Cellular and Molecular Biology Concepts, Exams of Nursing

Download Cellular and Molecular Biology Concepts and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Biology 1201 Final Exam Moroney LSU Questions With 100% Correct Solutions. An element has 8 protons, 9 neutrons, and 8 electrons. What are its atomic number and mass? Answer- 8 and 17 How many and what type of bonds does sulfur usually form in biology? Answer- 2 covalent A molecule that has all non polar covalent bonds would be________. Answer- hydrophobic What substance makes up the interior of a potato tuber? Answer- starch What is an example of a lipid? Answer- triglyceride One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________. Answer- they are all dissacharides The overall 3d shape of a single polypeptide is called the ______. Answer- tertiary structure Which of the following functional groups is the most basic? Answer- R-NH2 A chemical reaction that requires energy to take place is called_____. Answer- an endergonic reaction The cells in celery stalks at the store are________. Answer- alive What is an example of primary protein structure? Answer- the protein sequence is leu-val-gly What is the chemical formula of a 4 carbon structure? Answer- C4H8O4 One strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence 5'-ATAGGT-3'. The complementary base sequence on the other strand of DNA will be 3'-__________-5'. Answer- TATCCA or 5' ACCTAT 3' Consider the isotopes of carbon, 12C, 13C, and 14C. Which of them is/are radioactive? Answer- 14C Which carbon isotope or isotopes are naturally occurring? Answer- 12C 13C and 14C all are naturally occurring A cell has a diameter of 10um. What is that distance in millimeters? A. 10mm D. 0.01mm B. 1mm E. 0.001mm C. 0.1mm Answer- D. 0.01mm When placed in a hypotonic solution, animal cells Answer- Enlarge and perhaps rupture What is the cytoskeleton made of? Answer- proteins What type of linkage connects glucose in cellulose? Answer- Beta-glycosidic linkages The molecular formula of glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula of a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? Answer- C60H102O51 Which of the following represents a polar covalent bond? Answer- H---O The H+ concentration in a cola is 1x10^-4. What is the pH and OH- concentration of the solution? Answer- 4 and 1x10^10M A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound? Answer- It should dissolve in water A protein becomes damaged and the cell needs to destroy it and recover the amino acids in the protein. Which organelle will perform the function? Answer- d. lysosome Place the following in correct order from smallest to largest. These are in no particular order triglyceride, human fibroblast cell, lysosome, and amino acid Answer- amino acide, triglyceride, lysosome, human fibroplast cell What are the steps of the scientific method? Answer- observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction? Answer- by lowering the energy of activation of a reaction Where is Rubisco located in the chloroplast? Answer- chloroplast stroma The making of an exact copy of DNA is called_____. Answer- DNA replication One strand of DNA has the sequence ACCTCCGG. What is the sequence of the complementary strand? Answer- CCGGAGGT When placed in a hypertonic solution, animal cells Answer- Enlarge and perhaps rupture sulfur, whereas protein does and DNA contains phosphorous whereas protein does not What type of photosynthesis is done by sugar cane? Answer- C4-type photosynthesis Cellulose does not readily react with O2 forming CO2 and H20 at room temperature because________. Answer- at room temperature the activation energy barrier for the reaction cannot be surmounted How many chromosomes are in a human skin cell that is in the G1 portion of the cell cycle? Answer- 46 The mitotic spindle is made of : Answer- microtubules A codon is GCA what is the sequence of the corresponding anticodon? Answer- UGC A gene on the Y chromosome produces hairy ears. If a man has this trait what are the chances his son will have hairy ears. Answer- 100% Most RNA processing in a eukaryotic cell takes place in the _____. Answer- Nucleus The stage of the cell cycle that occurs immediately after DNA replication is _____. Answer- G2 An mRNA has the sequence: 5'-GGCCAUGCAGAAAUAGUCCAG-3'. What amino acid sequence can be translated from the open reading frame found in this sequence? Answer- Met-Gln-Lys What is a frameshift mutation? Answer- insertions or deletions of DNA, causes reading frame to be moved. What is a silent mutation? Answer- When the mutation does not affect the amino acid due to the degrease code. Which sequence would encode part of a protein with the sequence Ala-Leu-Arg? Answer- GCCCUAAGA What is the amino acid sequence of the protein that would be produced if the following DNA sequence, 5'-GGCGCACAG-3' Answer- Leu-Cys-Ala CUG-UGC-GCC A mRNA sequence is CGACGGAUGCCCACAGGCUGAUUUGGCAAC. How many amino acids will the open reading frame in this sequence encode? Answer- 4 Punnett Square Answer- A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross dihybrid cross Answer- A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same gene Dog intestinal cells have 78 chromosomes. How many chromosomes do dog sperm cells have? Answer- 39 (or 1/2 of original) What is the result when a diploid cell undergoes mitosis? Answer- 2 diploid cells Meiosis Answer- Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms Mitosis Answer- part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides How many cells are produced in meiosis? Answer- 4 haploid cells How many cells are produced in mitosis? Answer- 2 diploid cells that are genetically identical. They are clones of the parent cell A couple has a son who has hemophilia. Neither parent has hemophilia. Which parent or parents has/have the hemophilia allele? Answer- The mother has the allele Chromosomes that carry the same assembly of genes controlling the same traits are______. Answer- homologous chromosomes Regulation of more than one trait by a single gene defines_____. Answer- pleiotropy Which are haploid Answer- Human sperm cells Pedigree Answer- A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family. If a white-eyed male is crossed with a homozygous red eyed female what is the phenotype of the progeny? Answer- All of the males and all of the females will have red eyes. If a person has two identical alleles, he/she is_____ for that gene. Answer- homozygous Consider three gene, A, B, and C. Genes A and C are on the same chromosome while B is on a different chromosome. Here are the recombination frequencies of the genes: A and B 50%, A and C 8%, and B and C 50%. Which statement best describes the linkage of these genes? Answer- Genes A and C are linked and B is unlinked to the other to genes. cell cycle Answer- series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide What are the stages of the cell cycle? Answer- G1, S, G2, M What are the stages of mitosis? Answer- interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase The synthesis of RNA using the DNA sequence as a guide is: Answer- transcription Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance in humans? Answer- height Which enzyme or complex is responsible for making protein during translation? Answer- the ribosome The mitotic spindle is made of: Answer- microtubules How many genes are actually being transcribed? Answer- very few relative to the total number What makes cells different? Answer- They make different proteins lysogenic cycle Answer- a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA litic cycle Answer- once viral DNA is inside cell it makes more viruses immediately then destroys the cell an releases more copies into the body What type of structure is the genetic material in viruses? Answer- It can be RNA or DNA and single double stranded. What type of structure is the genetic material in viruses? Answer- It can be RNA or DNA and single or double stranded. What type of virus is HIV? Answer- RNA retrovirus What viral cycle does herpes use? Answer- lysogenic What is a transposon? Answer- Pieces of DNA that can shift from one part of the genome to another What is a retrotransposon? Answer- Retrotransposons are genetic (DNA) elements that can amplify themselves in a genome (using an RNA intermediate, note the 'retro-' part of the name) and are ubiquitous components of the DNA of many eukaryotic organisms. What percentage of the genome is retrotransposon Alu? Answer- 15% about 2 million copies What is a G-protein coupled receptor? Answer- a cell-surface transmembrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein