Cardiovascular and Endocrine Disorders: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Exams of Nursing

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NR 545 Exam 2 | ACCURATE QUESTIONS

AND DETAILED ANSWERS | GUARANTEED

PASS | GRADED A | LATEST UPDATE 2024-

2025 WITH 100 QUESTIONS

people who can't take aspirin should take what instead?

• ANSWER Clopidogrel What is angina?
  • ANSWER Insufficient oxygen to the heart muscle causing sudden, severe substernal pain radiating to the left arm what are the symptoms of angina?
  • ANSWER - pallor
• Diaphoresis
• Nausea
• elevated BP
• Gallop rhythm or apical murmur How long do attacks of angina last?
  • ANSWER 3-20 mins How do you diagnoses angina?

• ANSWER - troponin
• CK-MB
• ECG what is the other name for myocardial infarction?
• ANSWER heart attack What causes a myocardial infarction?
• ANSWER atherosclerosis pain at rest, severe and not relived by nitroglycerin is?
• ANSWER Myocardial infarction what is the ECG findings for MI?
• ANSWER ST elevation Other than high troponin how do you diagnoses MI through blood test? - ANSWER Leukocytosis and elevated CRP what does CRP levels suggest?
• ANSWER signifies inflammation what is atherosclerosis?
• ANSWER a build-up of cholesterol that forms plaque in the arteries, when plaque breaks away it can form a clot

Assessment of Atherosclerosis

• ANSWER - Neck vein distention
• Pulse deficits
• Edema and calf pain
• Recent and increasing fatigue Diagnosis of Atherosclerosis
• ANSWER - Serum lipid panels
• CRP
• Stress test what are ACE hibitors?
  • ANSWER relax blood pressure and reduce the work and pressure what are examples of ACE Hibitor?
  • ANSWER - Enalapril
• Ramipril what is Class I heart failure?
  • ANSWER - No physical activity limitation what is Class II heart failure?
• ANSWER Cardiac disease resulting in slight limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest.

Dyspnea or palpitation with activity what is Class IV heart failure?

• ANSWER Cardiac disease is affecting the patients ability to carry out any physical activity without discomfort. Dyspnea at rest what is the Stage 1 of Heart failure?
• ANSWER Heart disease risk, no structural changes what is stage 2 of heart failure?
  • ANSWER Structural disease no symptoms of heart failure present what is stage 4 of heart failure?
  • ANSWER End stage disease, nonsresponsive to treatment what are the symptoms of Left sided CHF?
  • ANSWER Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, exercise and cold intolerance Tachycardia and pallor, secondary polycythemia, daytime oliguria Orthopnea, cough producing white or pink-tinged phlegm, SOB, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, hemoptysis, rales what the basic effects of Left sided CHF?

• ANSWER Decreased CO, pulmonary congestion S/s of Right sided CHF
• ANSWER Dependent edema in feet, heptomegaly and splenomegaly, ascites, distended neck veins, headache, flushed face What are the basic effects of R sided CHF
• ANSWER Decreased CO, systemic congestion, and edema of legs and abdomen Hx of Theumatic heart disease or chaga's disease could mean you are prone to what?
• ANSWER Heart Failure what are the cardinal clinical symptoms of HF? - ANSWER - dyspnea
• fatigue
• edema
• rales If a pt come in the complaints of discomfort when lying down and feelings of feeling better when sits up. As a clinician what should you suspect?
• ANSWER HF What are the cardiac signs of HF?
• ANSWER - SBP> 160
• Tachycardia

• Murmurs of the mitral and tricuspid regurgitation
• Cardiac cachexia What does BNP measure?
  • ANSWER - releases from failing heart
• indicator of heart failure, normal is < 100 what's one non pharmacological way you can treat HF?
  • ANSWER Patients should avoid NSAID's, antiarrhythmic drugs, calcium channel blockers, and thiazolidinediones what is the pathway for impulses of cardiac conduction?
• ANSWER SA node - AV node - Bundle of His - Purkinje Network of fibers what is the other name for Bundle of His?
• ANSWER AV bundle What is stenosis?
  • ANSWER narrowing of a valve What is a incompetent valve?
  • ANSWER Blood backflows so heart repumps same blood over and over

What is mitral valve prolapse? - ANSWER valvular leaflets enlarge & prolapse into LA during systole rheumatic heart disease - ANSWER damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever R-I-C-E - ANSWER rest, ice, compression, elevation (FRXs) If an elderly comes to you with no signs of abuse but suffers a frx. what could be the cause? - ANSWER deficiency in Vitamin D pt comes in with swelling or bulging of the muscles suggest what? - ANSWER Compartment syndrome what is the treatment for Compartment syndrome? - ANSWER fasciotomy what are some signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis? - ANSWER - joints appear enlarges

• crepitus ways to treat osteoarthritis? - ANSWER - rest
• glucocorticoids
• Analgesics and NSAIDs

What is rheumatoid arthritis? - ANSWER Inflammation of joint due to attack on synovial components by immune system (autoimmune disease) If a pt comes in with joint pain, stiffness lasting more than 30 mins suggest what?

• ANSWER Rheumatoid arthritis If a pt comes in with clicking sounds from joint suggest? - ANSWER Osteoarthritis How do you diagnose RA? - ANSWER ErythrocyteSedimentationRate(ESR)- elevated C-ReactiveProtein(CRP)-elevated RheumatoidFactor(RF)-anantibody against immunoglobulin G Anti-Cyclic citrullinated peptide(anti-CCP) IgM-found in75-80% of patients with RA How do you treat RA? - ANSWER Rest and moderate activity PT and OT High doses of anti-inflammatory analgesic aspirin (ASA) or NSAIDs Glucocorticoids - orally or intraarticular injections Heat and cold Splinting, wrist supports Methotrexate

what is the first line treatment for RA? - ANSWER Methotrexate who is methotrexate contraindicated in - ANSWER pregnancy what does methotrexate cause in pregnancy? - ANSWER embryo-fetal toxicity and fetal death What are some contraindications of using methotrexate otherthan in pregnancy? - ANSWER In this drug contraindications include :

• alcoholism
• Renal failure
• bone marrow suprrrsion
• neurotoxicity What is ankylosing spondylitis? - ANSWER Inflammatory disease of the joints of the axial skeleton what are some assessment findings for Ankylosing spondylitis? - ANSWER - low back pain
• pain with laying down
• spine becomes more rigid
• Uveitis What is uveitis? - ANSWER Inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, choroid)

what is treatment consideration for Ankylosing Spondylitis? - ANSWER - daily exercise

• Sleeping in a supine position
• NSAIDS What is bursitis? - ANSWER inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction what are bursae? - ANSWER Sacs of fluid located in-between the bones of the joint and tendons that hold the muscles into place. what are migraines? - ANSWER - episodic
• headache lasting 4-72 hours
• usually "triggered"
• complex/not well understood
• changes in brain metabolism & blood flow
• 3 types: with aura, without aura, chronic New onset of migraines can occur in what pts? - ANSWER - Cancer
• HIV
• 50 years or older what is Onabutolinumtoxin and what does it treat - ANSWER it otherwise known as botox and it treats migraines

what is the treatment for CVA? - ANSWER Tissue plasminogen activator-r- tPA(alteplase) is the gold standard in treating ischemic stroke what are few worries about hermoragic stroke? - ANSWER increase in intracranial pressure how does one treat hemorrhagic stroke? - ANSWER - stop bleeding

• Manage HTN
• Decrease Intracranial pressure what's 2 medication that can be used to stop bleeding in Hemoragic stroke - ANSWER - Vit K
• Apixaban what is the medication used to lower intracranial pressure? - ANSWER Mannitol what are some signs of bran aneurysm? - ANSWER pain surrounding eye dilated pupils seizures weakness or numbness loss of hearing or trouble with balance what are some assessment findings that are found in SAH? - ANSWER double vision severe headache drooping eyelid

what are symptoms of middle stage alziemhers disease? - ANSWER Poor judgement Hallucinations Disorientation Paranoia/Delusions Incontinence what are the symptoms of late stage alziehmers? - ANSWER - Motor rigidity

• Apraxia/agnosia
• Severe cognitive and language impairment Which vitamin deficiency can be a cause a dementia or symptoms like? - ANSWER Vitamin B what are the two treatment options for alzhiemhers? - ANSWER - Memantine(Namenda)
• Cholinesterase Inhibitors What are examples of cholinesterase inhibitors? - ANSWER Donzepril what is vascular dementia? - ANSWER It is dementia caused by chronic hypertension. it has a sudden onset What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? - ANSWER rare fatal brain disorder, characterized by rapidly progressive dementia

How is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease diagnosed? - ANSWER - Cerebrospinal fluid analysis can assess for the presence of CSF 14- 3 - 3 What is Lewy Body Dementia? - ANSWER a progressive form of dementia in which brain cells are damaged due to build up of a protein called alpha-synuclein One way to diagnose Lewy body dementia? - ANSWER Fluorodeoxyglucose PET brain scans, which assess brain function what are examples of anti anxiety medications? - ANSWER - alprazolam (Xanax) - diazepam (Valium) what are examples of SNRI medications? - ANSWER Effexor (venlafaxine) Pristiq (desvenlafaxine) Cymbalta (duloxetine) What is CAD? - ANSWER coronary artery disease What causes coronary heart disease? - ANSWER build up of plaque made by cholesterol in the arteries How do you diagnose CAD? - ANSWER EKG Echo Stress test Chest xray Angiogram

What is ischemia? - ANSWER lack of blood flow ischemia is also called? - ANSWER Coronary artery disease what are the assessment findings for ischemia? - ANSWER Pain or discomfort in upper body Angina Cold sweat Feeling full , indigestion Nausea Dizzy Fast ir irregular heart beat What is a holter monitor? - ANSWER An ambulatory ECG that monitors patients for 24-48 hours what are the EKG findings of myocardial ischemia? - ANSWER ST depression How do you treat Ischemia? - ANSWER Nitroglycerin Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers Thrombolytics Acute Gastritis Patho - ANSWER inflammation of the stomach; may be caused by use of NSAIDs, excessive etoh, or ingestion of spicy foods.

Acute Gastritis Symptoms - ANSWER Anorexia N/V mild cases can be vague more serious cases can cause ulcers and bleeding Acute Gastritis Treatment - ANSWER Supportive Treatment Chronic Gastritis Patho - ANSWER Atrophy of the mucosa of the stomach; commonly associated with chronic peptic ulcers, etoh abuse, and the older adult population Chronic Gastritis Symptoms - ANSWER Mild epigastric discomfort Anorexia intolerance for spicy or fatty foods Chronic Gastritis Treatment - ANSWER proton pump inhibitors and abx as needed. Gastroenteritis Patho - ANSWER inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by infection but may be caused by reactions to food or drugs Gastroenteritis Symptoms - ANSWER N/V/D Abd Cramps Gastroenteritis Treatment - ANSWER Suportive Care

Peptic Ulcers Patho - ANSWER Penetration of the submucosa that can continue to erode causing a perforation; ulcers are fond in the duodenum, stomach, or lower esophagus; can be caused by H.Pylori, excessive etoh or caffeine intake or NSAIDs. Peptic Ulcer Symptoms - ANSWER Epigastric burning or aching pain after eating and at night heartburn N/V Weight Loss Peptic Ulcer Treatment - ANSWER Medication to reduce acid secretion and antimicrobials as needed. Ulcer that occurs on the inside of the upper portion of the small intestine (duodenum) - ANSWER Duodenal Ulcers Ulcer that occurs on the inside of the stomach - ANSWER Gastic Ulcers Gallbladder Dysfunction Patho - ANSWER Gallstone formation caused inflammation and potential obstruction. Gallbladder dysfunction symptoms - ANSWER sudden severe pain in the upper right quadrant of the abd. may radiate to the back or right shoulder; may cause N/V Gallbladder Dysfunction Treatment - ANSWER Laparoscopic Surgery or Lithotripsy

Appendicitis Patho - ANSWER Inflammation and infection in the appendix Appendicitis Symptoms - ANSWER Initally causes periumbilical pain, then N/V, and finally severe and localized pain to the lower right quadrant. McBurney's point - ANSWER with the client in supine position, slowly apply pressure over the mcbureny's point and quickly release; if there is severe pain when the pressure is released, it may indicate appendicitis. Appendicitis Treatment - ANSWER Surigcal removal of the appendix and abx treatment Melena - ANSWER black tarry stool. Comes from bleeding in upper GI. Sign of older blood in your stool. Suspicion for a slow GI bleed. Hypothyroidism Patho - ANSWER Low levels of thyroid hormones; common causes include Hashimoto's disease, thyroiditis, congenital hypothyroidism, surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid. Hypothyroidism Symptoms - ANSWER Fatigue weight gain cold intolerance joint and muscle pain dy skin dry thinning hair

decreased HR Depression More common in women than men Hypothyroidism Treatment - ANSWER Hormone replacement with levothyroxine Hyperthyroidism Patho - ANSWER Overproduction of thyroid hormones Common Causes include Grave's Disease, overactive thyroid nodules, and thyroiditis Hyperthyroidism Symptoms - ANSWER Nervousness irritability Fatigue or muscle weakness Heat intolerance trouble sleeping Shaky hands increased or irregular heart rate weight loss mood swings Hyperthyroidism Treatment - ANSWER Medications such as beta blockers or antithyroid medications ; radioiodine therapy; thyroid surgery Addison's Disease Patho - ANSWER Adrenal insufficiency causes low levels of cortisol; common causes include autoimmune disease, TB, HIV/AIDS

Addison's Disease Symptoms - ANSWER Fatigue muscle weakness loss of appetite Weight loss abd pain Addion's Disease Treatment - ANSWER Hormone Replacement Elevated thyroxine (T4) Level - ANSWER Hyperthyroidism Low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Level - ANSWER Hyperthyroidism Low T4 Level - ANSWER Primary Hypothyroidism Elevated TSH Level - ANSWER Primary Hypothyroidism