CD 601: Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions, Exams of Nursing

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CD 601: Final Exam evidence-based practice began: in the field of medicine when they realized great discrepancies in treatment methods across practitioners and across geographic region the three principles of evidence-based practice are -external scientific evidence -patient/family values -clinical expertise population -everyone who fits into your group of interest -probably can never get an exact number sample size -N= -those individuals that you actually recruit into the study independent variable -the variable that the research manipulates/alters in an experimental research design -the variable that is under the control of the researcher -values that are changed by the researcher active independent variable -controlled by the researcher -whether subjects get Tx A or Tx B attribute independent variable -can't be controlled by the researcher -example: age groups in the study, severity null hypothesis -usually stated in terms of "no relationship" between variables or "no difference" between groups -opposite of what you think will happen -retain (accept) or reject at the end of the study alternative hypothesis -what you believe will happen -there will be a difference directional hypothesis -states the direction of the difference or relationship -one tail nondirectional hypothesis -predicts the existence of a relationship, not its direction -two tails dependent variable -what we observe/measure in our research -the outcome we are monitoring inter-reliability agreement between raters systematic review uses systematic process to identify and appraise articles on a given topic meta-analysis uses a systematic process to identify and appraise articles on a given topic and pulls together quantitative data from included studies to draw a statistical conclusion first stop for up-to-date evidence-based information asha evidence maps single subject research are considered experimental designs and can be used to show cause and effect group designs -have at least two groups -randomized groups are considered the strongest group designs baseline phase -needs to be critically evaluated to determine the status of each participant before treatment is introduced -treatment effects can only be accurately interpreted in light of this data external validity in single subject research recruit participants that different from one another in key features and then provide readers a description of each participant multiple baseline study -more than one participant and each participant moves from baseline to treatment at a different time -can appreciate the changes that treatment brings about evidence scale is based on -the strength of cause and effect of the IV on the DV without the influence of extraneous variables -the study's internal validity -methods used to control for extraneous variables such as randomization and multiple groups pearson's r -shows correlation NOT RELATIONSHIP -positive= varies in the same direction -negative= varies in a different direction -closer to the whole number, the stronger the correlation narrative review -carries little weight as for as evidence -no systematic research methods used -maybe subjective within-subjects -each participant does each treatment or condition -very practical, still offers a control study, but less subjects are required -no pure control group between-subjects each participant does only one treatment reliability -the general trustworthiness of obtained data -must be objective and repeatable -quality measurement tools/instruments -consistent use of those tools/instruments -blinding of those gathering the data -reliability checks on the data terminology for designs -E= experimental group -C= control group -O= observation -> O1= pretest -> O2= posttest -a sudden and dramatic change in DV between baseline and Tx phases terminology in single-subject designs -A= baseline or no treatment -B= treatment 1 -C= treatment 2 descriptive research -no manipulation -no cause/effect -observe/measure naturally occurring events retrospective research -a study that examines data collected in the past -depends on the data taken by another individual in the past limitations -was the machine calibrated -were those taking the information well-trained -were standard procedures followed -little control over who is included in the study  developmental research measures changes in behaviors or characteristics over time to examine the effects of aging survey research -describes the prevalence of a feature (attitudes, quality of life, behaviors) in a certain population -includes: questionnaires, interviews, and combo comparative research -measures a feature of two or more groups at a single point in time to identify similarities and differences between the groups -doesn't give cause/effect -identifies if groups are similar/different and to what extent normative research -research to establish norms for different age groups -used in the development of standardized tests -calculate the mean, median, mode, SD correlation research -to what degree does a change in one variable correspond with or predict a change in another variable -no cause/effect just do the variables co-relate regression analysis (correlation research) -one variable (or a group of variables) is examined to see if it will predict another variable -an equation qualitative research -a inquiry process to explore a human or social condition -building a picture, analyzing words, and reporting views of information -a variety of analytic procedures designed to systematically collect and describe authentic, contextualized social phenomena with the goal of interpretive accuracy -focuses on the perspective of participants -observation, interviews, focus groups descriptive statistics -simply describe -describes the sample -describes the DV -mean, median, mode, SD, range (base calculations) inferential statistics -test hypothesis -test for relationships -test for differences -take the sample results and infer it to the population your test statistics -systematic variance/error variance -systematic variance: differences in scores between the independent variables -error variance: the error that could have been caused by extraneous variables, or things you aren't interested in