified, and tested and then used to provide culturally congruent care (Leininger, 1978). The theory considers the impact of culture on all aspects of human life, with particular attention to health and caring practices. Nursing care is focused on culture care preservation, accommodations, or re-patterning depending on the patient's need. collegiality Correct Answer - "companionship and cooperation between colleagues who share responsibility"
• Standard for professional nurses
• Supportive and healthy work environments

• Cooperation
• Recognition of interdependence among members of the nursing profession
• 1 of 9 standards of professional performance Reality shock causes Correct Answer - nursing shortages
• staff retention
• difficult working conditions
• older, more chronically ill pts
• no positive reinforcement
• lack of frequent communication
• lack of preceptorship
• lack of support
• gap between ideals and actual work seeing
• inability to implement desired nursing care Overcoming Reality shock in nurses Correct Answer - Find support
• Find a mentor
• Learn more about the profession
• Improve self-care informal socialization Correct Answer - lessons that occur incidentally
• unplanned observations participating in a student nurse association and hearing nurses discuss pt care How to help with the nursing shortage Correct Answer - Increase supply of nurses
• Import nurses from English speaking nurses
• Travel nursing

• Development of associate programs
• Shorter training and education Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Correct Answer 1.Physiological Needs: O2, rest, activity, shelter, sexual expression 2.Safety and Security: physical & psychological needs 3.Love & belonging: social and intimate relations 4.Self-esteem needs: self-worth, self-respect, and self- reliance 5.Self-actualization: realization of one's maximum or optimal potential Health Correct Answer - a continuum, varies day to day
• state of optimum capacity of an individual for the effective performance of roles and tasks
• State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
• high level wellness at one end and death at the other Advantage of holistic nursing Correct Answer - focus on the interrelationship of all parts of a whole person General Systems Theory- Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1936) Correct Answer A common framework for studying several similar disciplines would allow scientists and scholars to organize and communicate findings, making it easier to build on the work of others. Components of Systems Correct Answer - Input: material that enters a system
• Throughput: processes a system uses to convert material
• Output: end result or product of the system

• Evaluation: measures the success or failure of the output
• Feedback: information given back into the system to determine whether the purpose or end result of the system has been achieved Hospital as a System Correct Answer The success of the hospital depends on the functioning of many subsystems First: The whole is different from and greater than the sum of its parts (its subsystems). Second: Synergy occurs when all the various subsystems work together to create a result that is not independently achievable. Supra-system Correct Answer The larger environment outside the system An OPEN system Correct Answer promotes the exchange of matter, energy, and information with other systems and the environment. A CLOSED system Correct Answer does not interact with other systems or with the surrounding environment Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Correct Answer 1) Physiologic needs - food, oxygen, rest, activity, shelter, and sexual expression

2. Physical and psychological safety and security - reasonably predictable environment with which one has some familiarity and relative freedom from fear and chaos

3. Love and belonging - close intimate relations, social relations, a place in the social structure
4. Self-esteem - need to feel self-worth, self-respect, and self-reliance
5. Self actualization - realized maximum potential Various environmental systems: Correct Answer family, cultural, social, poverty, community/gloabl WHO's definition of health: Correct Answer a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Benner's stages of nursing proficiency Correct Answer 1. Novice

2. Advanced Beginner
3. Competent Practitioner
4. Proficient Practitioner
5. Expert Practitioner When did Medicare and Medicaid begin? Correct Answer 1965 When did mandatory licensing examination begin? Correct Answer New Zealand: 1901 U.S.: 1903 Florence Nightingale's research Correct Answer 1st nurse researcher, used data on morbidity and mortality of soldiers in hospitals in Scutari

Ethnicity of Population vs. Ethnicity of Nurses Correct Answer Ethnic minority in nurses don't yet meet the same proportions in the profession as in the general population Black's concept on burnout Correct Answer A condition associated with intense and prolonged stress in work settings. Reduced with improved nurse staffing... mandate minimum nurse-to-patient ratio in some states. Jean Watson Correct Answer Theory of Human Caring 10 carative factors Harmony in mind, body, soul Altruism Sensitivity Trust Interpersonal skills Mary Ann Bickerdyke Correct Answer - Mother Bickerdyke

• Advocate US veterans
• Built >300 field hospitals in the civil war
• Civil War lay nurse who rallied the soldiers, cleaning up the camps and the soldiers Clara Barton Correct Answer - Founder of the American Red Cross
• obtained and administered supplies and care to the Union soldiers during the American Civil War. Dorothea Dix Correct Answer Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Hildegard Peplau Correct Answer - theory of interpersonal relationships in nursing

• first nurse theorist to descriptive nurse-patient relationship as the foundation of nursing practice
• Patient as an active collaborator
• 6 roles of the nurse: counselor, resource, teacher, technical expert, surrogate, leader Lillian Wald Correct Answer - Founder of Henry Street Settlement House in NY
• Founder of Public Health Nursing
• Activist for women and minorities rights Virginia Henderson Correct Answer - Defined nursing "unique function...to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery..."
• Fundamental elements of nursing through holistic needs Florence Nightingale Correct Answer - Founder of modern nursing
• Reformer of hospital sanitation methods
• 1st infection control nurse
• Founder of first training schools of nurses at St. Thomas Hospital
• "Lady with the lamp" Dorothea Orem's Self Care theory Correct Answer - Patient's baseline ability to provide adequate self-care is

assessed by the nurse to determine the extent to which the pt is limited in providing his or her own effective care

• Supportive education Healthy People 2020 Correct Answer addresses a small set of health issues that are significant threats to the health and the public. 26 leading health indicators. These indicators are organized into 12 topic areas on quality of life, healthy behaviors, and healthy human development across the life span. Health Beliefs Model Rosenstock (1966, 1990) Correct Answer = "why some people change their health behaviors while others do not." Three components:

1. An evaluation of one's vulnerability to a condition and the seriousness of that condition
2. An evaluation of how effective the health maintenance behavior might be
3. The presence of a trigger event that precipitates the health maintenance behavior Self-Efficacy Concept Bandura (1997) Correct Answer Self-efficacy is the belief in oneself as having the ability to modify behavior Four components for effective lifestyle change:

1. Information
2. Skill development
3. Skill enhancement through guided practice and feedback
4. Creating social supports for change Also described a type of socialization, modeling, which is useful when learning any new behavior (1977). Locus of control: Correct Answer People tend to be influenced by either internal or external view of control.

• Health is internally controlled. Belief that health is controlled by what they themselves do. OR
• Health is externally controlled. Belief that health is determined by outside factors. Holistic nursing care: Correct Answer nourishes the whole person - the body, mind, and spirit. Eight factors contribute to holistic approach to nursing:

1. Nursing is an open system
2. Nursing is the provision of health care services
3. Nursing involves collaborating with patients and their families
4. Nursing is integrally involved with people
5. Nursing care is provided regardless of diagnosis, individual differences, age, beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors.

6. Nurses require advanced knowledge and skills
7. Nursing requires concern, compassion, respect, and warmth, as well as comprehensive, individualized planning of care, to facilitate patients' growth toward wellness.
8. Nursing links theory and research 3 categories of beliefs: Correct Answer 1. Descriptive or existential beliefs are those that can be shown to be true or false. An example of a descriptive belief is "The sun will come up tomorrow morning."

2. Evaluative beliefs are those in which there is a judgment about good or bad. The belief "Advanced life support for a 90-year-old is immoral" is an example of an evaluative belief.
3. Prescriptive (encouraged) and proscriptive (prohibited) beliefs are those in which certain actions are judged to be desirable or undesirable. The belief "Every citizen of voting age should vote in every election" is a prescriptive belief, whereas the belief "People should not have sex outside of marriage" is a proscriptive belief. These two types of beliefs are closely related to values. Beliefs: Correct Answer A belief represents the intellectual acceptance of something as true or correct. Belief systems that serve to guide thinking and decision making. Beliefs are exhibited through attitudes and behaviors.

Values: Correct Answer Values are the freely chosen principles, ideals, or standards held by an individual, class, or group that give meaning and direction to life. A value is an abstract representation of what is right, worthwhile, or desirable. Values define ideal modes of conduct and reflect what the individual or group endorses and tries to emulate. Values, like beliefs, are relatively stable and resistant to change. Florence Nightingale's definition of nursing: Correct Answer Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not (originally published 1859) "I use the word nursing for want of a better. It has been limited to signify little more than the administration of medicines and the application of poultices. It ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and administration of diet— all at the least expense of vital power to the patient" These definitions foreshadowed contemporary nursing's focus on the therapeutic milieu (environment) as well as the modern emphasis on health promotion and health maintenance.

She accurately observed that although simply possessing observational skills does not make someone a good nurse, without these skills a nurse is ineffective. Indeed, informed observation has always been an integral part of the processes of nursing. She was the first person to differentiate between nursing provided by a professional nurse using a unique body of knowledge and physical care provided by a layperson such as a mother caring for a sick child. Virginia Henderson's definition of nursing: Correct Answer "Nursing may be defined as that service to an individual that helps him to attain or maintain a healthy state of mind or body"

• represented emergence of contemporary nursing. (1939) International Council of Nurses (ICN) "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible" (1960). Hildegard Peplau's definition of nursing Correct Answer "Nursing is a significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process."

(1952)

Dorothea Orem's definition of nursing Correct Answer "Nursing is perhaps best described as the giving of direct assistance to a person, as required, because of the person's specific inabilities in self-care resulting from a situation of personal health" (1959) Martha Rogers's definition of nursing Correct Answer "Nursing aims to assist people in achieving their maximum health potential. Maintenance and promotion of health, prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis, intervention, and rehabilitation encompass the scope of nursing's goals" (1961) Definition of Nursing (ANA) Correct Answer the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations Code of Ethics for Nurses (ANA) Correct Answer "Nursing encompasses the prevention of illness, the alleviation of suffering, and the protection, promotion, and restoration of health in the care of individuals, families, groups, and communities"

Professional socialization Correct Answer process of internalization and development or modification of an occupational identity that "begins when the students are in formal nursing program and continues as they practice in the real world." formal: supervisors and administration informal: co-workers Benner's Model of Socialization Correct Answer (1984) identified five stages nurses pass through in the transition from novice to expert:

1. Novice stage- begins when students first enroll in nursing school. They must depend rather rigidly on rules and expectations established for them. Their practical skills are limited.
2. Advanced beginner-performance is marginally competent.
3. Competent practitioners Usually have 2 to 3 years' experience in a setting.
4. Proficient practitioners typically been in practice 3 to 5 years. These nurses are able to see patient situations holistically rather than in parts, to recognize and interpret subtleties of meaning, and to easily recognize priorities for care. They can focus on long-term goals and desired outcomes.

5. Expert practitioner

• perform intuitively, without conscious thought, automatically grasping the significance of the patient's complete experience. Reality shock: Correct Answer Caused by the absence of positive reinforcement (such as one gets from clinical faculty), lack of frequent communication/support, the gap between the ideals taught in school and the actual work setting, and the inability to provide nursing care effectively because of circumstances such as a heavy case load or time constraints Overcoming reality shock: Correct Answer - Seek practical experiences outside of school
• Balance work with academic responsibilities
• "Shadowing" programs
• Take initiative to form group for mutual support
• Mentors and preceptors
• Care for self Cohen's Model of Basic Student Socialization Correct Answer Stage I - unilateral dependence Students rely on external limits and controls established by authority figures such as teachers due inexperience and lack of knowledge. Students are unlikely to question or analyze critically the concepts teachers present

Stage II - Negativity/independence (Also: cognitive rebellion) The students' critical thinking abilities and knowledge bases expand. They begin to question authority figures. Students begin to free themselves from external controls and to rely more on their own judgment. They think critically about what they are being taught. Students begin to question, "Why do I have to learn about this? This isn't nursing!" or complain, "I will never learn to give an injection to a patient if I have to sit here reading about the nursing process!" Stage III (dependence/mutuality) is characterized by students' more reasoned evaluation of others' ideas. They develop an increasingly realistic appraisal process and learn to test concepts, facts, ideas, and models objectively. Stage IV (interdependence)- Students' needs for both independence and mutuality (sharing jointly with others) come together. Flexner's professional criteria (1910) Correct Answer 1. Is basically intellectual (as opposed to physical) and is accompanied by a high degree of individual responsibility

2. Is based on a body of knowledge that can be learned and is developed and refined through research

3. Is practical, in addition to being theoretical
4. Can be taught through a process of highly specialized professional education
5. Has a strong internal organization of members and a well-developed group consciousness
6. Has practitioners who are motivated by altruism (the desire to help others) and who are responsive to public interests Kelly's professional criteria (1981) Correct Answer 1) The services provided are vital to humanity and the welfare of society.

2. There is a special body of knowledge that is continually enlarged through research
3. The services involve intellectual activities; individual responsibility (accountability) is a strong feature.
4. Practitioners are educated in institutions of higher learning.
5. Practitioners are relatively independent and control their own policies and activities (autonomy).
6. Practitioners are motivated by service (altruism) and consider their work an important component of their lives. *Altruism = ideal of service to others
7. There is a code of ethics to guide the decisions and conduct of practitioners
8. There is an organization (association) that encourages and supports high standards of practice Collegiality Correct Answer promotion of a supportive and healthy work environment, cooperation, and recognition of

interdependence among members of the nursing profession Barriers to professionalism Correct Answer multiple entries to the profession and varied education stages of adjusting to an illness: Correct Answer 1) disbelief/denial

2. irritability/anger
3. attempting to gain control
4. depression/grief
5. acceptance/participation occupation vs profession Correct Answer see image theory: Correct Answer more concrete descriptions of concepts that are embedded in propositions. proposition: Correct Answer statements that describe linkages between concepts and are more prescriptive; that is, they propose an outcome that is testable in practice and research. philosophy: Correct Answer a set of beliefs about the nature of how the world works Metaparadigm: Correct Answer refers to the most abstract aspect of the structure of nursing knowledge

"Model" or "framework" Correct Answer provides an organizational structure that makes clearer connections between concepts. Henderson's 14 basic needs: Correct Answer 1) Breathe normally.

2. Eat and drink adequately.
3. Eliminate body wastes.
4. Move and maintain desirable position.
5. Sleep and rest.
6. Select suitable clothes—dress and undress.
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the environment.
8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument (skin).
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others.
10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.
11. Worship according to one's faith.
12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment.
13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation.
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities. Watson's Philosophy Correct Answer She focused on the relationship of the nurse and the patient. TRUST

An approach that emphasized how the nurse and patient change together through transpersonal caring. Nursing should be concerned with spiritual matters and the inner knowledge of nurse and patient as they participate together in the transpersonal caring process. She equated health with harmony, resulting from unity of body, mind, and soul, for which the patient is primarily responsible. Illness or disease was equated with lack of harmony within the mind, body, and soul experienced in internal or external environments Nursing is based on human values and interest in the welfare of others and is concerned with health promotion, health restoration, and illness prevention. (1979). Watson's 10 Caritas Processes Correct Answer 1) Embrace altruistic values and practice loving kindness with self and others.

2. Instill faith and hope and honor in others.
3. Be sensitive to self and others by nurturing individual beliefs and practices.
4. Develop helping-trusting-caring relationships.
5. Promote and accept positive and negative feelings as you authentically listen to another's story.
6. Use creative scientific problem-solving methods for caring decision making.

7. Share teaching and learning that addresses the individual needs and comprehension styles.
8. Create a healing environment for the physical and spiritual self which respects human dignity.
9. Assist with basic physical, emotional, and spiritual human needs.
10. Open to mystery and allow miracles to enter. Orem's Self-Care Model Correct Answer The model focuses on the patient's self-care capacities and the process of designing nursing actions to meet the patient's self-care needs. The nurse prescribes and regulates the nursing system on the basis of the patient's self-care deficit, which is the extent to which a patient is incapable of providing effective self-care. Orem formalized three interrelated theories:

• Theory of self-care
• Theory of self-care deficit
• Theory of nursing system Biographic info on Nightingale: Correct Answer Florence Nightingale Trained in basic nursing Kaiserswerth, Germany and Sisters of Charity in Paris Care of the sick was often in the purview of women and men in religious orders. Crimean War (1854-1856)

Nightingale took 38 nurses to the British hospital in Scutari, Turkey organized and cleaned the hospital and provided care to the wounded soldiers Nightingale collected very detailed data on morbidity and mortality of the soldiers in Scutari - reform of the entire British Army medical system Nightingale and the first training school for nurses at St. Thomas' Hospital in London in 1860 1859 Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not - a body of nursing knowledge and professional nursing Clara Barton Correct Answer ("Angel of the Battlefield") - set-up field hospital for the wounded and dying in Culpeper, Virginia. Founded American Red Cross American Civil War Chicago World's Fair Correct Answer 1893: meeting of the minds National League for Nursing ANA founded by Isabel Hampton Robb Lillian Wald Correct Answer Henry Street Settlement in Lower East Side of NYC Therapeutic nurse-patient relationship Correct Answer 1) Orientation phase - "getting to know you" Initial development of trust

Tasks of orientation phase

2. Working phase - alternating periods of intense effort and of resistance to change
3. Termination phase differences between social and professional relationships Correct Answer see image Somatic language Correct Answer consists of crying; reddening of the skin; fast, shallow breathing; facial expressions; and jerking of the limbs. Action language Correct Answer consists of reaching out, pointing, crawling toward a desired object, or closing the lips and turning the head when an undesired food is offered. Verbal language Correct Answer develops last, beginning with repetitive noises and sounds and progressing to words, phrases, and complete sentences. acute illness Correct Answer characterized by severe symptoms that are relatively short-lived chronic illness Correct Answer develops gradually, requires ongoing medical attention, and may continue for the duration of the individual's life Medicare Correct Answer healthcare insurance for people over 65 or with disabilities

Medicaid Correct Answer health insurance for people who qualify for low economic standards Social Learning Theory Correct Answer new behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others developed by B.F. Skinner (1940s) Accountability in nursing Correct Answer clarity, commitment, and consequence state boards define nursing Correct Answer a state- specific licensing and regulatory body that sets the standards fr safe nursing care, decides the scope of practice for nurses within its jurisdiction, and issues licenses to qualified candidates. Collectively make up the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN), which administers the NCLEX exam Healthy People 2020 Correct Answer A set of disease prevention and health promotion objectives for Americans to meet

• enables diverse groups to combine efforts and work as a team
• from 1979 surgeon general report on health promotion and disease prevention locus of control Correct Answer People tend to be influenced by either an internal or external view of control