Carbohydrates: The Versatile Biomolecules, Exams of Nursing

Download Carbohydrates: The Versatile Biomolecules and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Carbohydrates SG Glucose is not the only substrate that is catabolized in cellular respiration? However, the catabolization of glucose is always used as an example to explain the process of cellular respiration. Glucose is used as an example because of the important role it plays in animal energy metabolism, why is it so important, why is it used as an example as opposed to other types of substrates? - correct answer ✔✔Readily available energy source, We use this energy source to make ATP. ATP has a short shelf life. Glucose is stable and can be kept in our cells to make ATP. Cellular communication and gene regulation, Supports healthy digestive system and cardiovascular system, the overall health in animals. On several occasions in class we have referenced both cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation, on a physiological level what is the defining factor that sets these two processes apart? - correct answer ✔✔oxygen. What elements are carbohydrates composed of? - correct answer ✔✔carbon, hydrogen, oxygen What is a biochemists definition of a carbohydrate? - correct answer ✔✔Having 3 carbons Identify the general roles of carbohydrates in the physiology of animals. - correct answer ✔✔readily available source of energy energy storage cellular communication supports healthy digestion system cardiovascular system Through what process does carbon transition from an inorganic to an organic state, what are the inorganic and organic forms? - correct answer ✔✔photosynthesis, primary production, carbon fixation. Explain the difference between mono-, di-, oligo-, and poly- saccharides. - correct answer ✔✔Mono- 1 Di- These are sugars. Oligo- 3-10 Poly- more than 10 sugars. Oligo saccharides - correct answer ✔✔3-10 monosaccharides polysaccharides - correct answer ✔✔over 10 Explain how monosaccharides are classified by the following properties: number of carbons, location of carbonyl group, and chirality. - correct answer ✔✔Number of carbons, trio, pentose, hextose, -Every sugar has a carbonyl functional Group. The location of this matters. When the carbonyl functional groups are on the end they are an aldehyde and if they are located in the middle they are ketones and the isomeric configuration. They have the same molecular formula but a different structure. what happens if the carbonyl function is located on the end - correct answer ✔✔it is an aldehyde (aldoses) What happens if the carbonyl group is located in the middle - correct answer ✔✔it's a ketone (ketose for sugar) How does the chemical reactions dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis apply to carbohydrates? - correct answer ✔✔This dehydration synthesis is how you get a disaccharide. You take the OH and the H and form water and this causes a covalent bond and creates a disaccharide. There is also different glycosidic linkage depending on which carbons they interact with. Explain the difference between an alpha bond and a beta bond. - correct answer ✔✔Alpha glucose is used for glycogen and starch beta is used for cellulose and this creates more hydrogen bonds that causes the strength of the structure this is why we can't break it down. Stomach role in carbohydrate digestion - correct answer ✔✔Salivary amylase is inactivated by the acidity in the stomach. No further digestion occurs in the stomach. Pancreas role in carbohydrate digestion - correct answer ✔✔Pancreatic amylase and dextrinase are secreted into the small intestine to break polysaccharides from starch into disaccharides. Small intestine role in carbohydrate digestion - correct answer ✔✔Enzymes in the wall of the small intestine break down the disaccharides into monosaccharides. Large surface area. Liver role in carbohydrate digestion - correct answer ✔✔The absorbed monosaccharides are transported to the liver by the portal vein. Large intestine role in carbohydrate digestion - correct answer ✔✔Some soluble fiber is metabolized into acids and gases by bacteria in the large intestine. rectum and anus role in carbohydrate digestion - correct answer ✔✔Insoluble fiber escapes digestion and is excreted in feces. Absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine - correct answer ✔✔Projections in the intestinal lumen increase the surface area available for absorption. They are absorbed by an enterocyte. What is the process that allows absorption into the Enterocyte - correct answer ✔✔There is a membrane potential. The difference in concentration of ions. The enterocyte has a lot of glucose in it and glucose is a polar molecule. This makes it not be able to go through the phospholipid membrane. It can't go through the membrane and the concentration gradient is higher inside the cell so we need active transport to get it to go in. There is a protein that will allow it in. We use secondary active transport. They use the sodium glucose symport. It also uses the sodium potassium pump. This pushes sodium out of the cell to it's higher concentration. Glucose does not just flow inside it's not primary transport. It comes in through secondary active transport which requires the Na/K pump to set up an electro gradient. How is carbohydrate metabolism regulated throughout the body? - correct answer ✔✔The pancreas stimulated by high blood glucose secretes insulin , lowers blood glucose Elevated blood glucose Pancreas secretes insulin and this causes the cells to take up the sugar to get it out of the bloodstream. And this gets converted into glucose to glycogen. If your glucose is too low your pancreas will secrete glucagon and this will allow our glucogen to to get broken down into glucose and increase blood glucose. Sugar can be remodeled into fatty acids which can cause fatty liver. What is gluconeogenesis? Why is it an important metabolic function for an animal? - correct answer ✔✔Glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrate precursors. The breakdown of fatty acids into glycerol. We also need to have a way to produce fuel for cellular respiration during times when we do not have glucose available. What is fiber, how does it impact the health of the animal digestive system? - correct answer ✔✔That portion of dietary carbohydrate and lignin unabsorbed following digestion by animal or bacterial enzyme activity. Goes undigested. What every makes it out of your body undigested. People who have higher fiber have less diseases Colon disease constipation hemorrhoids Ulcers appendicitis Diverticulitis Precancerous polyps cancer. Soluble fibers effects on digestion tracts - correct answer ✔✔these can be broken down. They are react with water. -they bind cholesterol -stimulates bulk, -imbibes water -general capacity to bind minerals Toxic cations Ca2+, Zn2+, Cd+2, Hg2+ insoluble fiber effects on digestion - correct answer ✔✔supports healthy intestional fauna stimulates healthy bowel movements