Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics Final Exam, Exams of Advanced Education

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Which feature is found in all cells? - Correct Answer-plasma membrane composed of phospholipids Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell - Correct Answer-lacks organelles beyond ribosomes. Without receptor proteins, a cell would not be able to - Correct Answer-bind to signal proteins from other parts of the body. Without tight junctions in certain tissues, - Correct Answer-fluids may leak out past the barrier the junction would create. Where do the vesicles that are being made for secretion from the cell become modified and packaged? - Correct Answer-Golgi apparatus Mitochondria are found in - Correct Answer-both plant cells and animal cells Plant cells have plasmodesmata that - Correct Answer-connect the cytoplasm of one cell with that of another. Cell size is limited because ________ is critical to a cell's function. - Correct Answer- surface-area-to-volume ratio A cell being observed under a microscope has a cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, and chromosomal material that is not found in a nucleus. Based on this information, the cell could be a - Correct Answer-bacterial cell. Which organelle is required for producing ATP for cellular work? - Correct Answer- mitochondria Which of the following organelles is not surrounded by a membrane? - Correct Answer- ribosomes Plant cells can communicate with each other via ________, as indicated by the arrow in the figure. - Correct Answer-plasmodesmate Which of the following is an incorrect match of molecule to the location where it is principally used? - Correct Answer-glucose - lysosome Which of the following organelles would form a membrane-bound package, also known as a vesicle? - Correct Answer-Golgi Apparatus

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar in that they both - Correct Answer-contain DNA Which of the following is the correct sequence for an altered protein that is secreted from the cell? - Correct Answer-rough endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane Below is a diagram of a bacterium. What structure does Y represent? - Correct Answer- nucleoid Carrie would like to observe the cilia on the surface of a live paramecium—a single- celled organism. The best device to do this would be a - Correct Answer-light microscope. Chromosomes are made from - Correct Answer-condensed chromatin What must materials pass through to enter or leave a cell? - Correct Answer-plasma mambrane Which one of the following is the smallest unit of matter that has all the properties of an element? - Correct Answer-Atom Deoxyribose is a sugar found in - Correct Answer-DNA An atom with a neutral charge has - Correct Answer-equal numbers of protons and electrons Which of the following organisms can perform photosynthesis? - Correct Answer-algae The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain is ________, resulting in formation of ________ - Correct Answer-oxygen; water Wood and cotton cloth are composed of - Correct Answer-cellulose Plants store their sugar in the form of - Correct Answer-Starch Chemical bonds involve - Correct Answer-the giving, taking or sharing of electrons. How does DNA differ from RNA? - Correct Answer-DNA is comprised of a double strand, RNA is a single strand. Isotopes of an element differ in their - Correct Answer-neutron number Amino acids are needed to build ________, just as ________ are needed to create DNA. - Correct Answer-protein; nucleotides

Refer to the figure. Which of the following is true regarding the labeled plasma membrane? - Correct Answer-Parts W and Z are hydrophilic Which nitrogen-containing base is found in DNA but not in RNA? - Correct Answer- thymine Some insects can stride on the surface of water because water - Correct Answer-has surface tension Fermentation occurs if - Correct Answer-oxygen is not present Which organisms have been modified to produce insulin, blood clotting factor VIII, and human growth hormone? - Correct Answer-Bacteria The figure below shows a cell in the mitotic stage of Chromosomes spiting - Correct Answer-anaphase The central dogma of molecular biology states that the information contained within genes flows in which direction? - Correct Answer-DNA to mRNA to protein DNA replication is called semiconservative because - Correct Answer-the two resulting DNA molecules each have one new DNA strand and one old strand from the original DNA molecule. Armadillos have a diploid chromosome number of 64. At prophase I, an armadillo's cell would have ________ tetrads present. - Correct Answer- Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence? - Correct Answer-interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase ________ is the study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and their interactions; ________ may be employed to use computer algorithms to aid this process. - Correct Answer-Proteomics; bioinformatics While Jeff was looking under the microscope at cells in different stages of mitosis, he commented on the fact that many cells were in the same stage. If you were looking under the compound light microscope at an onion root tip, in what stage of the cell cycle would the majority of the cells be? - Correct Answer-interphase When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible? - Correct Answer-during mitosis According to Chargaff's rules, ________ always pairs with ________, and ________ always pairs with ________. - Correct Answer-A,T; G,C

Hydropower and wind power are similar in that both are - Correct Answer-renewable energy sources. Multipurpose trees are useful for what purpose? - Correct Answer-providing additional products, as well as serving as a windbreak Which of the following is not a benefit of biodiversity - Correct Answer-biological magnification Pollution is defined as - Correct Answer-an undesirable alteration to the environment. human society in its current from is unsustainable becuase - Correct Answer-important natural resources are being consumed more quickly than they can be replenished. Mercury can enter an aquatic food chain and collect in fish as well as people who eat fish. This is an example of which of the following processes? - Correct Answer- biological magnification Desertification and deforestation are similar in that both involve - Correct Answer-loss of plant and animal life in an area. Which of the following are greenhouse gases? - Correct Answer-methane and carbon dioxide Which of the following terrestrial ecosystems has the highest rate of primary productivity? - Correct Answer-tropical rainforest Forests help to regulate the global climate by - Correct Answer-absorbing carbon dioxide. Water is a major limiting factor in which of the following biomes? - Correct Answer- tropical rainforest temperate grasslands coral reef tundra Which of the following methods may help conserve water by reducing the amount used for agriculture? - Correct Answer-contour with no-till farming Which of the following creates the least amount of soil erosion? - Correct Answer-use of drip irrigation systems Which of the following is not a renewable resource? - Correct Answer-Fossil Fuels

In which way does over fishing lead to decreased in biodiversity? - Correct Answer-It depletes fish that feed on some species and serve as food sources for other species, leading to the eradication of some species and the overpopulation of others. Biodiversity increases the consumptive value of land, meaning that - Correct Answer- more value can be derived from the more diverse products produced by ecosystems with high biodiversity relative to land that has been cleared for agriculture. Conservation biology supports all of the following ethical principles except - Correct Answer-all animals have the same rights or legal status as humans. Which two terrestrial biomes are the most similar with regards to rainfall - Correct Answer-Desert; taiga temperate grasslands; desert As humans continue to use fossil fuels as a primary source of energy, the amount of carbon entering the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion will continue to increase dramatically. What is the effect of large-scale deforestation on the carbon in the atmosphere? - Correct Answer-Because trees are a major sink for atmospheric carbon, fewer trees will result in less carbon being removed from the atmosphere for photosynthesis. The large-scale removal of forests does not have any real effect on atmospheric carbon, because carbon dioxide is not stored in trees. Because trees produce carbon dioxide, the amount of carbon in the atmosphere will decrease with their wide-scale removal. The increased efficiency of fishing has led to - Correct Answer-loss of biodiversity in fish and other species. Most skeletal muscles contain ________. - Correct Answer-a mixture of fiber types Yellow Bone marrow contain a large percentage of. - Correct Answer-fat Which b one would likely take the longest to heal. - Correct Answer-thigh bone of an elderly individual muscle tone is - Correct Answer-a state of sustained partial contraction Homeostasis maintains various levels within a narrow range only if environmental conditions do not fluctuate much. - Correct Answer-false Movement of body parts directly requires the - Correct Answer-muscular system and skeletal system The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________ - Correct Answer- overexpose to UV radiation

List the levels of organization of the body from simple to complex.

1. organ system
2. organism
3. tissue
4. organ
5. cell - Correct Answer-5, 3, 4, 1, 2 The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses? - Correct Answer-compact bone Which of the following lists the levels of biological organization in order from simplest to most complex? - Correct Answer-cell, cardiac muscle, heart, cardiovascular system, human Micro nutrients are. - Correct Answer-vitamins and minerals Muscular dystrophy affects the functioning of skeletal muscle. As this disease advances, it can impair the contraction of the diaphragm and the muscles of the rib cage. What effect will this have on the ability of people with this disease to carry out gas exchange - Correct Answer-It will decrease their ability to exchange air into and out of the lungs, decreasing gas exchange. Which of the following mineral is typically over consumed by american? - Correct Answer-sodium If your body is dehydrated, the control center in the brain will stimulate the release of a hormone which causes the reabsorption of water into the blood during urine formation. When the control center senses that enough water is reabsorbed, it will stop the release of the hormone. This is an example of - Correct Answer-a negative feedback mechanism. The Best definition of a nutrient is - Correct Answer-a food component which performs a physiological function in the body. Carbohydrates are typically broken down to - Correct Answer-glucose, the molecule used as the energy source in cells. Proteins must be ingested in order to obtain - Correct Answer-essential amino acids

Digestion in humans and earthworms - Correct Answer-is similar in that both organisms, digestion is an extracellular process, occurring in a complete digestive tract. Nutrients that are deemed to be "essential" are those which - Correct Answer-the body is not able to produce Most metabolic wastes leave the body through the production of ________ by the ________. - Correct Answer-urine; urinary system