CASAL 2 EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2023, Exams of Nursing

Download CASAL 2 EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2023 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1. Where does the SA Node “live”? a. Inthe right atria 2. The PR interval should be how long? a. 0.12 - 0.20. 3. How to figure out the PR interval? a. Multiply how many boxes there are from the P to the R by 0.04 ; There are typically 3-4 boxes between. 4. What's the QRS complex formula aka ventricular depolarization? a. Multiply the number of boxes from the Q to R to S by 0.04. (Should be no more than 3 boxes) b. 0.06 to 0.12 is the normal range 5. The formula for cardiac output? a. HRxSV=CO 6. The RAAS system is the biggest compensatory mechanism in the body a. How so? The body will compensate and will go into a “fight or flight” response. 7. What activates the RAAS system? a. Low BP 8. Angiotensin Il is a very potent vasoconstrictor 9. What can Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib) lead to? a. Blood clots, stroke, heart failure, and other heart related complications. 10. Hypertension can cause lots of issues. a. It is the lead cause of A-Fib 11. Where is ectopic foci located? a. It's located in the ventricles by the bundle of branches in the lower end. 12. Top 3 actions of Digoxin? a. Increase heart contraction( positive inotropic action) b. Decrease heart rate( negative chronotropic action) c. Decrease conduction( negative dromotropic action) 13. Dig Levels? a. 0.5-2.0 (A-Fib patients) b. 0.5 - 0.8 (HF patients) c. 14. If the apical pulse isn't 60-100 bpm, you must hold the medication. a. Count for a full minute 15. Discharge instructions and patient education? a. Teach them how to take their pulse for a full minute. 16. Side effects of Digoxin? a. Visual disruptions aka the “Halos effect"*** b. Headache c. Disorientation d. Hallucinations 17. When a patient is on Coumadin(Warfarin), what should you monitor? a. Pt (% to 2 times ; 11 - 13.5 secs) b. IRN (2-3 for A-Fib patients) 18. What are the two main lipids involved with CAD? a. LDL(bad cholesterol) b. HDL (“good” cholesterol) 19. Why should you increase fiber if you have CAD? a. You increase fiber because it helps with defecation and the bad cholesterol (dl) is in the liver and if we increase fiber we can excrete that bad cholesterol out via defecation. Er a. Pulmonary embolism ; Its a complication of DVT that will lead to R HF 36. What are some of the mpost important nursing interventions for heart failure? a. Monitor 1&0, obtain daily weights, sodium restriction and fluid restriction 37.When obtaining a daily weight in the morning, what should raise concern for the patient? a. If the patient gains 2 to 3 pounds in a day, they should call their doctor because gaining more than 1 pound in a day is an initiative to fluid retention. 38.What makes ANP different from aldosterone? a. ANp does the opposite of what aldosterone does, it causes us to release sodium/ water which is why we have diarisis. b. ANP level = 20 to 77 c. BNP should less than 100 ; if BPN is above 100 its usually a dx of HF 39. Dilated and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy can lead to L sided heart failure. How so? a. The ventricle can't contract to push blood forward therefore it goes back into the lungs as well as having a thick heart muscle wall makes it hard for blood to make its way through the heart. 40. What has to happen before you can consider someone to have hypertension? a. They must have a systolic of 140 and a diastolic of 90 after two consecutive readings over a two week period. | 41. Cardinal s/s of hypertension? a. Constant BP elevation b. Morning headache, dizziness, and blurred vision 42. What are the signs and symptoms of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm(AA)A? a. Severe abdominal pain, pain that radiates to the lower back and niv. 43. What is intermittent claudication? a. It’s pain that is associated with PAD and characterized as pain from walking for long periods of time but goes away with rest or sitting down. 44. What questions do you ask prior to interesting a cardiac catheter inside a patient? a. Ask if they have an iodine allergy or if they're allergic to shellfish. b. Also ask if they're allergic to latex or if they have an allergy to bananas, strawberries, kiwi or avocados. 45.What should you anticipate for your post op care after a cardiac catheterization? a. The patient must lie down flat for about 2 to 6 hours, this helps the arteries heal faster. 46.What should you know about Lisinopril ? a. It’s an ACE inhibitor : It decreases preload and afterload b. Why do we use it?: HTN, CHF, MI, Prophylaxis, diabetic neuropathy, and scleroderma crisis | 62. What are the three indicators of a positive PPD test? a. 5 to 9 = immunocompromised or organ transplant b. 10 to 14 = healthcare provider or BCG vaxx c. Greater than 15 = hypersensitivity 63. How long must TB diagnosed patients take the medication isoniazid(INH) for? a. 9 to 12 months 64. What is a side effect of Isoniazid(INH)? a. Neontis aka neuropathy, it will decrease BG. 65. When we have a possible case of pneumonia, what should we do first? a. Obtain a sputum culture test to determine which antibiotics we should give to treat the patient. 66.What’s a common complication of pneumonia? a. Acute kidney injury due to the ABG’s aka the Buffer system. 67.What labs do you want to monitor in pneumonia patients? a. BUN and creatine 68. What is the best way to diagnose a Pulmonary Embolism (PE)? a. Serum of a dimer level aka Plasma D Dimer 69. What is a complication of DTV? a. PE 70. What are nursing interventions for a pleural effusion? a. Thorosynthesis b. Give 02 eee c. Use IS d. Watch for resp distress e. T, BD&C f. Monitor drainage g. Provide education 71. What plays a role in asthma? a. Histamines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes 72. What are the classic s/s in an asthma attack?. a. Dyspnea (SOB) b. Wheezing 73.What can be a trigger for asthma? a. Any sudden change in the weather! 74.When giving medication for asthma, what should the patient do afterwards? a. They must gurgle and spit it out so they may develop thrush! 75. Instructions to give a patient taking the medication “Theophylline”? a. Take the med either an hour before or two hours after a meal on an empty stomach with a full glass of water. b. Don't chew the pill 76.What are the common causes of emphysema? a. Smoking (smokers) b. Alpha 1 antitripsine deficiency (no smokers) 77. Ensure that COPD patients are getting what vaccines? | a. Th pneumonia vaxx every 5 years if they're older than 65 and their yearly flu vaxx. 78. Know these positions and reflex names a. ea. Decerebrate Rigidity (extension): It’s the stiffening extends one or both arms and possibly the legs ; Due to brain stem lesions like tumors, contusion and stretens. . Decorticate Rigidity (flexor): It’s the flex of both arms over the chest and extends a leg ; Due to a non functioning cortex. . Babinski Reflex: Dorsiflex of the big toe(flexes towards the shin) ; It’s normal for babies, but abnormal for adults. Due to spinal injuries/tumors, rabies, and head injuries. . Corneal reflex: Abnormal, loss of the blinking reflex ; Due to a CN 5 dysfunction. Gag reflex: due to a CN 12 dysfunction 79. What is the cause of diffuse type of brain injury? a. Hypoxia ; No diffusion to the brain is cause by lack of O2 diffusion. 80. What are classic clinical manifestations in an epidural hemorrhage? a. b. c. d. They lose LOC They have periods of being alert then go back to losing consciousness. Enlarged pupil in one eye (ipsilateral pupil) Dilation of the left eye 81. What are clinical manifestations of uncal herniation? a. Acute decrease in LOC | aaa a. CN 5 is compromised. 94. How does meningitis spread? a. College dorms, prisons ( density living crowded spaces) b. Droplet spread 95. What are the side effects of acyclovir? a. Phlebitis, gi symptoms, neuro symptoms, anemia, renal toxicity, headache, and thrombocytopenia 96. What are some triggers for autonomic hyperreflexia( aka autonomic dysreflexia)? a. Any noxious stimuli like a distended bladder or a blocked bowel. b. Bowel movement or unirnation, always belore the injury. 97. What is autonomic hyperreflexia( aka autonomic dysreflexia}? a. Sudden increase in BP in patients who have a SCI at the T6 level or above. 98. When does autonomic hyperreflexia{ aka autonomic dysreflexia) typically happen? a. During the rehab phases. 99. If your patient is going into seizure activity, what should you do 1st? a. Lay them down on the floor and turn them to their left side. 100. What should you do when a patient has a seizure? a. Allow them to rest before getting an assessment done. 101. What’s a physical condition that can lead to seizures? eee a. Sleep deprivation 102. Prior to having an EEG, what should patients who have seizures do? a. Stop taking their meds because we need to see the electrical activity. 103. Besides seizures, what else is topamax used for? a. Migraines 104. What is the phenytoin level? a. 10 to 20 mcg/ML 105. What are the side effects of Valproic acid? a. Appetite increase (weight gain) b. Liver failure c. Pancreatitis d. Reverse hair loss e. Edema f. Ataxia g. Teratogenicity, tremors, thrombocytopenia h. Encephalopathy 106. When you hear/see a stroke,remember “FAST”. a. Face= look at the face for an uneven smile. b. Arm check if one arm is weak c. Speech = listen for slurred speech d. Time - call 911 at the 1st sign 107. Why do African Americans at higher risk for stroke than other races? a. Due to HTN. | 108. What arteries are involved with strokes? a. Middle cerebral artery b. Aka the circle of Willis. 109. Why is it good to move the affected side of the body after a stroke? a. So it doesn’t develop stiffness. 110. What is agnosia? a. Loss of ability to recognize any familiar person. 111. What is your nursing intervention when your patient has agnosia? a. Occupational therapy, 112. What is apraxia? a. Loss of ability to perform or carry out those skills movements/gestures despite having the ability/desire to actually do it. 113. What is hemianopsia? a. Blindness in half of the visual field. 114. What is homonymous hemianopsia? a. Loss of half field of view on the same side in both eyes. 115. What’s a patient teaching you should discuss with a patient who has homonymousnhemianipsia? a. Make sure they scan the entire room (360 degree view) so they see the whole room. 116. What is neglect syndrome (unilateral neglect)? a. Result of brain damage to the right areas of the right cerebral hemisphere.