Operational Planning and Sustainment in Military Operations, Exams of Community Corrections

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Principles of training - Train as you fight

Train to standard

Train to maintain

Train to sustain

Mission Command

Accept prudent Risk:

Create Shared Understanding: - Accept Prudent Risk: Prudent risk is a deliberate exposure to potential injury or loss when the reward outweighs the risk, and mission accomplishment is worth the cost.

Create Shared Understanding: Making subordinates understand the operational environment, operations purpose, problems, and approaches to solving them. Commanders can increase situational understanding, resolved misunderstandings, and assess progress of operations through collaboration such as talking with soldiers / leaders.

Mission Command

Exercise Disciplined Initiative:

Provide a Clear Commanders Intent: - Exercise Disciplined Initiative: Action by subordinates in the absence of orders, when existing orders no longer fit the situation, or when unforeseen opportunities or threats arise.

Provide a Clear Commanders Intent: The commander's intent is a clear and concise expression of the purpose of the operation and the desired military end state that supports mission command, provides focus to the staff, and helps subordinate and supporting commanders act to achieve the commander's desired results without further orders, even when the operation does not unfold as planned.

Troop Leading Procedures (TLPs)

RIMIRCIS - Step 1 - Receive the mission.

Step 2 - Issue a warning order.

Step 3 - Make a tentative plan.

Step 4 - Initiate movement.

Step 5 - Conduct Reconnaissance.

Step 6 - Complete the plan.

Step 7 - Issue the order.

Step 8 - Supervise and refine.

Steps of the Military Decision Making Process (MDMP) - Step 1: Receive the mission

Step 2: Analyze the mission

Step 3: Develop a Course of Action (COA)

Step 4: COA Analysis (War Game)

Step 5: COA Comparison

Step 6: COA Approval

Step 7: Orders Production, Dissemination, and Transition

Course Of Action (COA) considerations - - Mission

• Commanders Intent
• Current dispositions and freedom of action
• CCIRs
• Limiting Factors (supply constraints, boundaries, and combat strength)

ADP 5-0, The Operations Process:

Commanders Critical Information (CCIRs):

Commanders Intent: - CCIRs: Commanders use to focus information collection on the relevant information they need to make critical decisions throughout the conduct of operations.

• Friendly force information requirements
• Priority intelligence requirements.

Commanders Intent: A clear and concise expression of the purpose of the operation and the desired military end state that supports mission command, provides focus to the staff, and helps subordinate and supporting commanders act to achieve the commander's desired results without further orders, even when the operation does not unfold as planned

The Operations Process:

Mission Statement:

Operational Approach: - Mission Statement - Army design methodology results in an improved understanding of the operational environment, a problem statement, an initial commander's intent, and an operational approach that serves as the link between conceptual and detailed planning

Operational Approach - a description of the broad actions the force must take to transform current conditions into those desired at end state.

Army Health System (AHS) Principles - Conformity - In order to develop a comprehensive concept of operations, the medical commander must have direct access to the tactical commander. AHS planners must be involved early in the planning process and once the plan is established it must be rehearsed with the forces it supports.

Continuity - Achieved by moving the patient through progressive, phased roles of care, extending from the point of injury or wounding to the continental United States

Control - is required to ensure that scarce AHS resources are efficiently employed and support the tactical through strategic plans also that the scope and quality of medical treatment meet professional standards, policies, and U.S. and international law.

Army Health System (AHS) Principles - Flexibility - is being prepared and empowered to shift AHS resources to meet changes in tactical plans or operations. The medical commander must also ensure that he has the flexibility to rapidly transition from one level of violence to another across the range of military operations.

Mobility - to ensure that AHS assets remain in supporting distance to support maneuvering forces. The mobility, survivability (such as armor plating and other force protection measures),

and sustainability of medical units organic to maneuver elements must be equal to the forces being supported.

Proximity - to provide AHS support to sick, injured, and wounded Soldiers at the right time and to keep morbidity and mortality to a minimum. AHS support assets are placed within supporting distance of the maneuver forces which they are supporting, but not close enough to impede ongoing combat operations.

Classes of supply (I-X) - Class I: Subsistence health / welfare items

Class II: Clothing, individual equipment, tentage, tools, maps

Class III: Petroleum / solid fuels, Oil, Lubricants

Class IV: Construction materials, fortify / barrier

Class V: Ammunition, bombs, explosives, pyro

Class VI: Personal demand items (non military sale)

Class VII: Major items launchers, tanks, vehicles

Class VIII: Medical material supply

Class IX: Repair parts and components

Class X: Material to support nonmilitary material, such as agricultural and economical development

ADRP 4.0 sustainment

Anticipation:

Continuity:

Economy:

Improvisation: - Anticipation - the ability to foresee operational requirements and initiate necessary actions that most appropriately satisfy a response without waiting for operations orders or fragmentary orders.

Continuity - the uninterrupted provision of sustainment across all levels of war

Economy - providing sustainment resources in an efficient manner that enables the commander to employ all assets to the greatest effect possible

Improvisation - the ability to adapt sustainment operations to unexpected situations or circumstances affecting a mission. It includes creating, inventing, arranging, or fabricating resources to meet requirements

ADRP 4.0 Sustainment - Integration - combining all of the sustainment elements within operations assuring unity of command and effort.

Responsiveness - the ability to react to changing requirements and respond to meet the needs to maintain support

Simplicity - relates to processes and procedures to minimize the complexity of sustainment.

Survivability - All aspects of protecting personnel, weapons, and supplies while deceiving the enemy. Consists of a quality / capable military force to withstand hostiles and environment while retaining ability to fulfill their mission.

Offensive tasks

Movement to Contact:

Pursuit: - Movement to Contact - An offensive task designed to develop the situation and to establish or regain contact. Goal is to make initial contact with a small element while maintaining combat power. Useful when enemy situation is vague in lieu of attack

Once enemy force makes contact, commander has 6 options; attack, defend, bypass, delay, or withdraw.

Pursuit - An offensive task designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting to escape, with the aim of destroying it. 2 forms, frontal and combination. Normally follows a successful exploitation.

Offensive Tasks

Attack:

Exploitation: - Attack - An offensive task that destroys or defeats enemy forces, seizes and secures terrain, or both. Hasty or deliberate. Different from movement to contact because commanders know at least part of an enemy's dispositions.

Exploitation - An offensive task that usually follows a successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth. Seek to disintegrate enemy forces so much so they must surrender or retreat. Take advantage of tactical opportunities.

Characteristics of offense - Audacity - A willingness to take bold risks.

Concentration - Massing the effects of combat power in time and space at the decisive point to achieve a single purpose

Surprise - Attack at a time or place or in a manner enemy forces did not prepare for or expect.

Tempo - The relative speed and rhythm of military operations over time with respect to the enemy.

Characteristics of the Defense - Disruption - Desynchronization of the enemy force's preparations. Deceiving or destroying enemy recon forces, combat formations, separating echelons, and not allowing synchronized combined arms.

Flexibility- flexible defense that anticipates enemy actions and allocates resources accordingly.

Maneuver - Allows a defending force to achieve and exploit a position of advantage over an enemy force.

Mass and concentration - Produces overwhelming combat power at specific locations to support their decisive operations. Surrender ground to gain time to mass and concentrate efforts.

Characteristics of the defense (cont) - Operations in depth - The simultaneous application of combat power throughout an area of operations.

Preparation - Prepare their AOs before attacking enemy forces arrive, or establish the defense behind a force performing a security operation. Employ forward and flank security forces to protect their defending forces.

Security - Secure their forces through the performance of security, protection, information operations, and cyberspace and electronic warfare tasks. Security includes the provision of area

security for civilians, infrastructure, lines of communication (LOCS) and other aspects of the echelon support and consolidation areas

Defensive Tasks - Area Defense - Task that concentrates on denying enemy forces access to designated terrain for a specific time rather than destroying the enemy outright. Focus to retain terrain bulk of defending force mutually supported / prepared positions.

Mobile Defense - A defensive task that concentrates on the destruction or defeat of the enemy through a decisive attack by a striking force. Allowing them to advance to where they are exposed to a decisive striking force counterattack. A fixing force is a force designated to supplement the striking force, by holding attacking enemy forces in position.

Retrograde - A defensive task that involves organized movement away from the enemy. Transitional operation never conducted in isolation. Always a part of a larger scheme of maneuver designed to regain the initiative and defeat the enemy.

1.) Delay - a force under pressure trades space for time by slowing down the enemy's momentum and inflicting maximum damage on enemy forces without becoming decisively engaged.

2.) Withdrawal - planned disengagement from enemy and move away from enemy.

3.) ggfdewRetirement - a form of retrograde in which a f1orce out of contact moves away from the enemy.

ADRP 3-

Adversary

Enemy

Threat

Hybrid Threat - Adversary: A party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party and against which the use of force may be envisaged.

Enemy: A party identified as hostile against which the use of force is authorized.

Threat: Any combination of actors, entities, or forces that have the capability and intent to harm United States forces, United States national interests, or the homeland. Threats may include individuals, groups of individuals (organized or not organized), paramilitary or military forces, nation-states, or national alliances.

Hybrid Threat: The diverse and dynamic combination of regular forces, irregular forces, terrorist forces, or criminal elements unified to achieve mutually benefitting threat effects. Combine traditional forces governed by law, military tradition, and custom with unregulated forces. Examples criminals / terrorist organizations.

ADRP

Area of Operations

Area of interest

Area of Influence - Area of Operations: An operational area defined by a commander for land and maritime forces that should be large enough to accomplish their missions and protect their forces.

Area of Interest: That area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence, areas adjacent thereto, and extending into enemy territory.

Area of Influence: A geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of influencing operations by maneuver or fire support systems normally under the commander's command or control.

ADRP 3-

Hazard

Depth

Unified Action Partners - Hazard: A condition with the potential to cause injury , illness, or death of personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property; or mission degradation. Include disease, extreme weather phenomena, solar flares, and areas contaminated by toxic materials. Understand hazards = understand terrain.

Depth: The extension of operations in time, space, or purpose to achieve definitive results. Army forces engage the enemy throughout their depth, preventing effective employment of reserves, disrupting command and control, logistics, and other capabilities.

Unified Action Partners: Military forces, governmental and nongovernmental organizations, and elements of the private sector with whom Army forces plan, coordinate, synchronize, and integrate during the conduct of operations.

ADP 3-0 OPERATIONS

Operation:

Operational Concept:

Operational Environment (OE): - Operation - A sequence of tactical actions with a common purpose or unifying theme.

Operational Concept - A fundamental statement that frames how Army forces, operating as part of a joint force, conduct operations. *** The Army's operational concept is Unified Land Operations.

Operational Environment (OE) - A composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. Involve interconnected influences from global or regional perspectives (Ie. Politics and economics). Each commanders OE is a part of a higher commanders OE.

Unified Action:

Unified Land Operations:

• 4 tenets

Unity of Effort: - Unified Action - Synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and nongovernmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort.

Unified Land Operations - Simultaneous offensive, defensive, and stability or defense support of civil authorities tasks to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative to shape the operational

environment, prevent conflict, consolidate gains, and win our Nation's wars as part of unified action.

4 tenets - Simultaneity, depth, synchronization, and flexibility.

Unity of Effort: Coordination and cooperation toward common objectives, even if participants are not part of the same command or organizations. The product of successful unified action

Tenets of Operations:

Simultaneity:

Synchronization: - Tenets of Operations - Desirable attributes that should be built into all plans and operations and are directly related to the Army's operational concept.

--->Examples are an attack to seize a piece of terrain or destroy an enemy unit, defense of a population, or training of other militaries.

--->Homeland - supporting civil authorities to save lives, alleviate suffering, protect property.

Simultaneity: The execution of related and mutually supporting tasks at the same time across multiple locations and domains. (Air, land, maritime, space, and cyberspace) presents dilemmas to adversaries

Synchronization - The arrangement of military actions in time, space, and purpose to produce maximum relative combat power at a decisive place and time. Ability to execute multiple related and mutually supporting tasks in different locations at the same time.

ADP 3-0 Operations

Army Design Methodology:

Principles:

• 6 principles of unified land operations - Army Design Methodology: A methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to understand, visualize, and describe unfamiliar problems and approaches to solving them. Typically integrated with the Military Decision Making Process.

Principle - A comprehensive and fundamental rule or an assumption of central importance that guides how an organization or function approaches and thinks about the conduct of operations.

---> 6 principles of unified land operations -

1.) Mission command

2.) Develop the situation through action

3.) Combined arms

4.) Adherence to the law of war

5.) Establish and maintain security

6.) Create multiple dilemmas for the enemy.

Ambulance Control Point (ACP):

Ambulance Exchange Point (AXP):

Ambulance Load Point (ALP):

Ambulance Relay Point (ARP): - Ambulance Control Point (ACP): A Soldier stationed at a crossroad or road junction where ambulances may take one of two or more directions to reach loading points. The soldier directs empty ambulances returning from the rear

Ambulance Exchange Point (AXP): A location where a patient is transferred from one ambulance to another en route to a medical treatment facility.

Ambulance Load Point (ALP):

Ambulance Relay Point (ARP): This is a point in the shuttle system where one or more empty ambulances are stationed. Ready to move to loading point or the next relay post to replace a moved ambulance.

Ambush:

Attack by Fire:

Breach:

Canalize:

Fix: - Ambush: An attack by fire or other destructive means from concealed positions on a moving or temporarily halted enemy.

Attack by Fire: A tactical mission task in which a commander uses direct fires, supported by indirect fires, to engage an enemy force without closing with the enemy to destroy, suppress, fix, or deceive that enemy.

Breach: A tactical mission task in which the unit employs all available means to break through or establish a passage through an enemy defense, obstacle, minefield, or fortification

Canalize: A tactical mission task in which the commander restricts enemy movement to a narrow zone by exploiting terrain coupled with the use of obstacles, fires, or friendly maneuver.

Fix: A tactical mission task where a commander prevents the enemy from moving any part of his force from a specific location for a specific period.

Casualty Collection Point (CCP):

Coordinating Point:

Decision Point:

Passage Point: - Casualty Collection Point: Area to organize casualties and triage appropriately.

Coordinating Point: A designated point at which, in all types of combat, adjacent units and formations must make contact for purposes of control and coordination.

Decision Point: A point in space and time when the commander or staff anticipates making a key decision concerning a specific course of action

Passage Point: A specifically designated place where the passing units will pass through the stationary unit

Assembly Area (AA):

Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA):

Forward Line of Troops:

Phase Line:

Line of Contact: - Assembly Area (AA): An area a unit occupies to prepare for an operation. (FM 3-90-1)

Forward Edge of the Battle Area (FEBA): The foremost limits of a series of areas in which ground combat units are deployed, excluding the areas in which the covering or screening forces are operating, designated to coordinate fire support, the positioning of forces, or the maneuver of units. Also called FEBA.

Forward Line of Troops: A line which indicates the most forward positions of forces in any kind of military operation at a specific time. Note. The open side of the arc reflects the reported unit.

Phase Line: A line utilized for control and coordination of military operations, usually a terrain feature extending across the zone of action.

Line of Contact: A general trace delineating the locations where friendly and enemy forces are engaged. The line of contact symbol is created when both the friendly and enemy forward line of troops symbols are displayed.

Framed Symbols:

Unframed Symbols: - Framed Symbols: Include unit, equipment, installation, and activity. A framed symbol is composed of a frame, color (fill), icon, modifiers, and amplifiers

Unframed Symbols: Control measure symbols (means of regulating forces or warfighting functions) and mission task verb symbols.