Cell Biology and Biochemistry Concepts, Exams of Biology

Download Cell Biology and Biochemistry Concepts and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! DAT Biology Final Exam Study Set 2024/2025 with Verified Q&A Carotenoids - CORRECT ANSWER-lipid derivatives, produce pigments in plants and animals , An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis. Porphyrins - CORRECT ANSWER-lipid derivatives, a group of light-sensitive, pigmented, ringed chemical structures that are required for the synthesis of hemoglobin. Complexed with metals usch as iron in hemoglobin and chlorophyll with Mg Can H20 and hydrocarbons pass freely across membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER-yes (small, uncharged, non-polar, hydrophobic can pass) Porins - CORRECT ANSWER-allow passage of certain ions and small polar molecules such as aquaporins in kidneys for H20 Rough ER - CORRECT ANSWER-protein synthesis, creates glycoproteins for secretion Smooth ER - CORRECT ANSWER-synthesis of hormones, lipids, breakdown of toxins and drugs in liver cyclosis - CORRECT ANSWER-transport of material in cytoplasm (steaming movement) Peroxiomes - CORRECT ANSWER-breakdown of H2O2, fatty acids, AA. In liver and kidneys to break down toxins, by-products of photorespiration in plants Centrioles - CORRECT ANSWER-two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division. Are microtubles (MTOCs) Storage vocuoles - CORRECT ANSWER-store starch, pigments, toxic substances (nicotine) in plants Contractile vacuoles - CORRECT ANSWER-in single cell organism, pump excess water out of cell Ex. fresh water protozoa to prevent bursting Desmosome - CORRECT ANSWER-aka spot welding, support and stability Tight junctions - CORRECT ANSWER-animal cells, seal to prevent passage of materials btwn cell gap junctions - CORRECT ANSWER-narrow tunnels btwn animal cells, only ions exchange plasmodesma - CORRECT ANSWER-barrow channels between plant cells for exchange of materials Bulk flow - CORRECT ANSWER-collective movement of substance (like blood or urine) in same direction due to force dialysis - CORRECT ANSWER-diffusion of solutes across selective permeable membrane (passive) plasmolysis - CORRECT ANSWER-water of out cell, results in collapse aka shrivel (passive) Total ATP in Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic - CORRECT ANSWER-Eukaryotic = 36 ATP Prokaryotic = 38 ATP Glycolysis - CORRECT ANSWER-1 glucose + 2 ATP + 4 ADP + 2NAD + 2Pi --> 2 pyruvate + 2ADP + 4 ATP + 2NADH +2H + 2H2O = 2 ATP Fermination - CORRECT ANSWER-1 pyruvate + NADH --> (Ethanol + CO2 in Plants) and (Lactic Acid in animals use for muscle cells) + NAD Pyruvate decarboxylation - CORRECT ANSWER-2 pyruvate + 2 Coenzyme A + 2 NAD --> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH = - 2 ATP Citric Acid Cycle - CORRECT ANSWER-2 Acetyl CoA + 6NAD + 2FAD + 2ADP + 2H20 --> 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP = 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain - CORRECT ANSWER-10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 34 ADP + 34pi + 10 H + 5O2 ---> 10 NAD + 2 FAD + 34 ATP + 10H20 = 34 ATP How man ATP per NADH and FADH? - CORRECT ANSWER-1 NADH = 3 ATP 1 FADH = 2 ATP Where does the H+ accumulate in Mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER-Between Inner and Outer membrane/ cross crista (btw inner and outer membrane vs matrix) Cori Cycle - CORRECT ANSWER-liver converts lactic acid lack into glucose when ATP is available Noncyclic Photophosphorylation - CORRECT ANSWER-Photosystem 2 P680 Generates = NADPH, ATP, photolysis of H2O (to get 2 electrons) What is the complementary strand and two other names for it? - CORRECT ANSWER-- The complementary RNA (1 strand of mRNA 5' -> 3') is the one being formed from the template strand It is also known as coding strand or sense Monocistronic - CORRECT ANSWER-Eukaryotic 1 RNA -> 1 Protein Polycistronic - CORRECT ANSWER-Prokaryotic 1 RNA --> Many Proteins How many RNA Pol are in Prok and Euk? And what do they make? - CORRECT ANSWER-Prok = Only 1 = RNA Pol Eurk = 3 RNA Pol 1 = rRNA RNA Pol 2 = mRNA RNA Poll 3 = tRNA (READ MY TEETH) What is 5'Cap/ Poly A Tail/ Splicing out introns - CORRECT ANSWER-Only in Eukaryotic 1. 5'Cap and poly A tail ensures mRNA stability in protein synthesis 2. Splicing out introns and connecting exons makes mRNA small and easier to transport Speciation 1. Allopatric 2. Sympatric 3. Adaptive Radiation 4. Ecological Speciation 5. Morphological Speciation - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Allopatric = geographic isolation via barrier 2. Sympatric = no geographicn isolation 3. Adaptive Radiation = many species from single ancestor 4. Ecological Speciation = adaption because of location and activity 5. Morphological Speciation = seperation becuz of physical measures Prezygotic vs. Postzygotic isolating mchanism - CORRECT ANSWER-Prezygotic = prevent fertilization Postzygotic = prevent formation of fertile progeny Parallel Evolution - CORRECT ANSWER-Two rated species make similar adaptation under similar circumstances after diverging from a common ancestor (think of a fork) Coevolution - CORRECT ANSWER-Two or more species evolve together (responding to each other's new evolutionary features) Phyletic gradualism - CORRECT ANSWER-evolution occurs gradually through accumulation of small changes over long period of time Punctuated equilibrium - CORRECT ANSWER-long periods of nothing happening and little change puncutated with short, rapid evolution Archaea - CORRECT ANSWER--Domain -Prokaryotes -Cell walls and plasma membrane distinct from prok and euk. made of polysaccarides -DNA associated with histones - ribosomes not inhibited by antibiotics Ex. methanogens (produce methane) and Extremophiles (halophiles, thermophiles) Cell wall of Bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER-- peptodoglycan cell wall Bacteria DNA? - CORRECT ANSWER-single DS circular DNA, not associated with histones Domain Bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER-Kingdom Monera - prokaryotes - single celled Cyanobacteria - CORRECT ANSWER-are photosynthetic bacteria Can withstand high temp believed to descend from first organisms with a developed photosynethic capability Blue Green Algae - CORRECT ANSWER-Are cyanobacteria Nitrogen fixing bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER-fixes N2 to NO3 Ex. roots of legumes and lighting Staphylococci - CORRECT ANSWER-clusters of circular bacteria Streptococci - CORRECT ANSWER-chain of circular bacteria Domain Eukarya - CORRECT ANSWER-Kingdom Protisa, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Protista it's subgroups - CORRECT ANSWER-Plant and Animal characteristics - Algae like (energy via photosynthesis) (multicellular) - Protozoa (Animal like) (single cell) - Fungus like (multicellular) euglenoids - CORRECT ANSWER-Protista - algae like (photosynthetic) - flagella made of microtubles for location via powerstroke Dinoflagellates - CORRECT ANSWER-Protista - algae like (photsnthetic) - di (2) flagella - some bioluminescent while others produce toxin Phytoplankton - CORRECT ANSWER-Protista - algae like Diatoms - CORRECT ANSWER-Protista - have silica shells that fit together like a box with lid Brown algae - CORRECT ANSWER-Protista - kelps Rhodophyta - CORRECT ANSWER-Protista - read algae Cholorphyta - CORRECT ANSWER-Protista - green algae Protozoa - CORRECT ANSWER-Belong to Protista - animal like - unicellular -heterotropic like little animals Rhizopoda - CORRECT ANSWER-Protoza - Amoebas - move by extending pseudopods Foraminifera - CORRECT ANSWER-Protoza - made of calcium carbonate Apicomplexans - CORRECT ANSWER-Protoza - parasites of animals Paramecium - CORRECT ANSWER-Protoza - move and feed with cilia made by microtubulin - have vacuole for excretion Nervous system of protoza - CORRECT ANSWER-no organized nervous system. move via stimuli such as head, light, chemical, etc. Digestion of protoza - CORRECT ANSWER-phagocytosis via vaculoes which fuse with lysosomes Or cilia sweep food in Myxomycota - CORRECT ANSWER-Fungus like protista - plamodial slime molds