Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Exams of Nursing

Download Cellular Biology and Biochemistry and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 / 46 LSUE Biology 1001 midterm Exam Questions with Answers 1.A theory is a. an idea that has been proven. b. a concept in the early stages that still needs to be tested. c. a description of a belief that invokes the supernatural. d. an explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence. e. All of the choices are correct.: an explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence 2.Which of the following statements regarding a common cellular activity is false?: New cells are derived from cellular components like organelles 3.The teeth of grain-eating animals (such as horses) are usually broad and ridged. This makes the teeth suitable for grinding and chewing. Meat- eating animals (such as lions) have pointed teeth that are good for puncturing and ripping flesh. This illustrates a. a food web. b. All of the choices are correct. c. a result of natural selection only. d. the connection between form and function only. e. a result of natural selection as well as the connection between form and function.: a result of natural selection as well as the connection between form and function 4.Which of the following is not an example of evolution that has resulted 2 / 46 from human activity? a. Because of hunting, species such as bears and wolves are in danger of extinction. .b. Like certain other crops, domesticated strawberries are larger than wild strawberries. c. Some insect species are now resistant to pesticides. d. Many strains of bacteria are now resistant to some commonly used an- tibiotics: Because of hunting, species such as bears and wolves are in danger of extinction. 5.Which of the following statements about the properties of life is false?: All organisms have the ability to maintain a constant internal temperature. 6.Which of the following statements about genetics is true?: Differences among organisms reflect different nucleotide sequences in their DNA. 7.An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population.You would expect the next generation of bacteria. a. to be just as susceptible to that antibiotic as was the previous generation. b. to be more resistant to that antibiotic. c. to die out due to the drastic decrease in population size. d. to be more contagious than the prior generation. e. All of the choices are correct.: To be more resistant to that antibiotic. 8.You notice that over the past month, many students on campus have started wearing a new style of school sweatshirt. You think to yourself that perhaps the bookstore has recently started selling this new sweatshirt style. This prediction is an example of: Hypothesis 5 / 46 If you could check the pH of the recommended tablets, you would expect it to be: Higher than 7 21.Compared to a solution of pH 3, a solution of pH 1 is: 100 times more acidic 22.A pharmaceutical company hires a chemist to analyze the purity of the water being used in its drug preparations. If the water is pure, the chemist would expect to find: H2O molecules, H+ ions, and OH- ions 23.In some areas, fluoride is added during the municipal water treatment process in order to help: Reduce tooth decay 24.Which of the following statements about radioactive isotopes is true? a. The nuclei of radioactive isotopes are unusually stable, but the atoms tend to lose electrons. b. When given a choice between radioactive and nonradioactive isotopes of the same atom, living cells are more likely to incorporate the radioactive isotopes into their structures. c.The energy emitted by radioactive isotopes can break chemical bonds and cause molecular damage in cells. d. Radioactive elements are natural and therefore not harmful.: The energy emitted by radioactive isotopes can break chemical bonds and cause molecular damage in cells 25.What is the difference between glucose and fructose linear isomers?: The location of a double-bonded oxygen atom 26.Which of the following statements about dehydration synthesis is false?- : Animal digestive systems utilize this process to break down food 6 / 46 27.A hydroxyl group is a. also called a carbonyl group. b. characteristic of proteins. c. characteristic of alcohols. d. basic.: Characteristic of alcohols 28.The primary structure of a protein is a. an ±helix or a pleated sheet. b. the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain. c. composed of two or more polypeptide chains. d. maintained by hydrogen bonds.: The amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain 29.An oil may be converted into a substance that is solid at room tempera- ture by a. adding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules. b. removing water, causing a dehydration synthesis reaction to occur. c. removing hydrogens, increasing the number of double bonds. d. cooling it, so that double bonds form and the fats solidify.: Adding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules 30.Which of the following statements about functional groups of organic compounds is false?: All functional groups include a carbon atom 31. In what part of the world did the mutation for lactose tolerance first appear? a. Eastern Asia b. South America c. Northern Europe d. North America: Northern Euroupe 7 / 46 32. A scientist suspects that the food in an ecosystem may have been contami- nated with radioactive nitrogen over a period of months. Which of the following substances could be examined for radioactivity to test the hypothesis?: The hair produced by humans living in the ecosystem 33.Which of the following statements about animal cell lipids is false?: Many lipids function as enzymes 34.Which of the following lists contains only polysaccharides?: Cellulose, starch, and glycogen 35.Which of the following organisms contain the polysaccharide chitin? a. animals and plants b. plants and bacteria c. fungi and insects d. insects and plants: Fungi and insects 36.A molecule with the formula C55H110O55 is probably a. a. oil. b. steroid. c. protein. d. polysaccharide.: Polysaccharide 37.Sucrose is formed: From two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis 38.Decreased fertility in men from developed countries may be related to: In- creased exposure to hormone-like chemicals in the environment 39.In the plasma membrane, the phospholipid heads: are hydrophilic and face outward toward the aqueous solution on both sides of the membrane 40.When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and 10 / 46 "200 calories" per serving. How many calories are actually in one serving? a. 20 b. 2,000 c. 200,000 d. 2,000,000: 200,000 56.Which of the following organisms can make organic molecules from water and carbon dioxide? a. bear b. mushroom c. wheat d. crayfish: Wheat 57.When proteins are used as a source of energy fr the body, the proteins. a. are converted into glucose molecules, which are fed into glycolysis. b. are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. c. are hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acids; electrons are stripped from the amino acids and passed to the electron transport chain. d. are hydrolyzed to glucose and converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle.: Are converted mainly into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle 58. A culture of bacteria growing aerobically is fed glucose containing radioac- tive carbon and is then examined. During the citric acid cycle, radioactivity would first appear in: Citrate 59.Humans use the calories they obtain from as their source of ener- gy: Food 60.The conversion of CO2 and H@O into organic compounds using 11 / 46 energy from light is called: Photosynthesis 61.During cellular respiration, NADH: Delivers its electron load to the first elec- tron carrier molecule 62.Which of the following statements regarding the chemical grooming of pyruvate is false: Each pyruvate molecule has a CO2 added and then joins with an NADH 63.As a scientist employed by the FDA, you've been asked to sit on a panel to evaluate a pharmaceutical company's application for approval of a new weight loss drug called Fat Away. The company has submitted a report summarizing the results of their animal and human testing. In the report, it was noted that Fat Away works by affecting the electron transport chain. It decreases the synthesis of ATP by making the mitochondrial membrane permeable to H+, which allows H+ to leak from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. This effect leads to weight loss. Fat Away prevents ATP from being made by: Destroying the H+ gradient that allows ATP synthase to work 64.After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle: Pyruvate is oxidized 65.The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that a. permits the expansion of mitochondria as oxygen accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. b. helps mitochondria divide during times of greatest cellular respiration. c. increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes. d. carefully encloses the DNA housed within the mitochondrial matrix.: In- 12 / 46 creases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes 66.Which of the following colors contributes the least energy to photosynthe- sis?: Green 67.Carbon fixation: Occurs when carbon atoms from CO2 are incorporated into an organic molecule 68.Ozone: Protects Earth from UV radiation 69.Photoautotrophs: Produces organic molecules from inorganic molecule 70.To produce one glucose, the Calvin cycle needs to be run through times: Six 71.What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis: Light 72.The energy that excites P680and P700 is supplied by: Photons 73.A redox reaction involves the transfer of: An electron 74.Which of the following are produced during the Calvin cycle: Glucose, ADP, NADP+ 75.Of the following wavelengths of light, which would you expect to be reflect- ed or transmitted by chlorophyll a: Green 76.Which of the following is an example of a photoautotroph: Cyanobacteria in freshwater and marine ecosystems 77.Which of the following statements concerning the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true a. Photosynthesis involves only reductions, while respiration involves only oxidations. b. Photosynthesis involves only oxidations, while respiration involves 15 / 46 b. sunlight. c. electricity. d. wind.: Sunlight 87.Looking through a microscope to see a prokaryotic cell. You will look for a cell that...: Has a plasma membrane 88.A hypothesis is... a. the same as a theory. b. a proposed explanation for a set of observations. c. an explanatory idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence. d. a widely accepted idea about a phenomenon. e. All of the choices are correct.: A proposed explanation for a set of observations 89.A tree in your yard is home to 2 cardinals, a colony of ants, a wasp nest, and millions of bacteria. All these represent:: A community 90."If all vertebrates have backbones, and turtles are vertebrates, then turtles have backbones." This statement is an example of:: Deductive reasoning 91.What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?- : In a covalent bond, partners share a pair of electrons. In an ionic bond, one partner accepts an electron from the other. 92.Which of the following regarding chemical reactions is FALSE?: Some chemical reactions create electrons, others destroy them. 93.Diabetic does not utilize inulin properly, so they metabolize fats instead of glucose. This is called diabetic ketoacidosis, which is a common result of excessive fat metabolism which causes pH values of 7.1 or less. What 16 / 46 happened to the blood pH and why?: The pH is below normal (acidic) because the buffering capacity was exceeded. 94.Dependent on ability of water to form hydrogen bonds with other mole- cules besides water?: The university of water as a solvent 95.What is another term for atomic mass?: Dalton 96.In the equation 2 H2+O2---->2H2O...: Only H2O is a compound 97.If water is pure, a chemist would expect to find...: H2O molecules, H+ ions, and OH- ions 98.An effective way to decrease production of acid precipitation would be to...: Whenever possible, walk/ride a bike instead of driving 99.A pH of 1 compared to a pH of 3 is:: 100 times more acidic 100. In the equation 2H2 + O2 ---->H2O, H2 molecules are and H2O molecules are . a. reactants . . . products b. products . . . reactants c. created . . . destroyed d. used . . . stored: Reactants ; Products 101. In pepcid-ac or alka-seltzer tablets, you would expect a pH...: Higher than 7 on pH scale 102. Four most common elements in living oragnisms is :: C, H, O, and N 103. Often added to table salt...: Iodine 104. What is the atomic mass of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?: 12 105. How do you calculate atomic mass of an atom?: Protons + 17 / 46 Neutrons 106. What best describes the atomic number of an atom?: Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom 107. Tertiary structure of a polypeptide refers to it's: a. its size. b. the presence of pleated sheets. c. the amino acids of which it is made. d. the overall three-dimensional structure.: Overall three-dimensional structure 108. Peptide Bonds...: Link amino acids 109. How are genes used by cells to build proteins?: The genes in DNA direct the synthesis of an RNA molecule, which is used to build a protein 110. How is sucrose formed?: From 2 monosaccharides through dehydration syn- thesis 111. What is dehydration synthesis?: Dehydration synthesis is the process of joining to molecules or compounds together, following the removal of water. 112. Storage of carbohydrates is in animals and in plants.- : Glycogen ; Starch 113. Statement that is FALSE about enzymes:: They are monomers used to build proteins 114. Where are structural proteins found?: Hair and tendons 115. Phospholipids are composed of...: One glycerol molecule linked to one phosphate group and two fatty acids 20 / 46 e. None of the choices.: similar in structure to centrioles. 133. Intermediate filaments...: Surround the nucleus 134. It is essential for heart muscle cells to beat in a coordinated fashion. The cell junctions that would best facilitate this are...: Gap junctions (communicating junctions) 135. Which of the following statements regarding cells is false?: All cells have a cell wall 136. Which characteristic promoted the utilization of lipids as the first cell membrane?: Self-assembly into a simple membrane 137. In a hypotonic solution, an animal cell will...: Lyse 138. Americans spend up to $100 billion annually for bottled water (41 billion gallons). The only beverages with higher sales are carbonated soft drinks. Recent news stories have highlighted the fact that most bottled water comes from municipal water supplies (the same source as your tap water), although it may undergo an extra purification step called reverse osmosis. Imagine two tanks that are separated by a membrane that's permeable to water, but not to the dissolved minerals present in the water. Tank A contains tap water and Tank B contains the purified water. Under normal conditions, the purified water would cross the membrane to dilute the more concentrated tap water solution. In the reverse osmosis process, pressure is applied to the tap water tank to force the water molecules across the membrane into the pure water tank. After the reverse osmosis system has been operating for 30 minutes, the solution in Tank A would: Be hypertonic to tank B 21 / 46 139. Bacterial production of the enzymes needed for the synthesis of the amino acid tryptophan declines with increasing levels of tryptophan and in- creases as tryptophan levels decline. This is an example of: feedback inhibition (negative feedback) 140. ATP can be used as the cell's energy exchange mechanism because: en- dergonic reactions can be fueled by coupling them with the hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP 141. A steer must eat at least 100 pounds of grain to gain less than 10 pounds of muscle tissue. This illustrates: The second law of thermodynamics 142. The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule or compound is called- : Phosphorylation 143. A major function of glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane is to: Allow the cells of an embryo to sort themselves into tissues and organs 144. What is the basic difference between exergonic and endergonic reac- tions?: Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions absorb it 145. In the reaction A ----> B + C + heat, a. there is a net input of energy. b. the potential energy of the products is greater than that of the reactant. c. the potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant. d. entropy has decreased.: The potential energy of the products is less than that of the reactant 146. Heating inactivates enzymes by: Changing the enzymes three- 22 / 46 dimensional shape 147. Americans spend up to $100 billion annually for bottled water (41 billion gallons). The only beverages with higher sales are carbonated soft drinks. Recent news stories have highlighted the fact that most bottled water comes from municipal water supplies (the same source as your tap water), although it may undergo an extra purification step called reverse osmosis. Imagine two tanks that are separated by a membrane that's permeable to water, but not to the dissolved minerals present in the water. Tank A contains tap water and Tank B contains the purified water. Under normal conditions, the purified water would cross the membrane to dilute the more concentrated tap water solution. In the reverse osmosis process, pressure is applied to the tap water tank to force the water molecules across the membrane into the pure water tank. If you shut the system off and pressure was no longer applied to Tank A, you would expect: The water to reverse flow from Tank B to Tank A 148. In the lab, you use a special balloon that is permeable to water but not sucrose to make an "artificial cell." The balloon is filled with a solution of 20% sucrose and 80% water and is immersed in a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. The solution in the balloon is relative to the solution in the beaker.: Hypotonic 149. Which of the following statements regarding membrane protein function is false? a. Membrane proteins serve as enzymes. b. Membrane proteins act as receptors to molecules like hormones. c. Membrane proteins form junctions between cells. 25 / 46 statements is true? a.You've just prepared an aqueous solution. b.The water is the solute portion of the drink. c.The instant coffee and sugar are solvents. d.The instant coffee and sugar dissolve because they have no charged re- gions to repel the partial positive and partial negative regions of the water molecules.: You've just prepared an aqueous solution. 159. A solution with a pH of 7 is a. strongly acidic. b. weakly acidic. c. neutral. d. weakly basic.: neutral 160. The sodium atom contains 11 electrons, 11 protons, and 12 neutrons. What is the mass number of sodium? a. 11 b. 22 c. 23 d. 34: 23 161. Which of the following statements about pH is true? a.The pH scale is a measure of oxygen ion concentration. b. A single unit change on the pH scale is equivalent to a 1% change in hydrogen ion concentration. c. An increase in hydrogen ion concentration means a decrease in pH 26 / 46 scale units. d. Basic pH levels are less than 7.: An increase in hydrogen ion concentration means a decrease in pH scale units. 162. Table salt is formed when a. chlorine gives an electron to sodium. b. a hydrogen bond forms between sodium and chlorine. c. sodium and chlorine share electrons to form a bond. d. sodium donates its single outer electron to chlorine: sodium donates its single outer electron to chlorine 163. Which of the following trace elements needed by humans is commonly added to table salt? a. iodine b. iron c. magnesium d. fluoride: iodine 164. Which of the following statements about acid precipitation is false? a. Acid precipitation is defined as having a pH below 5.6. b. Acid precipitation damages natural wilderness areas. c. Acid precipitation is primarily the result of burning fossil fuels. d. Acid precipitation has little or no effect on soil chemistry.: Acid precipitation has little or no effect on soil chemistry. 165. An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many electrons does boron have? 27 / 46 a. 11 b. 15 c. 5 d. 2: 5 166. The results of dehydration synthesis can be reversed by a. condensation. b. hydrolysis. c. polymerization. d. the addition of an amino group.: hydrolysis. 167. Which of the following is an amino group? a. OH b. NH2 c. COOH d. CO: NH2 168. Proteins differ from one another because a. the peptide bonds linking amino acids differ from protein to protein. b. the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein. c. each protein contains its own unique sequence of sugar molecules. d. the number of nucleotides found in each protein varies from molecule to molecule.: the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein. 169. Cellulose differs from starch in that 30 / 46 standard- ize the internal environment of all cellular organelles. 174. Which of the following statements regarding the endomembrane system is false? a.The endomembrane system is involved in the synthesis, storage, and export of important molecules. b.The endomembrane system includes the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. c.The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope. d.The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected.: The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected. 175. Which of the following would be most affected by a mutation that prevent- ed cells from forming tight junctions? a. attachment of cells to the surrounding matrix b. direct flow of water and small molecules from one cell to another c. integrity of the inner lining of the digestive tract d. attachment of the cytoskeleton to the inside of the plasma membrane: in- tegrity of the inner lining of the digestive tract 176. The complex of proteins and DNA in a nondividing cell is called a. chromatin. b. a nucleolus. c. a ribosome. d. a lysosome.: chromatin. 31 / 46 177. The endosymbiosis hypothesis proposes that a. two cells were juxtaposed and one benefited from the other. b. a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells. c. a large cell engulfed and digested a smaller cell, exposing its enzymes for use by the larger cell. d. two cells merged into one cell, improving the enzyme function of the new cell.: a small cell lived inside a larger cell to the benefit of both cells. 178. Cilia differ from flagella in that a. cilia contain nine microtubule doublets surrounding a central pair of micro- tubules, while flagella contain only nine microtubule doublets. b. the protein filaments of cilia are "naked," while those of flagella are wrapped in an extension of the cell membrane. c. cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella. d. cilia are anchored only in the proteins of the cell membrane, while flagella are anchored in a special structure called the basal body.: cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella. 179. If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference? a. the expulsion of water by the plant cell's central vacuole b. the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water c. the fact that plant cells are isotonic to tap water d. the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall: the relative 32 / 46 inelas- ticity and strength of the plant cell wall 180. Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane by a. osmosis. b. active transport. c. pinocytosis. d. passive transport.: passive transport. 181. Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. This enzyme is a protein. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion? a. endocytosis b. exocytosis c. diffusion d. pinocytosis: exocytosis 182. Which of the following processes can move a solute against its concen- tration gradient? a. osmosis b. passive transport c. facilitated diffusion d. active transport: active transport 183. Osmosis can be defined as a. the diffusion of water. b. the diffusion of nonpolar molecules. c. active transport. 35 / 46 187. Which of the following statements about the energy yield of aerobic respiration is false? a. Less than 50% of the chemical energy available in glucose is converted to ATP energy. b. Most of the ATP derived during aerobic respiration results from oxidative phosphorylation. c. Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields about 12 ATP molecules. d.The total yield of ATP molecules per glucose molecule is about 32.: Oxidative phosphorylation resulting from 1 glucose molecule yields about 12 ATP molecules. 188. A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mi- tochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria? a. oxidative phosphorylation b. alcoholic fermentation c. glycolysis d. biosynthesis: oxidative phosphorylation 189. During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose a. becomes stored in molecules of ammonia. b. is used to manufacture glucose. c. is released all at once. d. is carried by electrons.: is carried by electrons. 36 / 46 190. Humans use about of their daily calories to maintain brain cells and power other life-sustaining activities. a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 90%: 75% 191. Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? a. the citric acid cycle b. oxidative phosphorylation c. glycolysis d. electron transport chain: glycolysis 192. The energy yield from the complete aerobic breakdown of a single mole- cule of glucose a. is always 32 ATP. b. increases as the supply of oxygen increases. c. can vary depending on whether NADH passes its electrons to NAD+ or FAD. d. is less than the yield from anaerobic respiration.: can vary depending on whether NADH passes its electrons to NAD+ or FAD. 193. Oxidation is the , and reduction is the . a. gain of electrons . . . loss of electrons 37 / 46 b. loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons c. gain of oxygen . . . loss of oxygen d. gain of protons . . . loss of protons: loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons 194. Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis is false? 40 / 46 d. nuclear: electromagnetic 201. What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms? a. chemotrophs b. heterotrophs c. synthesizers d. autotrophs: autotrophs 202. Photophosphorylation during photosynthesis differs from oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration in that a. it involves an electron transport chain. b. energy is stored in the form of a proton concentration difference. c. regeneration of ATP is driven by a flow of protons through an ATP synthase. d. the final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen.: the final electron acceptor is NADP+ and not oxygen. 203. The Calvin cycle constructs , an energy-rich molecule that a plant cell can then use to make glucose or other organic molecules. a. G3P b. ATP c. NADH d. carbon dioxide: G3P 41 / 46 204. Plant cells a. lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. 42 / 46 b. lack mitochondria but have chloroplasts. c. have mitochondria but do not have chloroplasts. d. have mitochondria and chloroplasts.: have mitochondria and chloroplasts. 205. Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are a. chemosynthetic autotrophs. b. photoautotrophs. c. fungi. d. heterotrophs.: photoautotrophs. 206. Photosynthesis requires many steps to make glucose. As a result of the synthesis process, a. all the carbons from the six carbon dioxide atoms are found in glucose. b. more atoms are present at the beginning than at the end. c. more carbon dioxide is released from the plant than is absorbed. d. water is synthesized by the plant from H2 and O2.: all the carbons from the six carbon dioxide atoms are found in glucose. 207. Which of the following statements regarding nucleotides is false? a. Nucleotides contain lipids. b. Nucleotides contain sugar molecules. c. Nucleotides can be linked together to form nucleic acids. d. Nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases.: Nucleotides contain lipids. 208. Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false? 45 / 46 a. oxygen and heat. b. carbon dioxide and water. 46 / 46 c. FADH2 and NADH. d. NADH and ATP.: carbon dioxide and water. 215. Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? a. production of CO2 b. conversion of glucose to two three-carbon compounds c. a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule d. conversion of NADH to NAD+: conversion of glucose to two three- carbon compounds 216. Photorespiration a. may be an evolutionary relic from when atmospheric O2 levels were low. b. is of benefit to the plant since it breaks down rubisco. c. is attributable to high CO2 levels. d. produces glucose.: may be an evolutionary relic from when atmospheric O2 levels were low.