Download CBSPD Multi-choice Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024(A+ Graded Verified) and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Why is it important to evenly distribute large instruments in a set? A. Extra condensation will make the set more difficult to dry B. It came help with storage C. Easier to carry D. None of the above - ANSWER A. Extra condensation will make the set more difficult to dry Which of the following best describe the overall role of the CB/SPD A. To help Nurse prepare for patients B. To provide dependable service to enhance patient care C. Specialized portable devices D. None of the above - ANSWER B. To provide dependable service to enhance patient care Which of the following government agencies regulates environmental disinfectants? A. FDA B. OSHA C. EPA D. CDC - ANSWER C. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Medical-grade kraft paper cannot be used with which of the following sterilization processes? A. Low temperature gas plasma B. Flash heat C. High temperature gas plasma D. Dry heat - ANSWER A. Low temperature gas plasma During cycle counts, items that have a large dollar value but are not used frequently are classified as: A. B:items B. C:items C. A:items D. Z:items - ANSWER C. A:Items that have a large dollar value but are not used frequently. Anatomy is the science that deals with the of body parts. A. Role B. Structure C. Concept D. Alignment - ANSWER B. Structure Which of the following transports molecules within the cell? A. Cilia B. Flagella C. Nucleus D. Cytoplasm - ANSWER D. Cytoplasm Which of the following sets would be considered high-risk for special prion processing? A. Open heart set B. Laparotomy set C. Abdominal set D. Craniotomy - ANSWER D. Craniotomy Set Which of the following organs produces bile? A. Gallbladder B. Pancreas C. Stomach D. Liver - ANSWER D. Liver Microorganisms are measured in: A. Microns B. Feet C. Millimeters D. Nano-meters - ANSWER A. Microns CBSPD Multi-choice Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024(A+ Graded Verified) 2 With respect to rigid sterilization container testing, which term defines the sterilizer's ability to sterilize under actual use conditions? A. Full-load testing B. Maximum-load testing C. Overload testing D. Load testing - ANSWER B. Maximum-load testing What is the ideal human body temperature? A. 75 F B. 87.4 F C. 98 F D. 98.6 F - ANSWER D. 98.6 F Which of the following is true of a capsule? A. It is less difficult to kill than vegetive bacteria B. It is more difficult to kill than a spore C. It is resistant to heat and chemicals D. It is easily killed by antibiotics - ANSWER C. It is resistant to heat and chemicals Pulmonary capillaries are found in which system? A. Muscular System B. Lymphatic System C. Digestive System D. Respiratory System - ANSWER D. Respiratory System Ethics is the practice of? A. Doing the right thing B. Making money C. Being nice D. None of the above - ANSWER A. Doing the right thing A microorganism that is resting and has a hard, shell-like outer covering is called a? A. Cell B. Spore C. Capsule D. Prion - ANSWER B. Spore Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) is caused by which of the following? A. Bacteria B. Fungi C. Protozoa D. Prions - ANSWER D. Prions Nails, tissues, and money are examples of A. Vectors B. Vehicle C. Fomites D. None of the above - ANSWER C. Fomites Cholera is transmitted by? A. Contaminated food and water B. Air-born bacteria C. Fomites D. Vector - ANSWER A. Contaminated food and water In the final step of handwashing, the fingers should be rinsed with the fingertips: A. Up B. Down C. Left D. Right - ANSWER A. Up All of the following play role in how bones support other body systems except? A. storage of minerals B. growth of blood cells C. distribution of hormones D. protection of internal organs - ANSWER C. distribution of hormones OSHA requires that containers of potentially infectious materials be? A. Open B. Soft C. Leak-proof D. Semi-permeable - ANSWER C. Leak-proof Round or spherical bacteria are called? A. Bacilli B. Rod C. Cocci D. Spirochete - ANSWER C. cocci The removal of contamination from an item to the extent necessary for further processing is called? A. Rinsing B. Washing C. Soaking D. Cleaning - ANSWER D. cleaning 5 When should laparoscopic instruments be reassembled for sterilization? A. When approved by the manager B. When recommended by the manufacturer C. When needed D. Both A and C - ANSWER B. When recommended by the manufacturer Which of the following types of instruments are used to view internal organs through very small openings? A. Endoscopic B. Powered C. Self-retaining D. Micro - ANSWER A. Endoscopic Instruments must never be? A. Cleaned B. Touched C. Sterilized D. Engraved - ANSWER D. engraved Which of the following is an example of a flexible endoscope? A. Bronchoscope B. Arthroscope C. Resectoscope D. Cystoscope - ANSWER A. Bronchoscope In the sterile storage area of CS/SPD, the temperature is 70 F (21 C) and the humidity is 69%. What should be done? A. Continue with routine activities B. Reset temperature C. Contact biomed D. Do nothing - ANSWER A. Continue with routine activities Anyone entering the preparation area must? A. Wear PPE B. Wear proper attire C. Ask for signature D. Do nothing - ANSWER B. Wear proper attire Where should the chemical indicator be placed when sterilizing two large basins with smaller basins in one set? A. On the floor next to the basins B. On the door C. In the middle of all basins D. In the top and bottom basins - ANSWER D. In the top and bottom basins If a wrapper will be used as a sterile field, how far over the edge of the table must it extend? A. 10 inches B. 4 inches C. 6 inches D. 8 inches - ANSWER C. 6 inches Rigid containers are a medical device and must have a 510(k) clearance from the? A. EPA B. FDA C. OSHA D. AAMI - ANSWER B. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) The three basic shapes of microbes are round, spiral, and? A. square B. rod-like C. triangle D. hexagon - ANSWER B. rod-like In non-table top steam sterilizers, steam is generated in? A. a boiler B. a furnace C. a cooker D. a smoker - ANSWER A. a boiler Autoclave tape is considered which class of indicator? A. Class 9 B. Class 6 C. Class 3 D. Class 1 - ANSWER D. Class 1 The part of the steam sterilizer that produces heat inside the chamber to prevent condensation from forming on the chamber walls is the? A. hood B. jacket C. tube D. None of the above - ANSWER B. jacket 6 The need for frequent reprocessing can be minimized by? A. thorough cleaning B. re-cleaning C. proper stock rotation D. dry-cleaning - ANSWER C. proper stock rotation What is the coldest part of the sterilizer? A. Heater B. Cooler C. Basin D. Drain line - ANSWER D. Drain line Gradual heating of packs occurs during which phase of the steam sterilization cycle? A. Reheating B. Reconfiguration C. Conditioning D. Cleaning - ANSWER C. Conditioning An emergency eyewash station must? A. be controlled by feet B. permit hands-free operation C. be above the knees D. Run forever - ANSWER B. permit hands-free operation What is the most important thing to remember when double peel-pouching? A. The outside must touch the inside of the outside B. The inside pouch must be visible C. The inner pouch must lay flat inside the outer pouch D. The outer pouch must lay flat inside the inner pouch - ANSWER C. The inner pouch must lay flat inside the outer pouch Which of the following best describes a minimum exposure time, temperature, and pressure for prevacum steam sterilization of wrapped items? A. 4 minutes at 270 F (132 C) and 28 to 30 pounds per square inch B. 3 minutes at 270 F (132 C) and 38 to 40 pounds per square inch C. 15 minutes at 250 F (121 C) and 28 to 30 pounds per square inch D. 30 minutes at 250 F (121 C) and 28 to 40 pounds per square inch - ANSWER A. 4 minutes at 270 F (132 C) and 28 to 30 pounds per square inch What is the first step to take when an instrument needs to be sterilized for immediate use? A. Disinfect the instrument B. Make sure the instrument needs to be cleaned C. Clean the instrument according to manufacturer's instructions(IFU) D. Both A and B - ANSWER C. Clean the instrument according to manufacturer's instructions Incoming saturated steam should be within which of the following ranges of dryness? A. 97% to 100% B. 51% to 55% C. 10% to 12% D. 5% to 6% - ANSWER A. 97% to 100% Failure to remove all air from a package within the steam sterilizer will result in? A. nice heat exchange B. the right stuff C. only the best penetration D. poor steam penetration - ANSWER D. poor steam penetration Damage to medical/surgical supplies stored in the receiving area can be avoided by A. avoiding temperature and humidity extremes B. avoiding the lead technician C. making the supplies move visable D. none of the above - ANSWER A. avoiding temperature and humidity extremes Steam is exhausted from the sterilizer through the? A. exhaust pipe B. outtake pipe C. chamber drain line D. none of the above - ANSWER C. chamber drain line 7 Why must textile packs be placed on their sides for sterilization? A. To facilitate air removal and steam penetration B. To facilitate fast load times C. To compensate for air removal time D. To compensate for steam penetration - ANSWER A. To facilitate air removal and steam penetration The most unique feature of an integrating chemical indicator is its ability to? A. indicate things B. perform in parallel to biological indicator C. integrate with chemicals D. none of the above - ANSWER B. perform in parallel to biological indicator EO kills microorganisms by a process called? A. calcification B. replication C. alkylation D. dilatation - ANSWER C. alkylation The nominal concentration of hydrogen peroxide in a low-temperature gas plasma sterilizer is? A. 12% B. 100% C. 45% D. 59% - ANSWER D. 59% Rigid sterilization containers should be biologically tested before? A. manufactured B. reprocessing C. purchasing D. non of the above - ANSWER C. purchasing In the sterile storage area, the ventilation system must be under? A. negative pressure B. positive pressure C. neutral pressure D. none of the above - ANSWER B. positive pressure The hourly air exchange rate in the sterile storage area should be at least? A. 4 B. 10 C. 5 D. 8 - ANSWER A. 4 Which of the following is not a factor affecting the dry time in a steam sterilizer? A. Type of packaging B. Weight of sets C. Selected sterilization time D. Configuration of the load - ANSWER C. Selected sterilization time The optimum amount of a supply to order is called the? A. quantity order B. economical order quantity C. physical order D. none of the above - ANSWER B. economical order quantity The cochlea is part of the? A. inner ear B. outer ear C. middle ear D. ears - ANSWER A. inner ear CS/SPD should be capable of planning for approximately what percentage of the total needs of a unit? A. 50% B. 75% C. 90% D. 100% - ANSWER C. 90% Which of the following must be made available to distribution personnel? A. A map of the facility B. Dedicated locker rooms C. Computerized inventory and distribution systems D. Policies and procedures for correct handling of sterile supplies - ANSWER D. Policies and procedures for correct handling of sterile supplies Which of the following agencies regulate EO? A. OSHA, JC, CDC B. OSHA, CDC. EPA C. OSHA, EPA, FDA D. OSHA, AAMI, CDC - ANSWER C. OSHA, EPA, FDA 10 Fire drills should be performed? A. Monthly B. Yearly C. Bi-Yearly D. As needed only - ANSWER B. Yearly The primary organization that develops consensus standards for decontamination, disinfection's, and sterilization? A. AAMI B. CDC C. AORN D. CBSPD - ANSWER A. AAMI The CDC classifies medical devices into the following different categories; a stethoscope is a example of? A. Surgical B. Critical C. Semi-Critical D. Non-critical - ANSWER D. Non-critical The agency that regulates PPE as a medical device? A. EPA B. OSHA C. FDA D. CDC - ANSWER C. FDA The agency that regulates Chemical indicators, biological indicators, glutaraldehyde and the reprocessing of single-use devices? A. EPA B. FDA C. OSHA D. CDC - ANSWER B. FDA The agency that regulates the sale and manufacture of Ethylene Oxide? A. EPA B. FDA C. OSHA D. CDC - ANSWER A. EPA The agency that regulates the wearing of PPE? A. EPA B. OSHA C. FDA D. CDC - ANSWER B. OSHA The science of Ergonomics is designed for? A. Workers B. Work environment C. Work to be done D. All of the above - ANSWER A. Workers An accrediting agency with a primary function of conducting extensive onsite visit and evaluating healthcare facility's? A. AAMI B. CDC C. JC D. AORN - ANSWER C. JC Which agency recommends topics such as hand hygiene, isolation precaution and environmental infection control? A. FDA B. EPA C. CDC D. AAMI - ANSWER C. CDC An OSHA standard that requires facility to obtain an have the MSDS available to the employee for chemicals used? A. Hazard Communication B. Occupational Exposure C. Right to know D. Both A and C - ANSWER D. Both A and C All of the following apply to eye wash stations except? A. It must provide 0.4 gallons of water per minute continuously for 15 minutes B. It must permit hands free operation C. It must flush both eyes at the same time D. Water temperature at 60F - 100F E. None of the above - ANSWER D. None of the above Which government agency regulates disinfectants such as Quats and Alcohol? A. OSHA B. FDA C. EPA D. CDC - ANSWER C. EPA 11 What is the immediate consequence if a healthcare facility failed the accreditation process of the JC? A. The facility can be shut down B. The facility cannot accept insurance payments C. The facility will be paying a fine D. Both B and C - ANSWER D. Both B and C OSHA regulates employee exposure to blood borne pathogens. The three most common blood borne pathogens are the following with the exception of? A. Hep A B. Hep B C. Hep C D. HIV - ANSWER A. Hep A The agency that regulates the reprocessing of opened but unused devices? A. FDA B. OSHA C. EPA D. None of the above - ANSWER D. None of the above Under CDC's guidelines, the length of your finger nails should be? A. 0.25 inch B. 2 inches C. 0.50 inches D. 1 inch - ANSWER A. 0.25 inch You are about to process an insulated laparoscope in decontamination. The first thing that you have to do in processing the equipment is? A. Clean it with a soft brush B. Process it in an ultrasonic cleaner C. Leak test the device D. LAP test the device - ANSWER D. LAP test the device While working the department, you notice that two of your co-workers always have a heated discussion every time the manager is out of the office. As an effective team member, what are you suppose to do? A. Ignore your co-workers B. Join in the argument C. Act as a mediator D. Report it to your supervisor - ANSWER D. Report it to your supervisor A laparpscope is a rigid endoscope that is used to view which part of the body? A. Stomach B. Intestine C. Abdomen D. Lungs - ANSWER C. Abdomen This is referred to as treating everything as it were infectious? A. Sterility Precaution B. Standard Precaution C. Universal Precaution D. Both B and C - ANSWER D. Both B and C When should the device manufacture's written instructions be requested from the manufacturer? A. First purchase of the device B. Every time a facility obtains a new device C. Once a year D. For all new medical devices - ANSWER B. Every time a facility obtains a new device The Medical Device Reporting(MDR) regulations requires device manufacturers to report to FDA these important information except? A. Patient's Death B. Serious Device Malfunctions C. Serious Injuries D. Patient's Health Problems - ANSWER D. Patient's Health Problems Lenny received a cardiovascular set from a distributor. Upon opening the set, he noticed that the device manufacturer's written instructions manual(IFU) is not included. What should he do next? A. Ignor it and continue reprocessing the set B. Request the manual within the facility and reprocess the set C. Request the manual with the distributor and reprocess the set D. Request the manual with the distributor and do not reprocess the set until the manual is received - 12 ANSWER D. Request the manual with the distributor and do not reprocess the set until the manual is received This is designed to control access in the different areas? A. Work flow B. People flow C. Traffic Patterns D. Traffic control - ANSWER D. Traffic control When lifting heavy objects, it is important to bend your knees. This is known as? A. Proper body Mechanics B. Ergonomics C. Power lifting D. Both A and B - ANSWER D. Both A and B While working in the department, you noticed that you co-worker dropped an infusion pump and returned it to the shelf. What should be your next step? A. Report it to your supervisor B. Tell your co-worker to reprocess it C. Tell your co-worker to send it to Bio-Med D. Ignore it - ANSWER C. Tell your co-worker to send it to Bio-Med Which organ in the human body can fully regenerate? A. Stomach B. Liver C. Skin D. Kindneys - ANSWER B. Liver What is the only molecule in the body that is capable of reproducing itself? A. DNA B. RNA C. Cells D. Flagella - ANSWER A. DNA Physiology is the science that deals with the of body parts. A. Structure B. Function C. Layout D. Postion - ANSWER B. Function A gram negative bacteria can be identified by what stain? A. Purple or Blue B. Red or pink C. Yellow or black D. None of the above - ANSWER B. Red or pink A spirochete can be identified by what stain? A. Purple or Blue B. Red or pink C. Yellow or black D. None of the above - ANSWER D. None of the above In order to survive, anaerobic bacteria require all the following except? A. Oxygen B. Warmth C. Liquids D. Darkness - ANSWER A. Oxygen Rod-Shape Bacteria are called? A. Cocci B. Flagella C. Bacilli D. Spiral - ANSWER C. Bacilli The shape of a coccus is? A. Oval B. Round C. Spherical D. All of the above - ANSWER D. All of the above A healthcare-acquired infection is generally termed as? A. contagious infection B. antibiotic-resistant infection C. disease-causing infection D. nosocomial infection - ANSWER D. nosocomial infection An organism that transmits a pathogen? A. Fomite B. Vectors C. Axon D. Cell - ANSWER B. Vectors 15 The CDC classifies medical devices into the following different categories; if you use sterilization to process it, it is a? A. Surgical B. Critical C. Semi-Critical D. Non-critical - ANSWER B. Critical The CDC classifies medical devices into the following different categories; if you use sterilizations/high-level disinfection(atleast) to process it, it is a? A. Surgical B. Critical C. Semi-Critical D. Non-critical - ANSWER C. Semi-Critical The CDC classifies medical devices into the following different categories; if you use intermediate-level disinfection(alcohol) to process it, it is a? A. Surgical B. Critical C. Semi-Critical D. Non-critical - ANSWER D. Non-critical Which of these chemicals are HLDs? A. Glutaraldehyde B. Ortho-phthalaldehyde C. Quaternary ammonium compound D. Both A and B - ANSWER D. Both A and B is the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms? A. Cleaning B. Disinfection C. Rinsing D. None of the above - ANSWER B. Disinfection is the process of removal of bio-burdens an contaminants? A. Cleaning B. Disinfection C. Rinsing D. None of the above - ANSWER A. Cleaning There are 6 steps to cleaning, the most important one is? A. Presorting B. Drying C. Rinsing D. None of the above - ANSWER C. Rinsing Which of these areas have a air exchange of 10 per hour? A. Decontamination B. Prep an Package/sterilization C. Sterile storage D. Both A and B - ANSWER D. Both A and B Which of these areas has a negative air exchange? A. Decontamination B. Prep an Package/sterilization C. Sterile storage D. Both A and B - ANSWER A. Decontamination Which of these areas have a positive air exchange? A. Decontamination B. Prep an Package/sterilization C. Sterile storage D. Both B and C - ANSWER D. Both B and C A is a principle, rule or law designed to control or govern behavior. A. Standard B. Regulation C. Recommended practice D. None of the above - ANSWER B. Regulation In the context of SPD, a is an established norm determined by opinion, authority, research, and/or theory. A. Standard B. Regulation C. Recommended practice D. None of the above - ANSWER A. Standard are statements of sound principles of that are based upon scientific data and the opinions of experts. A. Standard B. Regulation C. Recommended practice D. None of the above - ANSWER C. Recommended practice, practice 16 Decontamination area should have a temperature, humidity, and air exchange/pressure of? A. 68 - 73F & 35 - 60%H & 10/hr positive B. 60 - 65F & 30 - 60%H & 10/hr negative C. 68 - 75F & 35 - 70%H & 4/hr positive D. 60 - 75F & 30 - 70%H & 4/hr negative - ANSWER B. 60 - 65F & 30 - 60%H & 10/hr negative Sterile storage should have a temperature, humidity, and air exchange/pressure of? A. 68 - 73F & 35 - 60%H & 10/hr positive B. 60 - 65F & 30 - 60%H & 10/hr negative C. 68 - 75F & 35 - 70%H & 4/hr positive D. 60 - 75F & 30 - 70%H & 4/hr negative - ANSWER C. 68 - 75F & 35 - 70%H & 4/hr positive Prep & pack/sterilization area should have a temperature, humidity, and air exchange/pressure of? A. 68 - 73F & 35 - 60%H & 10/hr positive B. 60 - 65F & 30 - 60%H & 10/hr negative C. 68 - 75F & 35 - 70%H & 4/hr positive D. 60 - 75F & 30 - 70%H & 4/hr negative - ANSWER A. 68 - 73F & 35 - 60%H & 10/hr positive You should change sharp containers when they are? A. 1/2 full B. 2/4 full C. Full D. 2/3 full - ANSWER D. 2/3 full Water temperature for manual cleaning should be? A. 100 - 140F B. 109 - 140F C. 98 - 140F D. 109 - 170F - ANSWER B. 109 - 140F Water temperature for mechanical cleaning should be? A. 100 - 140F B. 109 - 140F C. 98 - 140F D. 109 - 170F - ANSWER A. 100 - 140F What type of enzymatic detergents breaks down blood, mucus, feces and albumin? A. Lipolytic B. Amylase C. Proteolytic D. Keratinases - ANSWER C. Proteolyic What type of enzymatic detergents breaks down fat, bone marrow, and adipose? A. Lipolytic B. Amylase C. Proteolytic D. Keratinases - ANSWER A. Lipolytic What type of enzymatic detergents breaks down starches and carbohydrates? A. Lipolytic B. Amylase C. Proteolytic D. Keratinases - ANSWER B. Amylase Fiberoptic light cables must be? A. Tightly coiled at least 8 inches B. Loosely coiled at least 8 inches C. Tightly coiled at least 5 inches D. Loosely coiled at least 5 inches - ANSWER B. Loosely coiled at least 8 inches Which of these are not environmental disinfectants? A. Quaternary ammonium compounds B. Halogens C. Phenolics D. Alcohols E. None of the above - ANSWER E. None of the above What is the shelf life of a chemical? A. Its Expiration date B. The day the bottle is open C. One year D. None of the above - ANSWER A. Expiration Date 17 What is the use life of a chemical? A. How many days the chemical is affective for once the bottle is open B. The day the bottle should be used by C. One year D. None of the above - ANSWER A. How many days the chemical is affective for once the bottle is open What type of enzymatic detergents is used in prion cases? A. Lipolytic B. Amylase C. Proteolytic D. Keratinases - ANSWER D. Keratinases To contain contamination of the environment, the cleaning process should be performed? A. Centralized, in one location B. At the point of use C. In various location s D. Both A and B - ANSWER A. Centralized, in one location What level of disinfection is needed for the destruction of Hepatitis B virus? A. High level B. Mid level C. Low level D. None of the above - ANSWER C. Low level You are about to process a sigmoidoscope in decontamination. The first thing you have to do in processing the equipment? A. Clean it with a soft brush B. Process it in an ultrasonic cleaner C. Leak test the device D. Consult the manufacture's written instructions - ANSWER C. Leak test the device Which of the following is used to separate a clean area from a dirty? A. Curtain B. Folded divider C. Procedure barrier D. Line on the floor - ANSWER C. Procedure barrier Soaking time need to kill a mycobacterium bacteria using glutaraldehyde? A. 45 mins @ 68 F B. 45 mins @ 77 F C. 12 mins @ 68 F D. 12 mins @ 77 F - ANSWER B. 45 mins @ 77 F Antiseptics are used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms on which surface? A. Living tissue B. Patient care equipment C. Environment surface D. Surgical instruments - ANSWER C. Environment surface Which of the following general surface disinfectants leaves residual film behind? A. Quats B. Halogens C. Phenolics D. Alcohol - ANSWER C. Phenolics Heidi received a Bookwalter set from the OR. As an effective sterile processing technician, what should be her first step? A. Properly disassemble B. Place in solid bottom container C. Processed in ultrasonic cleaner D. Soak in enzymatic detergent - ANSWER A. Properly disassemble What should be monitored daily in a washer decontaminated machine? A. Water temperature B. Water level C. Drying cycle D. Lubrication cycle - ANSWER A. Water temperature Which is at risk for biofilm formation? A. Kelly clamp B. Laparoscope C. Mayo hegar needle holder D. Metzembaum - ANSWER B. Laparoscope 20 What is the main purpose of ultrasonic equipment found in the decontamination area? A. Debris removal B. Disinfection C. Rinsing D. Sterilizing - ANSWER A. Debris removal It specifically used to destroy microorganisms on inanimate objects? A. Antiseptics B. Environmental disinfectants C. Both B and D D. Phenolics - ANSWER B. Environmental disinfectants What level of disinfection is needed for the destruction of acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)? A. High level B. Mid level C. Low level D. None of the above - ANSWER D. None of the above You are about to process a colonoscope in decontamination. The first thing that you have to do in processing these types of equipment is? A. Clean it with a soft brush B. Process it in an ultrasonic cleaner C. Leak test the device D. Immerse the device in water with detergent - ANSWER C. Leak test the device Enzyme based detergents contain organic substances that assist in the breakdown of? A. Inorganic substances B. Hard water C. Surface tension D. Protein soils - ANSWER D. Protein soils Soaking time needed to achieve high level disinfection of microorganisms for glutaraldehyde? A. 45 mins B. 60 mins C. 8 hrs D. 12 hrs - ANSWER A. 45 mins Cavitations is a mechanical action that involves the use of? A. Imploding oxygen bubbles B. Exploding oxygen bubbles C. Imploding bubbles D. Exploding bubbles - ANSWER C. Imploding bubbles Which of the following chemical disinfectants have regulations requiring all employees to routinely monitor exposure level? A. Quats B. Halogens C. Phenolics D. Glutaraldehyde - ANSWER D. Glutaraldehyde Before an item with multiple parts is cleaned it must be? A. Properly disassemble B. Placed in would bottom container C. Processed in ultrasonic cleaner D. Soak in enzymatic detergent - ANSWER A. Properly disassemble Why is glutaraldehyde not used in processing eye instruments? A. It is not effective B. It leaves chemical residue C. Very corrosive D. All of the above - ANSWER B. It leaves chemical residue Patrick received a breast resized from the operating room. As an effective technician, he knows that he should process the device using? A. Enzymatic based detergents B. Alcohol C. Soap D. Both A and C - ANSWER C. Soap 21 The removal of contamination from an item to an extent needed for further processing or for intended use is defined as? A. Cleaning B. Decontamination C. Disinfection D. Sterilization - ANSWER A. Cleaning Microorganisms on contaminated items are generally referred to as? A. Biofilms B. Bioburdens C. Pathogens D. Pyrogens - ANSWER B. Bioburdens Phenols should not be used in what area? A. ER B. OR C. CS/SPD D. Nursery - ANSWER D. Nursery If too many microorganisms remain on an item after the cleaning process, the? A. Cleaning process may not be effective B. Item must be sterilized, then re-cleaned C. Protective layer of the item might be damaged D. Cleaning process should vary - ANSWER A. Cleaning process may not be effective Before a medical device is cleaned and processed? A. Device must be checked for function B. Device must be cleared by the nursing supervisor C. Device must be check for completeness D. Device manufacturer's written instructions must be obtained - ANSWER D. Device manufacturer's written instructions must be obtained Bobby received a shadowline retractor set used (used for spine cases) from the OR. As an effective technician, what type of detergent should he use? A. Proteolytic B. Lipolytic C. Amylase D. Keratinase - ANSWER B. Lipolytic Record keeping for a high level disinfection process includes all, except? A. Results of MRC testing B. Date of processing C. Wet time D. Time item was soaked in solution - ANSWER C. Wet time All are false regarding CIDEX with there exception of? A. Non - glutaraldehyde B. Use life of 75 days C. Can destroy spores D. Time item was soaked in solution - ANSWER C. Can destroy spores Osmosis, where a lower concentrate solution passes through a semipermeable membrane to become a higher concentrate solution making both solution balanced, can occur by observing? A. Proper temperature B. Proper dilution C. Proper soaking time D. All of the above - ANSWER B. Proper dilution The unique property of ortho-pthaldehyde is? A. Has the ability to kill bacteria B. It creates a blue if the item is clean C. It is not used in a wells ventilated area D. It creates a blue stain if the item is not clean E. Does not need a final rinse - ANSWER D. It creates a blue stain if the item is not clean Glutaraldehyde is effective against all vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria, and viruses at what concentration? A. 0.2% B. 2% C. 20% D. 0.02% - ANSWER B. 2% 22 The environmental disinfectant is toxic and not recommended in dietary and neonatal departments? A. Alcohol B. Glutaraldehyde C. Phenolics D. Quats - ANSWER C. Phenolics Soaking time needed to kill spores using glutaraldehyde? A. 45 mins B. 90 mins C. 4 - 6 hrs D. 8 - 12 hrs - ANSWER D. 8 - 12 hrs In processing orthopedic instruments the following must be considered, except? A. Education or training in processing is not necessary B. Extended cleaning process and extended sterilization process C. Ultrasonic washer highly recommended D. Detergent used is a lipolytic enzymatic cleaner - ANSWER A. Education or training in processing is not necessary The decontamination area should? A. Provide sufficient space to accommodate the type and quantity of supplies, equipment and instrumentation to be used B. Allow traffic controls and efficient work flow C. Allow unobstructed access to eyewash facilities D. All of the above - ANSWER D. All of the above How are instruments with tungsten carbide jaw inserts identified? A. With gold handles B. With black handles C. With satin finish D. With shiny finish - ANSWER A. With gold handles As an effective sterile processing technician, how can you process a tapered lumen device? A. Using a technique called reverse flushing B. Soaking the instruments for an extended period of time C. Use a high alkaline detergent D. All of the above - ANSWER A. Using a technique called reverse flushing Which cleaning implement is used to clean a tungsten carbide insert of a needle holder? A. Plastic brush B. Nylon brush C. Metal brush D. Plastic scrubber - ANSWER C. Metal brush Plastic sterilization bags are generally used to package? a. heavy single instruments b. small sharp instruments c. respiratory therapy items d. large orthopedic trays - ANSWER c. respiratory therapy items When using the sequential wrapping method? a. use extra packaging material to line the tray inside b. apply one wrapper followed by a second one c. the first fold should not cover the contents of the set d. only one wrapper should be used - ANSWER b. apply one wrapper followed by a second one Surgical grade instruments, if properly cared for, usually last longer than floor grade instruments because they have a? a. passivization layer b. ferrous oxide layer c. chromium plating d. reflective plating - ANSWER a. passivization layer If the Operating Room requests instruments for an emergency ruptured aortic aneurysm, the technician should send? a. laparoscopic instruments b. major vascular instruments c. 25 Which of the following should be used to write on the count sheets and tray list? A. Lead pencils B. Dry erasable markers C. Permanent, non toxic markers D. Crayons - ANSWER C. Permanent, non toxic markers What is the final process used by device manufacturers to create a chromium oxide layer? A. Capitation B. Oxidation C. Passivation D. Both A and B - ANSWER C. Passivation For dry heat sterilization, which packaging material is most acceptable? A. Tyvek B. Aluminum foil C. Polyethylene D. Nonwoven wrap - ANSWER B. Aluminum foil How many class 5 chemical indicators are you supposed to use when preparing a 3 level wrapped set? A. 6(opposite corner, on each level B. 3(middle), on each level C. 1 placed in the middle D. 2 place in each opposite corner - ANSWER B. 3(middle), on each level Where should dust covers be removed? A. In sterile storage B. End user C. In the OR D. In distribution - ANSWER B. End user Where should a biological indicator be placed in a containerized set? A. (1) on each corner of the set B. Right-hand corner C. Center of the set D. Outside the wrapper E. None of the above - ANSWER E. None of the above How often should scissors be check fore sharpness? A. Every time it is processed B. Weekly C. Monthly D. Every ahift - ANSWER A. Every time it is processed What is the best way to transport an IV pump? A. On the top of the case cart B. In a covered cart of closed plastic bag C. Hand carried D. Soaking in enzymatic gel - ANSWER B. In a covered cart of closed plastic bag You are about to distribute a containerized set to the OR and noticed that the tamper evident seal(lock) was opened. What is your next step? A. Continue to distribute the set B. Change the lock and distribute C. Distribute the set and notify the OR D. Reprocess the set and notify the OR - ANSWER D. Reprocess the set and notify the OR Which of the following instruments is a used to hold back the intestines during a procedure? A. Retractor B. Clamp C. Hemostat D. Forcep - ANSWER A. Retractor If an item with dust cover drops on the floor, the integrity of the cover should be inspected. If there's damage, the following must be done? A. Reprocess the set B. The package plastic cover should be wiped off with disinfectant and returned to shelf C. Package can be returned to the shelf D. Discard the set - ANSWER A. Reprocess the set 26 When the jaws of a gold handled needle holder are worn out, the needle holder must be? A. Discarded B. Resurfaced C. Give it to a friend for personal use D. Reprocess - ANSWER B. Resurfaced A class 1 indicator is called? A. Process indicator B. Integrator C. Single-parameter indicator D. Multi-parameter C. Emulating - ANSWER A. Process indicator For the sterilization, containerized sets should be placed? A. Flat B. On the bottom shelf C. On their edge D. Both A and B - ANSWER A. Flat Corrosion is usually found on which part of the surgical instrument? A. Box lock B. Ratchet C. Jaw D. Shank - ANSWER A. Box lock Stacking of wrapped sets are permitted when? A. First load of the day B. The last load of the day C. The top shelf is removed to make more space D. None of the above - ANSWER D. None of the above In a mixed load of textile, metal goods and peel pouches, the peel pouches should be placed? A. On the top rack B. Alternately on each rack C. On the bottom rack D. None of the above - ANSWER A. On the top rack The term "nesting" is used when preparing what type of instruments? A. Trays B. Basins C. Retractors D. Hinged instruments - ANSWER B. Basins How many inches should the sets be apart when loading them in a sterilizer? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 - ANSWER A. 1 What type of instrument finish is used for laser procedures? A. Ebonized B. Satin C. Shiny D. None of the above - ANSWER A. Ebonized Where should a filter be placed when you are about to process your sets in gravity displacement steam cycle? A. Filter on top B. Filter on bottom C. Both A and B D. No filter required - ANSWER C. Both A and B , which are used to administer and regulate the flow of intravenous fluids and/or medications? A. Feeding pumps B. Emerson pumps C. Infusion pump D. Commodes - ANSWER C. Infusion pump(IV) , which are water-filled heating pads? A. Infusion pump B. Feeding pump C. Emerson pump D. Heat therapy machines - ANSWER D. Heat therapy machines , which are deives used by patients to controle the administration of their pain medication? A. Infusion pump B. Feeding pump C. Emerson pump D. Patient-controlled anesthesia - ANSWER D. Patient-controlled anesthesia 27 , which are used with a suction catheter to remove fluids from the mouth, throat, and bronchial tubes? A. Continuous suction machine B. Infusion pump C. Intermittent suction machine D. Feeding pump - ANSWER A. Continuous suction machine , which are used with a nasogastric tube to remove body fluids from the stomach? A. Infusion pump B. Intermittent suction machine C. Feeding pump D. Continuous sution machine - ANSWER B. Intermittent suction machine , which are used to exercise knees and other joints? A. Continuous suction machine B. Intermittent suction machine C. Continuous passive motion machine D. Sequential compression device - ANSWER C. Continuous passive motion machine Cotton gauze cannot be used in which sterilization process? a. steam b. ethylene oxide gas c. peracetic acid d. low temperature gas plasma - ANSWER d. low temperature gas plasma Supplies contaminated with blood and body fluids that require ethylene oxide gas sterilization should be? A. processed in a double ethylene oxide sterilizer cycle before handling B. cleaned and processed in an ethylene oxide sterilizer prior to assembly and packaging C. cleaned before being processed in a double ethylene oxide sterilizer cycle D. cleaned dried and passed on to the processing area for assembly, packaging, and sterilization - ANSWER D. cleaned dried and passed on to the processing area for assembly, packaging, and sterilization Which of the following items MUST be sterilized with an accompanying biological indicator? a. Implants b. Endoscopes c. Instrument trays d. Linen packs - ANSWER a. Implants If a technician's skin is exposed to liquid ethylene oxide, what should the technician do FIRST? a. Wash the exposed area with large amounts of soap and water b. Apply a medicated ointment to the exposed area c. Immediately report to the emergency room d. Notify a supervisor or department manager - ANSWER a. Wash the exposed area with large amounts of soap and water A positive biological indicator (BI) test shows that the sterilization process? a. was improperly handled b. was interrupted before completion c. did not result in the death of all the test organisms d. killed an acceptable number of the test organisms - ANSWER c. did not result in the death of all the test organisms Lot control numbers should be placed on each package sterilized, and on the? a. sterilizer maintenance record b. sterilization load record c. physician's preference card d. cover of the patient's chart - ANSWER b. sterilization load record The technician is asked to remove an arthroscopy set from the aerator four hours prior to the completion of aeration time. The supervisor is not available. Which of the following should the technician do? a. Do nothing until the supervisor returns b. Remove the set as requested c. Let 30 Where is the process challenge device placed in an EO sterilizer? A. Over the drain, horizontal B. Bottom rack back, on its edge C. Center of the sterilizer, horizontal D. Top rack back, on its edga - ANSWER C. Center of the sterilizer, horizontal The 3 parameters of gravity displacement steam cycle are? A. Time, humidity, concentration B. Time, temperature, and concentration of sterilant C. Steam under pressure, concentration, and time D. Steam under pressure, time, and temperature - ANSWER D. Steam under pressure, time, and temperature A pre-vaccum steam sterilizer gave a printout as follows: 5 mins at 275 F, 30 psi; what do you so with the load? A. Release the load for use B. Reprocess the load C. Star the recall process D. Check the chemical indicator - ANSWER A. Release the loaf for use All of the following package materials are not recommended for EO sterilization except? A. Polyester B. Nylon C. PVC D. Tyvek - ANSWER D. Tyvek As a sterile processing technician, you should know that drain basket of an autoclave machine should be cleaned? A. Every shift B. Daily C. Weekly D. Every load - ANSWER B. Daily You are working in sterilization and about to dispose a 100% EO. As a sterile processing technician, you know that a canister of EO should be disposed as a? A. Biohazard waste B. Non-incinerated waste C. Incinerator waste D. None of the above - ANSWER B. Non-incinerated waste Which of the following monitoring methods verifies that all cycle parameters within the sterilization are met? A. Mechanical B. Administrative C. Biological D. Chemical - ANSWER D. Chemical How many rinses are you supposed to perform after processing an instrument using peracetic acid? A. 2, using distilled water B. 3, using distilled water C. 2, using UV treated water D. 3, using UV treated water - ANSWER C. 2, using UV treated water For LTHP, LTGP, and EO sterilization, prior to sterilization, it is essential that items a be? A. Completely dry B. Lubricated with instrument milk C. Disinfected D. All the above - ANSWER A. Completely dry What should be the next step after a positive Specific CI test? A. Reprocess the load B. Recall until the last know positive test C. Repeat the test D. Proceed with the next load - ANSWER D. Proceed with the next load Microbial kill action in the Sterrad sterilizer is achieved through a process called? A. Condensation B. Alkylation C. Denaturing D. Oxidation - ANSWER D. Oxidation 31 Microbial kill action in the Steam sterilizer is achieved through a process called? A. Condensation B. Alkylation C. Denaturing D. Oxidation - ANSWER C. Denaturing Microbial kill action in the EO sterilizer is achieved through a process called? A. Condensation B. Alkylation C. Denaturing D. Oxidation - ANSWER B. Alkylation Microbial kill action in the LTHP sterilizer is achieved through a process called? A. Condensation B. Alkylation C. Denaturing D. Oxidation - ANSWER D. Oxidation Microbial kill action in the LTGP sterilizer is achieved through a process called? A. Condensation B. Alkylation C. Denaturing D. Oxidation - ANSWER D. Oxidation Microbial kill action in the Dry Heat sterilizer is achieved through a process called? A. Condensation B. Alkylation C. Denaturing D. Oxidation - ANSWER D. Oxidation Microbial kill action in the Ozone sterilizer is achieved through a process called? A. Condensation B. Alkylation C. Denaturing D. Oxidation - ANSWER D. Oxidation What is critical to EO penetration within the cell of microorganisms? A. Time B. Temperature C. Humidity D. Pressure - ANSWER C. Humidity An example of a class 2 biological indicator is? A. Dynamic air removal test B. Air challenge test C. Process challenge test D. None of the above - ANSWER D. None of the above In the event of a positive BI, how many loads should be recalled? A. Only the effected load B. All negative loads within the shift C. All loads back to the last negative BI D. None, rerun test - ANSWER D. None, rerun test Which of the following sterilization process can effectively sterilize dental instruments? A. Steam B. Ozone C. Dry heat D. EO - ANSWER A. Steam The color change of chemical indicator for LTGP is? A. Clear to black B. Yellow to purple C. Red to yellow D. Purple to yellow - ANSWER C. Red to yellow In order for microorganisms to be killed in LTGP, it is critical to have? A. Oxygen concentration B. Free radicals C. 59% hydrogen peroxide gas plasma D. Radio frquency - ANSWER C. 59% hydrogen peroxide plasma You are supposed to use a biological indicator in all of these scenarios except? A. First full load of the day B. First cycle of the day C. Qualification testing D. Processing liquids - ANSWER B. First cycle of the day 32 The purpose of preconditioning the steam load is? A. Decrease the exposure time B. Reduce the amount of condensate C. Decrease cycle time D. Reduce air removal - ANSWER B. Reduce the amount of condensate The purpose of placing large wrapped perforated trays flat in the sterilizer cart is to? A. Aseptic presentation B. Prevent damaging the instruments C. Prevent wicking D. Both B and C - ANSWER B. Prevent damaging the instruments Steam pressure entering the sterilizer is recommended at a PSI range of? A. 40-60 B. 50-70 C. 60-80 D. 80-100 - ANSWER C. 60-80 The most unique feature of a chemical integrator is its ability to? A. Be incubated and reward within 3 hrs B. Be suitable for all types of sterilization C. Perform in parallel to a BI D. Take the place of a BI - ANSWER C. Perform in parallel to a BI Which sterilization process is usually for dental instruments? A. Steam B. EO C. LTGP D. Ozone - ANSWER A. Steam The Bowie Dick test checks all of the following with the exception of? A. Air leaks B. Inadequate air removal C. Inadequate steam penetration D. Non condensible gas E. None of the above - ANSWER E. None of the above AAMI and AORN recommend that packs removed from a steam sterilizer should remain, untouched for how's long? A. 5-10 mins B. 20-45 mins C. 30-120 mins D. 35-120 mins - ANSWER C. 30-120 mins In peracetic acid sterilizer, the purpose of the diagnostic test is a to check the? A. Biocial properties B. Sterilant concentration C. Water quality D. System mechanisms - ANSWER D. System mechanisms You noticed that a coworker was about to use an IUSS to sterilize a crile clamp. What should be your next step? A. Ignore your coworker B. Help your coworker C. Inform your coworker that he cannot use IUSS D. In from your supervisor - ANSWER C. Infirm your coworker that he cannot use IUSS Which of the following sterilization process generates free radicals in one of its cycles? A. Steam B. EO C. LTGP D. Ozonw - ANSWER C. LTGP Which of the following sets needs to be processed with an accompanying biological indicator? A. AV shunt set B. Anterior cervical fusion set C. Screw set D. Both B and C E. None of the above - ANSWER D. Both B and C When loading your sets in sterilization, you have to make sure that the sets will only come in contact with the? A. Electrode B. Shelf C. Floor D. Chamber walls - ANSWER B. Shelf 35 are quarantined pending BI results? A. All items B. Orthopaedic screws sets only C. All orthopaedic items D. None of the above - ANSWER C. All orthopaedic items Which is true of gravity displacement steam? A. Takes longer to dry B. Take less time to dry C. Packaging material does not affect drying time D. Type of load does not affected drying time - ANSWER A. Takes longer to dry Which of the following is not an element of a distribution system? A. Purchasing B. Receiving C. Storage D. Patient charging - ANSWER A. Purchasing The following are necessary requirements of "Requisition" except? A. It must be legible B. It must have the facility's phone number? C. It must specify the quantity needed D. It must specify where items are to be delivered - ANSWER B. It must have the facility's phone number? A simple but labor-intensive system is? A. Demand B. Par level C. Exchange cart D. Just in time - ANSWER A. Demand The most efficient distribution system is? A. Demand B. Par-level C. Exchange cart D. Just in time - ANSWER B. Par-level The computerized locked supply system is a variation of the? A. Demand B. Par level C. Exchange cart D. Just in time - ANSWER B. Exchange cart Bar-coding of instrument sets is an integral part of? A. Case cart system B. Tracking system C. Exchange system D. Just in time system - ANSWER B. Tracking system Just in time distribution system is also known as? A. Stockless distribution system B. Specialty cart C. Centralized exchange system D. FIFO - ANSWER A. Stockless distribution system The inventory of medical and surgical supplies can represent up to what percentage of the facility's operating budget? A. 40% B. 50% C. 75% D. 90% - ANSWER A. 40% An ongoing inventory management system is known as a? A. Perpetual inventory system B. Manual inventory system C. Total inventory system D. Computerized inventory system - ANSWER A. Perpetual inventory system Which area is the first to accept responsibility for all supplies in the facility? A. Receiving B. Requisitioning C. Distribution D. Sterile storage - ANSWER A. Receiving The maximum temperature and humidity in the storage area is? A. Temp 75F, humidity 70% B. Temp 80F, humidity 85% C. Temp 85F, humidity 90% D. Temp 90F, humidity 95% - ANSWER A. Temp 75F, humidity 70% 36 The shelving and/or temporary storage rack must be at least? A. 8" from the floor, 18" from the sprinkler system B. 9" from the floor, 19" from the ceiling C. 18" from the floor, 8" from the sprinkler system D. 19" from the floor, 9" from the ceiling - ANSWER A. 8" from the floor, 18" from the sprinkler system Distribution cart should be kept clean and in good working order; the bottom shelf of the cart should be? A. Solid B. Mesh C. Wood D. Open - ANSWER A. Solid Which distribution system requires the using department to be responsible for maintaining inventory levels? A. Fixed inventory levels B. Centralized exchange cart C. Demand distribution D. Total inventory control - ANSWER C. Demand distribution Transporting carts should be cleaned at least? A. Daily B. Weekly C. Monthly D. Hourly - ANSWER A. Daily Supplies should never be stored? A. On wire cart B. In a close cabinet C. 8" of the floor D. On the floor - ANSWER D. On the floor The reorder point is the? A. Highest amount of stock B. Lowest amount of stock C. Average daily use D. Historical - ANSWER B. Lowest amount of stock Ordering the optimum quantity of an item based on historical data is known as? A. Reorder point B. Minimum stock quantity C. Maximum stock quantity D. Economical order quantity - ANSWER D. Economical order quantity Par level should be based on? A. Actual use B. Weekly average C. Monthly average D. Budget - ANSWER A. Actual use An effective case cart system requires? A. Little space B. Infrequent cleaning of carts C. The user to enter code D. Good communication - ANSWER D. Good communication The period of time which a sterile item is considered safe to use is known as? A. Use life B. Shelf life C. Storage life D. Product life - ANSWER B. Shelf life How far should shelving in the area from the outside walls be? A. 1 inch B. 2 inches C. 3 inches S. 4 inches - ANSWER B. 2 inches How often should a package be visually inspected for integrity? A. Daily B. Weekly C. Every time it is handled D. Prior to distribution - ANSWER C. Every time it is handled Shipping cartons should not be brought in sterile storage because they? A. Harbor soil B. Are very heavy C. Can tear easily D. Are hard to label - ANSWER A. Harbor soil 37 Damage to the medical/surgical supplies in sterile storage can be avoided by the following except? A. Removing supplies out of the box or cartons B. Storing sterile supplies no closer than 18 inches from the ceiling sprinkle C. Avoiding temperature and humidity to be our of range D. Shelf is 2 inches away from the wall - ANSWER A. Removing supplies out of the box or cartons If an item with a dust cover drops on the floor, the integrity of the cover should be inspected. If there's no damage, the following must be done? A. Package should be reprocess Ed B. The package plastic cover should be wipe off with disinfectant and returned to the shelf C. Package can be return to the shelf D. None of the above - ANSWER B. The package plastic cover should be wipe off with disinfectant and returned to the shelf Sterile items should be handled not more than? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 - ANSWER D. 4 The routine cleaning of the following is the responsibility of SPD technician? A. Mopped floor and dusting B. Cleaning the bins and shelves C. Walls and ceiling vents D. All the above - ANSWER B. Cleaning the bins and shelves All medical devices kept close to the floor must be stored at least? A. 6-8 inches B. 8-10 inches C. 4-6 inches D. None of the above - ANSWER B. 8-10 inches If the temperature is at 73F and humidity is at 60% within the sterile storage area, what must the SPD technician do? A. Asked bio med engineering to adjust environment condition B. SPD technician should re-adjust parameters because its to hot for the technician to work C. Continue working ads usual D. Report the incident to the supervisor - ANSWER C. Continue working ads usual The Bowie Dick test checks all of the following with the exception of? A. Air leaks B. Inadequate air removal C. Inadequate steam penetration D. Condensible gas E. None of the above - ANSWER D. Condensible gas OSHA requires that an eye wash station must be available for emergency use and it should be located within? A. 15 secs B. 10 secs C. 25 secs D. 20 secs - ANSWER B. 10 secs CS/SPD is the , of the health care facility? A. Heart B. Lungs C. Kidney D. Brain - ANSWER A. Heart This bacterium is the common cause of nonscomial infections of HAI? A. Enterococci B. Streptococci C. Staphlylococci D. None of the above - ANSWER C. Staphlylococci A portal of entry for microorganisms caused by injection, bites, and cuts A. Mucous membrane B. Skin C. Parenteral tissue D. None of the above - ANSWER C. Parenteral tissue